基于中尺度模式与神经网络的风电功率预测

将中尺度数值天气预报模式与BP神经网络模型相结合用于风电功率预测,以WRF模式回算了2008年6月至2009年6月试验风电场的气象要素,精度检验结果显示风速预报值与对应实测值之间的相关系数达到0.72,风向、气温、湿度、气压的预报也比较准确,满足建立BP神经网络预报模型的需要.逐一建立试验风电场40台风电机组输出功率的BP神经网络预报模型,分析了数据标准化方法、隐含层神经元数对预报精度的影响.进行了26天实效为24 h的逐10 min预报试验,并以独立样本进行预报精度检验,结果显示单台风电机组输出功率相对均方根误差在24.8％～32.6％之间,预报值与实测值之间的相关系数现在0.45～0.68之间;风电场整体相对均方根误差为19.5％,预报值与实测值之间的相关系数为0.74.研究结果表明该方法可以用于实际的风电功率预测.     

孝感市城区空气污染气象条件预报模型

使用空气污染潜势指数概念和箱体模式，开发并建立了一套孝感市城区空气污染气象条件预报模型，并用Visua1 Basic 6.0语言编写出相应的自动预报系统，实现了空气污染潜势的自动预报。其实际应用检验结果表明，全年空气污染潜势预报值评分为83．00分，春、夏、秋、冬四季的评分分别为77．65分、89．23分、76．32分和90．37分。     

对T213降水预报产品短期预报水平的评估

将T213降水预报资料插值到孝感市各测站上，对24h、48h降水预报做了客观统计检验。分析结果表明：T213对孝感市有无降水预报具有较好的指导意义；强降水48h预报有比较好的参考作用。通过的降水预报误差的分析发现，在一般情况下，T213降水预报值要比实况偏大。     

2008年汛期两种模式降水预报的检验分析

使用WRF模式和MM5模式分别对吉林省全省50个地面观测站做了降水预报的数值模拟．并进行了检验分析和对比。全省区域降水预报检验结果表明：WRF模式0-24h和24-48h的预报正确率为82．4％和81．1％,分别高出MM5模式6．1和7．4个百分点;WRF模式各级降水预报的TS评分均高于MM5模式,对于暴雨以上的降水预报,WRF模式0-24h和24-48h预报的TS评分为11．2％和14．5％,具有一定的预报能力;两种模式的降水预报都存在着一定的空报率和漏报率,其中大雨以上预报的空报率和漏报率均超过了45％,暴雨以上预报的空报率和漏报率均超过了70％。     

SVM方法在武汉区域夏季暴雨预报业务中的应用

以2003～2006年ECMWF数值预报产品、Japan和T213降水预报场资料为基础,应用支持向量机（SVM）方法和CMSVM应用软件平台,通过对训练样本进行交叉验证和模型核参数的逐渐逼近,分区建立了武汉区域16,个区SVM24h暴雨预报模型,并在武汉区域5～7月进行实时业务应用。通过预报结果检验,5～7月武汉区域暴雨预报TS评分为33．59％,其中湖北省平均成绩为34．69％、湖南省平均成绩为34．15％、河南省平均成绩为31．71％。检验结果较好,表明SVM方法在区域性暴雨预报中具有一定的预报能力和参考价值。     

基于WRF和SVM方法的风电场功率预报技术研究

利用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式,对2006年河北省张北地区某风电场区域全年回报的风速和风向,以及与对应时间段70 m高度的测风塔实测资料进行了对比分析,发现模式预报效果较好.利用2008年全年风电场每台风机的实际功率与对应时刻轮毂高度风速、风向、气温、相对湿度和气压回报资料,使用支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)回归方法建立了每台风机10min一次的风电场功率预报模型,并利用该模型进行了2009年为期一年的预报试验,检验模型的预报性能.结果表明,集WRF模式和SVM方法建立的风电功率预报方法具有较好的预报效果.各月预报相关系数在0.71～0.82之间,归一化均方根误差在9.8％～16.5％之间,归一化平均绝对误差在5.4％～10.5％之间;全年预报相关系数为0.79,归一化均方根误差为13.3％,归一化平均绝对误差为8.3％.     

春季冰雹短期预报影响系统指标法

本文在分析研究了形成贵州省春季冰雹天气的500hPa五种主要影响系统的基础上，以量化的影响系统特征值和无降雹条件指标为依据，建立了冰雹短期预报模型。预报模型的样本年代准确率为57％，经2001年的实际预报检验预报准确率达59％，取得了较好效果。     

一种基于可预报性的暴雨预报评分新方法Ⅱ:暴雨检验评分模型及评估试验

针对当前暴雨预报检验采用二分类事件检验方法存在较严重的“空报”“漏报”双重惩罚,没有考虑暴雨时空分布不均和预报评分可比性不够等问题,在分析预报员对暴雨预报评分期望值基础上,设计了一种基于可预报性的暴雨预报检验评分新方法和计算模型,分析了理想评分,并对2015-2016年4-10月中国中央气象台5 km×5 km定量降水格点预报和降水落区等级暴雨预报进行评分试验,获得了以下结果和结论:（1）预报员对暴雨预报评分期望值呈现梯级下降特征,与传统的TS评分存在显著差异;（2）设计了一种基于可预报性的暴雨预报检验新方法,通过引入e指数函数构建暴雨预报评分基函数,进而构建暴雨评分模型,该模型可以较好地拟合预报员对暴雨预报评分的期望值,同时改善了评分在不同量级阈值处的断崖式突变情况;（3）提出了预报与观测的邻域匹配方法,即一个预报点与所定义邻域中的一组观测相匹配,并利用距离加权最大值法确定暴雨评分值权重系数,预报与观测距离越近,距离权重系数越大,评分值权重越大,提高了评分的合理性,避免了距离较远的匹配站点得高分不利于鼓励预报员提高预报精度的问题;（4）对中国中央气象台逐日5 km×5 km水平分辨率的定量降水格点预报产品和中央气象台定量降水落区等级预报产品进行了评分试验,暴雨预报准确率全国平均值大于60分。基于可预报性的暴雨预报检验新评分与传统暴雨预报TS评分逐日演变特征相似,但可以较好地解析TS为0的预报评分,解析后的新评分与预报员和公众的心理预期更为接近。      

热带气旋的路径及登陆预报

用几个非线性数学模型制作热带气旋短期路径预报及热带气旋个数、登陆时段、地段的短期气候预报。5年多的研究和预报试验结果表明：用指数曲线模型制作热带气旋路径预报，准确率较高。24h预报，199次平均误差123km，达到国内先进水平。用多项式等非线性模型，制作登陆我国及登陆广东热带气旋的年、月个数预测，经过3年实际应用检验，准确率达到70％～90％。用非线性预测模型的逐日气压场、逐日雨量场长期预测结果进行分析，制作广东热带气旋登陆时段、地段和南海海面热带气旋出现时间的预报，准确率达到70％～80％，2002年热带气旋的预报，采用长中短期预报相结合，数值预报与统计预报相结合，预报效果较佳。     

土壤湿度的一种统计预报模型初步试验

探讨土壤湿度模拟与预报的可能途径，本文从水量平衡的物理原理出发，利用统计模型建立完全预报方程与简化预报方程，以淮河流域能量与水循环试验(HUBEX)的外场观测试验区所得淮河史灌河流域土壤水分的加密观测资料及其同期降水、蒸发、径流等水文观测资料(逐日资料)为例，进行了预报试验。结果表明，预报精度约为87．3％-88．3％。可见，利用前一日和前两日的降水和土壤湿度可以尝试作为估计未来土壤湿度的预报因子，但这只是一次初步的试验。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.