水流冲刷过程中的边坡临界滑动场及河岸崩塌问题研究

针对河岸崩塌问题分析和研究,在考虑江河水位升降引起坡外水压力变化及坡内非稳定渗流基础上,同时考虑水流冲刷引起的河床冲深及河岸后退,提出了水流冲刷过程中的边坡临界滑动场和适用于天然江河崩岸的数值模拟,并对水流冲刷过程中的崩岸问题进行了分析。通过对两类不同土质岸坡的崩岸数值模拟,分析了水流冲刷引起的河床冲深及河岸后退过程中坡体的稳定性变化,探讨了不同土质岸坡的崩岸类型及崩塌模式。结果表明,坡度较陡的黏性岸坡崩塌时趋近于平面破坏且通过坡脚;坡度较缓的粉土岸坡崩塌时沿曲面破坏,且在水位骤降过程中易发生局部崩塌。     

渗流作用下的江河岸坡冲刷变形分析

岸坡地形随河流上游来水来沙、河势变化等因素而不断变化,直接影响岸坡稳定性。江河水流、岸坡渗流均对岸坡水下地形变化有很大的影响。通过分析泥沙受力条件和冲刷特性,应用在室内水槽进行的不同泥沙粒径在多种水流条件下的冲刷率试验研究成果,在岸坡泥沙受力分析基础上推导了崩岸冲刷率公式,并以算例具体说明江河水流和岸坡渗流对其冲刷变形过程的影响。     

水流对渗流的影响实验研究

岸坡渗流是江河崩岸的主要诱因和重要研究内容之一.土力学中的渗流分析均建立在土体内部为低流速的层流、土体之外为静态水体的基础之上,而岸坡渗流之明显区别就在于土体之外的水体并非静态.利用新研制的实验设备,进行了不同切向水流流速、不同渗流水头差组合情况的水流渗流耦合试验,结果分析表明,水流对渗流有明显影响,并呈规律性变化:渗出面渗透比降越小,水流对透水性能的降低程度就越大,而比降超过一定数值后,水流将会增强透水性能.研究结果对江河两岸堤防等建筑物的安全评价将有着重要的理论价值和实用性.     

Conjunction effect of stream water level and groundwater flow for riverbank stability analysis

Variations in pore-water pressure determined by the groundwater table within a riverbank have been investigated and recognized as an essential factor in determining riverbank stability with respect to mass failure. However, the effect of pore-water pressure is taken into account for most of the existing riverbank stability models under some simplified assumptions, and the limitations of predicting ability may arise. To avoid the unrealistic estimation of pore-water pressure distribution, the new approach proposed here is to couple riverbank stability with groundwater flow modeling, and apply this to tackle the conjunction effect between river stage and groundwater table. Moreover, riverbank material characteristics and the influence of infiltration can be taken into consideration via groundwater flow modeling. Two hypothetical examples, stage rising and stage falling, are used to investigate the capabilities of the present study and two representative methods. The simulated results show that riverbank failure is triggered particularly during the falling stage, which has been pointed out by other researchers as well. Furthermore, the riverbank material characteristics predominantly control the occurrence of failure and should be considered regarding assessment of riverbank stability. Additionally, the effects of parameters indicate that riverbanks with soil properties of low permeability or high specific yield with great infiltration intensity during the falling stage have a tendency to riverbank failure.     

渐进坍塌型崩岸的力学机制及模拟

针对渐进坍塌型崩岸,从土力学和河流动力学两方面理论出发,建立了岸坡稳定的力学模式,结合室内概化模拟试验和数值计算,分析了岸坡稳定或破坏的力学机制,揭示了缓坡出现崩岸的原因。结果表明,岸坡坡脚未受水流冲失时,若坡内渗流出逸坡降小于渗透破坏的临界坡降,岸坡处于稳定状态,当坡脚被水流冲失后,渗流渗径缩短,水土结合处坡面出逸坡降增大,大于临界坡降时则出现渗透破坏,引起局部小幅度土体崩塌,其后部土体失去支撑而陆续产生失稳破坏,随着时间的延长,土体崩塌现象逐步向后发展,最终导致岸坡整体崩塌破坏。     

Thermal and settlement analyses under a riverbank over permafrost

Thermal regime evolution and settlement behavior of a riverbank over ice-rich permafrost in 20 years were estimated by numerical simulation and layerwise summation calculation. The results show that the permafrost under the riverbank will undergo a thawing process at a dramatically rate under the conditions of practical geology and construction structure, which is responsible for a remarkable settlement. The cases on different conditions of concrete hydration, backfilled soil temperature, seepage and mean annual ground temperature were also discussed, suggesting that these factors have the capability in improving the riverbank performance, among them seepage may be of the most importance.     

尾矿渗透破坏及其导波监测试验研究

采用自主设计的尾矿渗透破坏仪,模拟上游水位不断升高,水力梯度持续增加的情况下尾矿发生渗透破坏的全过程。总结了尾矿渗透破坏现象和演化过程,分析了尾矿中的孔隙水压力和弯曲导波参数随时间的变化规律,研究了尾矿渗透破坏过程中弯曲导波信号b值和分形维数的演化规律。根据孔隙水压力和弯曲导波特征参数的变化特征,提出尾矿渗透破坏等级的评价标准。结果表明：（1）在尾矿渗透破坏过程中,孔隙水压力随着水力梯度的增加而增加,但当水力梯度增加到一定程度时,孔隙水压力会出现突降现象。（2）尾矿渗透破坏是一个循序渐进的过程,在这一过程中的弯曲导波参数表现为基本无信号、微弱信号、强信号和剧烈信号,分别对应尾矿正常运行阶段、发展阶段、破坏前期和最终渗透破坏阶段。（3）导波的b值和分形维数在尾矿最终渗透破坏前一直处于低水平状态,在临近渗透破坏时剧烈震荡。（4）通过对弯曲导波参数分析,提出了尾矿渗透破坏程度的量化指标,将尾矿渗透破坏分为4个预警级别,并用蓝、黄、橙、红4种警报颜色对应相应级别的预警。     

Groundwater outbursts from faults above a confined aquifer in the coal mining

Groundwater outburst has an impartible relationship with geological structures such as water-conducting faults, which are widely distributed in north China. In order to study the seepage property and mechanism of water outburst from the faults above a confined aquifer in the coal mining, the simulation model of ground water inrush for fault was designed. The water outburst parameters, such as water inflow, permeability, seepage velocity, porosity and other variables under different material combination and water pressures, were obtained; the research results indicate as follows: (1) The changes of the water inflow can be divided into three stages, i.e., the water inflow slowly increases at the early stage, rapidly increases at the middle stage and keeps unchanged at the late stage. (2) The seepage process can be represented by the seepage combination types, which are composed of pore flow, fissure flow and pipe flow, and the seepage changes not only with time but also with different conditions. (3) Mining would lead to the reactivation of faults and further enhance the permeability of fault zone potentially. The tiny granules in fault would be eroded and moved to exterior as the time under the high water pressure and lead to the change of porosity parameters. In this case, the seepage velocity would increase ceaselessly, and then the seepage would convert into pipe flow and finally lead to water inrush accidents.     

Riverbank stability assessment under flooding conditions in the Red River of Hanoi,Vietnam

The literature contains limited information on variations in the factors of safety (FOS) of riverbank stability associated with river water level (RWL) fluctuations. This paper analyses a case study on the portion of the Red River flowing through Hanoi using the finite element method and extending the mechanics of saturated and unsaturated soils to understand how the riverbank’s FOS varies with RWL fluctuations. The results show that hydrostatic force is one of the key parameters influencing the FOS when the soil’s hydraulic conductivity is less than 10⁻⁶ m/s. However, the pore-water pressure and rate of RWL change are the key parameters influencing the FOS when the hydraulic conductivity is greater than 10⁻⁶ m/s. The study also indicates that a surcharge of 50 kPa or higher significantly weakens the riverbank stability and influences the FOS when the RWL rises. The construction of residential or other structures without taking special protection measures within 50 m of the lateral riverbank should be avoided for safety reasons.     

The importance of breaching as a mechanism of subaqueous slope failure in fine sand

Large bank failures, comprising up to 10⁶ m³ of sediment, are common features along steep channel banks in estuaries and large rivers that consist of clean, fine sands, and are mostly assumed to be generated by sudden liquefaction of large masses of very loosely packed sand. Another less commonly recognized type of failure is manifested by the gradual retrogression of a very steep wall, steeper than the angle-of-repose. Instead of the voluminous surging plastic sediment-water flow, or hyperconcentrated density flow (sensu Mulder & Alexander, 2001 ) generated by liquefaction, this type of failure, known as breaching by dredging companies and hydraulic engineers, produces a sustained quasi-steady, turbidity current. To date, sedimentologists have not recognized the process of breaching as such. In this paper, it is suggested that breaching may be the origin of many thick, massive sand layers known from ancient deposits from various environments, notably in some turbidite successions. Possible differences in the sedimentary structure of the deposits produced by breach failures vs. liquefaction slope failures (=liquefaction flow slides) can be deduced from a knowledge of the sediment transport processes initiated by the failure. A field study is presented on some poorly structured beds in the Eocene Vlierzele Sands in Belgium, which are supposed to have originated from liquefaction failures, but are reinterpreted to be the products of breaching. It is postulated that the local steep slope disturbance required to initiate an active breach can be produced by a small liquefaction slope failure (=liquefaction flow slide failure) or local erosion by river or tidal channel flow at the initial stage of the failure event.     

滑坡与斜坡稳定性一般条分法分析中渗流作用的简化计算

当滑体或潜在滑体内有倾斜的相对弱面或端部条块外侧面倾斜且有水压力作用时,采用一般条分法进行稳定性分析应比采用垂直条分法更为恰当。本文研究了对一般条分法也适用的渗流作用简化计算方法,首先给出土条渗透力的合理计算式,再根据水的面力与体力的关系给出土条周边孔隙水压力计算方法。同已有的计算方法相比,本文方法的合理性显著提高。     

河流冲刷对堤岸渗流和变形的影响研究

通过理论分析和有限元技术,建立了综合考虑河流冲刷力、渗透力、自重应力耦合力系下的堤岸（水上、水下）与河床的整体分析模型,直接分析河流冲刷作用对堤岸渗流和变形的影响,并结合强度折减有限元法分析河流冲刷对堤岸边坡整体稳定性的影响。结果表明,渗透流速的最大值出现在堤脚,冲刷作用使堤岸的渗透流速有所提高,并使堤岸坡脚沿外江方向的水平位移明显增加,愈靠近坡脚,外江方向水平位移增加的幅度愈大,在不同水位下堤脚都是最易受到渗流和冲刷影响的地方;河流冲刷进一步加大了堤岸和河床塑性区范围,堤岸的安全系数降低;河流冲刷对堤岸渗流和变形产生的影响随着河水位的上升而加剧,河水位越高,冲刷作用使堤岸稳定性降低的幅度越大。     

恒定渗流作用下泥石流起动过程冲刷试验分析

渗流是泥石流水动力条件主要来源之一,不同渗流流量具有不同的渗流力和冲刷力,从而可引起不同规模泥石流。通过开展室内水槽试验,利用测压管量测渗流过程中的孔隙水压力,并结合高清摄像技术从微观角度记录堆积土体内部细颗粒的运移、骨架颗粒的坍塌现象,以此分析研究土体渗透破坏、起动形成泥石流过程中的渗流和冲刷作用。在此基础上设定水槽坡度为7°,调节恒定渗流流量分别为120、170、265、320 ml/s,分析不同恒定渗流流量对固体堆积物失稳、泥石流起动过程中流态变化的影响。分析结果表明,在恒定渗流流量作用下,堆积土体内部细颗粒迁移、骨架颗粒坍塌造成土体颗粒重排列、孔隙水压力上升进而导致土体抗力降低是泥石流土体颗粒失稳、起动、冲刷的重要原因;随着渗流流量增加,流速迅速上升,土体内孔隙水压力逐步增大,骨架颗粒的失稳、移动主要受渗流及水流冲刷两方面共同作用,堆积土体颗粒的移动分别表现出缓慢小幅滑动后稳定、过渡型滑动和快速流滑现象。     

Applications of particle-tracking techniques to bank infiltration: a case study from El Paso,Texas, USA

This paper presents results of a small scale study that utilized particle-tracking techniques to evaluate transport of river water through an alluvial aquifer in a bank infiltration testing site in El Paso, Texas, USA. The particle-tracking survey was used to better define filtration parameters. Several simulations were generated to allow visualization of the effects of well placement and pumping rate on flow paths, travel time, the size of the pumping influence zone, and proportion of river-derived water and groundwater mixing in the pumping well. Simulations indicate that migration of river water into the aquifer is generally slow. Most water does not arrive at the well by the end of an 18-day pumping period at 0.54 m³/min pumping rate for a well located 18 m from the river. Forty-four percent of the water pumped from the well was river water. The models provided important information needed to design appropriate sampling schedules for bank filtration practices and ensured meeting adequate soil-retention times. The pumping rate has more effect on river water travel time than the location of the pumping well from the river. The examples presented in this paper indicate that operating the pumping well at a doubled distance from the river increased the time required for the water to travel to the well, but did not greatly change the capture zone.     

黄河聊城段侧渗分析研究

黄河在山东境内属地上河,常年补给两侧地下水,是沿河地带地下水资源的重要组成部分.依据黄河聊城段东阿县境内的艾山侧渗断面1986～1994年地下水位资料,在分析水文地质条件和地下水流态的基础上,应用水均衡原理分析计算导水系数T,并通过同位素示踪试验得到了验证.利用达西公式计算单侧年侧渗量,建立艾山水位、年径流-侧渗量关系,并与应量平衡法和地下水非稳定流公式计算的成果作了对照分析.     

Numerical analysis on seepage failures of dike due to water level-up and rainfall using a water–soil-coupled smoothed particle hydrodynamics model

For seepage failures of dike due to water level-up and rainfall, surface infiltration and strength change induced by suction reduction are important factors; thus, numerical analysis should consider the coupling of water and soil, as well as the effect of saturation to obtain more precise failure mechanism. Based on the advanced smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method, this work proposed a two-phase-coupled SPH model in coordination with a novel constitutive model for unsaturated soils. Then, a triaxial compression test is simulated to check the applicability of the SPH method on the soil phase. After that, the failure test of a dike due to water level-up is discretized and simulated, from which the seepage process, the distribution of maximum shear strain, the slip surface, and pore water pressure are obtained. The two-phase-coupled SPH model is also applied to a slope failure test of heavy rainfall, and the results are compared to the model test. Finally, a dike failure test due to rainfall is analyzed using the proposed SPH model to reproduce the surface infiltration and suction reduction. The proposed SPH model provides several insights of seepage failures and can be a helpful tool for the analysis of dike failures induced by water level-up and rainfall.     

Semi-two-dimensional numerical model for river morphological change prediction: theory and concepts

This paper presents a new numerical model for river morphological predictions. This tool predicts vertical and lateral cross-section variations for alluvial rivers, which is an important task in predicting the associated hazard zone after a flood event. The Model for the HYdraulics of SEdiments in Rivers, version 1.0 (MHYSER 1.0) is a semi-two-dimensional model using the stream tubes concept to achieve lateral variations of velocity, flow stresses, and sediment transport rates. Each stream tube has the same conveyance as the other ones. In MHYSER 1.0, the uncoupled approach is used to solve the set of conservation equations. After the backwater calculation, the river is divided into a finite number of stream tubes of equal conveyances. The sediment routing and bed adjustments calculations are accomplished separately along each stream tube taking into account lateral mass exchanges. The determination of depth and width adjustments is based on the minimum stream power theory. Moreover, MHYSER 1.0 offers two options to treat riverbank stability. The first one is based on the angle of repose. The bank slope should not be allowed to increase beyond a certain critical value supplied to MHYSER 1.0. The second one is based on the modified Bishop’s method to determine a safety factor evaluating the potential risk of a landslide along the river bank.     

Riverbank filtration in Cairo,Egypt: part II—detailed investigation of a new riverbank filtration site with a focus on manganese

A 5-day detailed field investigation at a new RBF test well gallery in Embaba, Cairo, was conducted to evaluate the hydraulic setting and the behavior of iron and manganese. The well gallery consists of six vertical wells placed along a straight line parallel to the Nile riverbank. A low anisotropy factor for the aquifer (k_f,h:k_f,v) of 1.7 was determined by evaluation of a multi-step pumping test. Travel times between 11 days from the river toward the central wells and 22 days toward the outermost wells were estimated by groundwater flow modeling and particle tracking. The riverbed is rich in fine suspended sediments that have elevated iron and nitrogen concentrations. Depth-dependent water sampling during regular well operation indicates that the thick organic-, Fe- and Mn-rich riverbed is the primary source for ammonium, iron and manganese in the bank filtrate. Iron-rich groundwater flow from the opposite riverbank was identified as a secondary source of iron in the pumped water. The vertical position of the filter screen affects total travel times but would not reduce the portion of Mn-rich bank filtrate. The authors recommend continuous well operation for achieving stable water quality and lowering the risk of well clogging.     

含弱透水层岸坡地下水渗流特征的数值分析

库岸滑坡同坡体内地下水渗流场的动态变化具有密切的关系。传统的饱和土渗流分析方法无法正确描述水位升降过程中岸坡内孔压场的动态变化规律。从饱和-非饱和非稳定渗流理论出发,选取典型的岩土体的渗流参数,对含有弱透水夹层的理想层状岸坡进行有限元数值分析,得到水位升降过程中岸坡内孔隙水的渗流规律。同时,也得到了坡体内基质吸力和体积含水率随库水位升降变化的历时曲线。分析表明,岩土体的饱和渗透系数、土水特征曲线以及坡体的结构特征等共同决定了水位升降过程中岸坡内孔隙水压力和浸润线的分布。模拟结果可为库岸尤其是含弱透水层边坡的稳定性评价及岸坡的排水加固提供参考依据。     

Analysis of the landslide triggering mechanism during the storm of 20th–21st November 2000, in Northern Tuscany

A severe rainstorm of high intensity occurred on 20th–21st November 2000, in the region of Pistoia, Tuscany, Italy, which triggered, within the entire province, over 50 landslides. These landslides can be broadly defined as complex earth slides—earth flows, originating as rotational slides that develop downslope into a flow. In this paper, two such landslides have been investigated by modelling the process of rainwater infiltration, the variations in both the positive and negative pore water pressures and their effect on slope stability during the storm. For both sites, results from morphometric and geotechnical analyses were used as a direct input to the numerical modelling. A modified Chu, 1978 approach was used to estimate the surface infiltration rate by adapting the original Green and Ampt, 1911 equations for unsteady rainfall intensity in conjunction with the surficial water balance. For transient conditions, a finite element analysis was used to model the fluctuations in pore water pressure during the storm, with the computed surface infiltration rate as the surface boundary condition. This was then followed by the application of the limit equilibrium Morgenstern and Price, 1965 slope-stability method, using the temporal pore water pressure distributions derived from the seepage analysis. From this methodology, a trend for the factor of safety was produced for both landslide sites. These results indicate that the most critical time step for failure was a few hours following the rainfall peak.