亚塑性临界状态的本构模型

给出了无粘性粒状材料的三维非线性应力应变和体积变化特点的本构模型。基于临界状态理论,提出了一种极限面的特殊类型,证明和它与试验数据逼近具有更大灵活性。标准本构方程因子表达式允许本构常量独立校准。通过对材料压力水平和密度表现出的相关性的统一描述,使昨这个基     

考虑颗粒破碎对特征孔隙比影响的堆石体亚塑性本构模型

颗粒破碎是影响堆石体强度和变形特性的主要问题之一。相比于砂土,堆石料在较低的应力水平下就会发生严重的颗粒破碎,因此,在进行堆石体力学特性及本构模型研究时必须考虑颗粒破碎的影响。同时,堆石体在受力过程中孔隙比是变化的,而传统本构模型不能使用一组参数模拟不同孔隙比的同种材料。因此,以能够考虑应力水平和土体孔隙比影响的Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性本构模型为基础,考虑堆石体有别于砂土的孔隙比变化特征,提出了考虑堆石破碎的亚塑性本构模型。亚塑性理论是目前可最大限度地减少人为假定的一种本构理论,颗粒材料在不同特征应力路径下,破碎造成的过度变形量不同;但相同应力水平、不同特征应力路径下孔隙比已不满足Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性本构模型中提出的等比例变化规律。据此,结合考虑颗粒破碎的临界状态理论和堆石体常规三轴试验和循环加载试验结果,提出了考虑颗粒破碎堆石体特征孔隙比的表达式,并将其引入到Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性本构模型中,建立了考虑颗粒破碎的堆石体亚塑性本构模型,提出了模型参数的确定方法。与堆石体试验结果对比表明,该本构模型可以较好地模拟其力学与变形特性。     

一种改进的粘土亚塑性本构模型

简要地介绍了Herle和Kolymbas针对黏土建立的亚塑性本构模型的方法。结合黏土的特性以及对响应包络线的分析,详细地列出了HK模型几个尚未解决的问题,并对该模型3个参数分别进行了改进,建立了改进后的HK亚塑性公式以及参数的确定方法。改进后的模型继承了HK模型参数少、易确定以及公式简洁等特点,使HK模型不仅具有严密的数学和力学基础,而且具有较好的实际意义。     

考虑物态变化的粗粒土亚塑性本构模型

建立了可描述粗粒土单调和循环力学特性的一个亚塑性本构模型。基于亚塑性理论的基本框架,引入临界状态参数,建立了一个新的粗粒土亚塑性模型,给出了数学公式及参数确定方法。采用该模型对粗粒土单调和循环加载试验进行了模拟和预测。该模型无需判断加卸载、参数较少、易于三维化,能够较全面地描述单调和循环荷载作用下粗粒土的主要力学特性,如强度与围压的非线性关系,胀缩规律与围压相关、卸载体缩、体变随加载过程累积等主要体变特性等。     

基于CLoE与Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性模型的颗粒材料应变局部化对比研究

基于CLoE与Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性模型数值模拟了平面应变条件下Hostun砂的应变局部化现象。从侧向压力和初始缺陷两个方面对比研究了两种模型所预测应变局部化的产生及演化模式。结果表明：（1）两种模型均能反映Hostun砂刚度随着侧向压力提高而增大的现象。（2）相比Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性模型,CLoE亚塑性模型所得出的应变局部化形态与试验结果更加一致。（3）CLoE亚塑性模型能够反映随着荷载增加,砂的体积先膨胀后缩小的特点。（4）相比Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性模型,CLoE亚塑性模型所得到的应变-应力曲线能够更明显地反映应变局部化带中单元的软化现象。（5）CLoE亚塑性模型能够更好地模拟由初始缺陷导致的不均匀应变。总的来说,所得的数值结果表明,CLoE亚塑性模型能够较好地模拟侧向压力和初始缺陷对应变局部化的影响,在模拟应变局部化现象方面较Gudehus-Bauer更有优势。然而,现有CLoE亚塑性模型无法考虑孔隙比,也未包含颗粒材料内尺度变量,有待进一步完善。     

基于广义塑性力学的土体次加载面循环塑性模型(Ⅰ): 理论与模型

简要地介绍了次加载面理论的基本思想、假设及其物理解释。在广义塑性力学的框架内，引入次加载面的思想，把常规的椭圆-抛物线双屈服面模型，扩展为次加载面循环塑性模型，以反映循环荷载作用下土体的曼辛效应与棘轮效应。模型能考虑塑性应变增量对应力增量的相关性，既能反映土体的循环加载特性，又能反映正常固结土和超固结土的单调加载特性。     

一类新型的散粒型土体本构理论

详细地介绍了国际上近30才发展起来的具有独特建模思想的一类新型的散粒型土体本构建模理论--亚塑性本构理论。将该理论与经典的弹塑性理论进行比较后发现,亚塑性理论的本构表达式自动隐含了弹塑性理论中相对应的一些基本概念和假定,无需额外引入,因此增加了模型的客观性。以Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性模型为例,分析了模型在临界状态时的本构特征。此外,通过三轴试验和循环剪切试验的亚塑性数值模拟表明,亚塑性本构模型能很好地反映无黏性散粒型土体的非弹性、非线性及剪胀（剪缩）性等主要应力-应变特性。     

往复荷载作用下土体的广义塑性分析

针对往复荷载作用下土体变形和孔压发展的特点，应用能模拟低应力水平下塑性变形的边界面模型，将其线弹性卸载过程改进为弹塑性，从而建立土的边界面广义塑性本构理论，数值模拟结果与三轴试验数据吻合较好。     

基于ABAQUS的颗粒材料亚塑性模型的数值实现及探讨

颗粒材料的亚塑性模型以Jaumann应力率张量及变形率张量描述本构关系,基于Cauchy应力的Jaumann速率及变形率给出了有限元的切线刚度矩阵,由此指出在严格意义上基于ABAQUS二次开发的亚塑性模型数值实现必需借助UEL接口。为了简化程序开发,文中建议了与有限元相结合的两种近似切线模量矩阵,即基于矩阵广义逆一致性切向模量矩阵与近似切向模量矩阵,从而形成了通过UMAT接口实现亚塑性模型的数值方案。由此降低了程序开发的难度,同时也可借助ABAQUS的后处理功能,提高了工作效率。数值算例表明了所开发程序的正确性以及所建议方案的可行性。     

易破碎粒状材料本构研究

粒状材料被广泛地应用到土木工程的各个领域。大部分粒状材料在外力作用下较容易产生颗粒破碎,颗粒破碎对材料的力学性能有很大的影响。为了更好地描述易破碎粒状材料的力学特性,基于弹塑性力学和临界状态土力学开发了一种能够考虑颗粒破碎效应的本构模型。此本构模型能够考虑在剪应力和压应力作用下引起的颗粒破碎对粒状材料力学性能的影响。为了考虑颗粒破碎的影响,基于对Cambria 砂的高压试验,得出了临界状态线位置与消耗塑性功之间的关系,并称之为“破碎方程”。此本构模型拥有双屈服面,分别考虑剪切和等向压缩产生的塑性变形。通过试验结果与数值计算结果的对比得出,新的本构模型能较好地描述易破碎粒状材料的力学特性     

Genealogy of hypoplasticity and barodesy

This article is an attempt at providing an insight into the development of hypoplasticity (including barodesy, which is a recent development of hypoplasticity) as a theory elaborated since 1977, when the first version was published by the first author, until present. The multiplicity of the many versions published since then is hard to overlook. This article presents a review and insight into the evolution of a theory and the struggle to formulate a satisfactory constitutive law. Among the many proposed versions, we focus on those ones that can be seen as changes of paradigm. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling the time‐dependent behaviour of granular material with hypoplasticity

This paper presents a constitutive model for time‐dependent behaviour of granular material. The model consists of 2 parts representing the inviscid and viscous behaviour of granular materials. The inviscid part is a rate‐independent hypoplastic constitutive model. The viscous part is represented by a rheological model, which contains a high‐order term denoting the strain acceleration. The proposed model is validated by simulating some element tests on granular soils. Our model is able to model not only the non‐isotach behaviour but also the 3 creep stages, namely, primary, secondary, and tertiary creep, in a unified way.     

A general formulation of hypoplasticity

A general formulation of the theory of hypoplasticity is given, under the assumption that Cauchy stress is the only state variable. Such a formulation allows to discuss the relation between the so‐called out‐of‐axis and in‐axis moduli. It is proved that, in general, the out‐of‐axis moduli are independent from the in‐axis moduli, which allows the former to be calibrated making use of experimental shear band data, as it is done in CLoE‐hypoplasticity. The implicit assumptions made in K‐hypoplasticity are detailed for two particular models of this family. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The critical state behaviour of barodesy compared with the Matsuoka–Nakai failure criterion

Barodesy is a new approach to constitutive modelling of soil. It is based on Goldscheider's principles and maps stretching directions onto corresponding stress directions with the help of a simple exponential function. This mapping also determines a critical state surface in principal stress space. The article investigates this surface and relates it to the well‐known Matsuoka–Nakai failure criterion. It turns out that the difference between these two surfaces is negligible for practical applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Theoretical investigation of the cavity expansion problem based on a hypoplasticity model

The problem of the symmetric quasi‐static large‐strain expansion of a cavity in an infinite granular body is studied. The body is assumed to be dry or fully drained so that the presence of the pore water can be disregarded. Both spherical and cylindrical cavities are considered. Numerical solutions to the boundary value problem are obtained with the use of the hypoplastic constitutive relation calibrated for a series of granular soils. As the radius of the cavity increases, the stresses and the density on the cavity surface asymptotically approach limit values corresponding to a so‐called critical state. For a given soil, the limit values depend on the initial stresses and the initial density. A comparison is made between the solutions for different initial states and different soils. Applications to geotechnical problems such as cone penetration test and pressuremeter test are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling the viscous behavior of frozen soil with hypoplasticity

This paper presents a hypoplastic constitutive model for the viscous behavior of frozen soil. The model is composed of a ‘solid’ part and a ‘fluid’ part. The solid part is based on the extended hypoplastic model, and the fluid part is dependent on the second time derivative of strain. The performance of the model is demonstrated by simulating some uniaxial compression tests at different strain rates. Moreover, the model can describe in a unified way the three stages of typical creep tests, that is, primary, secondary, and tertiary stage. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comparative study of the hypoplasticity and the fabric‐dependent dilatant double shearing models for granular materials

In this paper, we consider the mechanical response of granular materials and compare the predictions of a hypoplastic model with that of a recently developed dilatant double shearing model which includes the effects of fabric. We implement the constitutive relations of the dilatant double shearing model and the hypoplastic model in the finite element program ABACUS/Explicit and compare their predictions in the triaxial compression and cyclic shear loading tests. Although the origins and the constitutive relations of the double shearing model and the hypoplastic model are quite different, we find that both models are capable of capturing typical behaviours of granular materials. This is significant because while hypoplasticity is phenomenological in nature, the double shearing model is based on a kinematic hypothesis and microstructural considerations, and can easily be calibrated through standard tests. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.