几种数字测图系统比较

本文笔者经过一定范围的市场调查从用户的角度对当今测绘行业中流行较广的几种数字测图软件在性能和适用方面进行了比较分析，对用户选择数字测图系统和系统设计优化有一定的参考价值     

土方测算的验方计算方法

一、前言 经过一定范围的市场调查,从用户的角度对目前投入使用的数字化测图软件在性能和适用方面进行分析和实际工作的坐标法测图的应用,不断对坐标法测图应用于土方测量计算进行探讨优化。细述计算机以清华山维公司研制的EPSW电子平板测图系统为工作平台进行土方量三角网法计算的数据处理及操作应用。     

顾及似大地水准面趋势变化的高程异常拟合方法

全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)使用的高程系统为大地高系统,而在我国实际工程中使用的高程系统为正常高系统。为了使GNSS得到的大地高数据直接应用于实际工程中,需要求解出测点的高精度高程异常值,进而将大地高转换至正常高。本文从高程异常曲面拟合过程中的特征点选取角度出发,基于SGG-UGM-2全球重力场模型及移去恢复型曲面拟合方法,提出了一种顾及似大地水准面趋势变化的高程异常拟合方法。经过武汉某沿河实验区实例验证,本文提出的高程异常拟合方法拟合精度损失小,拟合中误差达到±0.014 m,完全满足绝大多数工程测量需求。     

一种信息系统权限管理的设计方案

分析了信息系统中常见的权限管理方法的缺陷,提出了一种从数据库角度和应用系统角度对权限进行双重控制的管理方案,并且在应用系统中综合使用“用户／角色／权限”和“用户／权限”两种授权模型,使系统的安全性得到提高,且具有较大的灵活性,在实际应用中已经被证明是有效的。     

浅论军用土地统计计算机应用系统设计方法问题

本文在解放军土地管理局研制的“军用土地管理信息系统”的基础上,从系统设计和应用的角度出发,明确了系统应包括的基本功能,提出了改进和完善系统的方法。     

多尺度矢量空间数据融合的基本问题研究

针对不同尺度的矢量空间数据在几何、属性和空间关系特征等方面存在诸多差异,严重影响了空间数据的共享集成与应用的问题,该文探讨了多尺度矢量空间数据融合的基本问题。通过将不同尺度的空间数据进行集成统一,经过空间数据匹配、制图综合以及空间关系处理等过程,使数据在属性和几何位置上相互印证、相互补充和相互关联,进而实现空间信息的融合和增强。该文深入分析了多尺度矢量空间数据的差异性根源和表现形式,明确了概念和研究范畴,从系统的角度进行了分类和数学上的形式化定义,并提出了具体的研究内容和技术框架。     

国土资源信息化的启动模式与发展探讨

国土资源信息化经过了近十年的发展历程,产生了丰硕的成果,本文从不同的角度谈了对国土资源信息化的基本认识,阐述了国土资源信息化发展的几个阶段和信息化建设的主要内容,对国土资源信息化的启动模式和保障措施进行了较全面的讨论。     

交错导线闭合环中观测角度总和理论值的计算和公式的推证

笔者在矿山井下做过多年矿山测量工作 ,多次碰到交错导线闭合网的测量情况。在计算交错导线闭合网角度总和的理论值时 ,发现交错导线闭合网角度总和理论值 ,用多边形外角和 180°(n+2 )及多边形内角和 180°(n- 2 )分别计算 ,虽可计算出来 ,但分辨内角多边形和外角多边形时 ,角度易混淆出错 ,可能造成整个交错导线闭合网角度理论总和不符 ,且分别计算次数多。后来经过图形研究和参阅资料 ,找到了正确的一次计算方法 ,并对计算公式作了推证。现将它介绍给同行们 ,供参考。先分别计算具有内角和外角图形角度理论总和。如图 1所示 ,角度观测值…     

一种低成本GPS/INS紧耦合组合导航系统

描述了一种低成本的GPS/INS组合导航系统,经过理论推导得到了系统具体的实现方法,并通过市场上大量使用的低成本GPS模块和MEMS陀螺和加速度计实现了该系统。实际路测数据结果显示,该系统基本达到了理论预期。     

低空无人飞艇航测相机稳定平台控制方法

针对低空无人飞艇航空遥感系统平台姿态稳定问题,以及现有稳定平台用于无人飞艇航测系统存在的困难,提出了基于轻小型低精度GNSS/IMU系统和PID算法的三轴稳定平台控制方法。该系统结合双GPS轻小型组合GNSS/IMU系统,采用分离相机和GNSS/IMU系统控制方式,采用PID控制方法,利用STM32控制芯片电路实现稳定平台的控制,解决无人飞艇航测系统相机姿态稳定问题。最后通过飞行试验验证了该系统的稳定性。试验结果表明,该方法能够满足相机系统的俯仰和翻滚角度及航偏角度控制的要求,能够有效隔离无人飞艇姿态的不稳定对成像系统的影响,对于提高无人飞艇航测系统成图精度有重要意义。     

船载移动激光三维测量系统安置角偏差检校

船载移动激光三维测量系统是集激光扫描仪、全球定位系统和惯性导航测量单元等于一体的多传感器集成系统,具有效率高、精度高、三维测量等特点,可解决码头、河道、海岛礁测绘中传统方法难以测量的难题。船载移动激光三维测量系统的高精度时空同步是实现数据融合和高精度三维测量的保证,安置角偏差检校是船载移动激光三维测量的关键步骤。本文首先分析了船载移动激光三维测量系统中相关坐标系之间的转换关系,提出了一种以桥体为检校场的安置角偏差消除方法。该方法在时空配准的基础上,通过扫描测线内桥体结构的偏移量分别计算侧滚角、俯仰角及航向角的安置角偏差,最后通过控制点验证误差改正后的测量精度。试验结果证明,本文方法易于实施,且具有较高的准确性,能够有效保障船载移动激光测量数据的质量和精度。     

顾及波束入射角的常梯度声线跟踪水下定位算法

海水声速的时空变化会使声波沿传播方向发生折射,有效消除声波的折射效应对提高水下声学定位精度至关重要。在声速剖面已知的情况下,声线跟踪是削弱折射效应的有效方法。但现有的声线跟踪方法要求波束入射角为已知,而基于距离交会原理的水下声学定位系统通常未对波束入射角进行直接观测。针对上述问题,提出了顾及波束入射角的常梯度声线跟踪水下定位算法,采用搜索法确定波束入射角,通过对声线跟踪与定位解算的迭代计算,实现波束入射角和目标坐标的渐次修正。为进一步提高计算效率,提出了迭代求解超越方程的解算法。试验结果表明,本文方法有效利用声速剖面消除了声线折射效应的影响,且解算法计算效率优于搜索法。     

Identification of hydrothermal alteration minerals associated with geothermal system using ASTER and Hyperion satellite data: a case study from Yankari Park,NE Nigeria

Concealed and fossilized geothermal systems are not characterized by obvious surface manifestations like hotsprings and fumaroles, therefore, could not be easily identifiable using conventional techniques. In this investigation, the applicability of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Hyperion data-sets were evaluated in discriminating hydrothermal alteration minerals associated with geothermal systems as a proxy in identifying subtle Geothermal systems at Yankari Park, Nigeria. Feature-oriented principal component selection, spectral angle mapper, linear spectral unmixing were applied to ASTER data based on spectral characteristics of hydrothermal alteration key minerals for a systematic selective extraction of the information of interest. Analytical imaging and geophysics-developed processing methods were applied to Hyperion data for mapping iron oxide/hydroxide minerals and clay mineral assemblages in hydrothermal alteration zones. The results indicate that ASTER and Hyperion could be complemented for reconnaissance stage of targeting subtle alteration mineral assemblages associated with geothermal systems.     

GPS/INS系统HPR与OPK角元素的剖析与转换

介绍了Heading Pitch Roll(HPR)和Omega Phi Kappa(OPK)两种角元素系统的定义,分析了HPR与OPK之间的区别,给出了相互转换的基本思路,并重点推导了利用GPS/INS系统获取的HPR角度和惯性测量单元(IMU)几何中心坐标计算影像外方位元素的数学公式和各种旋转矩阵的构成。实验结果表明,文中利用HPR角计算外方位元素的理论与方法正确、可行。     

影响机载激光扫描测高精度的系统误差分析

简要介绍了机载激光扫描测高技术的系统组成和发展现状，通过坐标转换技术建立起机载激光扫描对地定位的基本几何关系，并从这些几何关系出发，着重分析了动态偏心改正及动态时效误差对机载激光测高精度的影响，对不同的误差源如何影响定位结果的精度进行了讨论，最后给出模拟计算结果，得出了一些有益的结论。     

Analysis of systematic error influences on accuracy of airborne laser scanning altimetry

The error sources related to the laser rangefinder, GPS and INS are analyzed in details. Several coordinates systems used in airborne laser scanning are set up, and then the basic formula of system is given. This paper emphasizes on discussing the kinematic offset correction between GPS antenna phase center and laser fired point. And kinematic time delay influence on laser footprint position, the ranging errors, positioning errors, attitude errors and integration errors of the system are also explored. Finally, the result shows that the kinematic time delay can be neglected as compared with other error sources. The accuracy of the coordinates is not only influenced by the amplitude of the error, but also controlled by the operation parameters such as flight height, scanning angle amplitude and attitude magnitude of the platform.     

Analysis of systematic error influences on accuracy of airborne laser scanning altimetry

The error sources related to the laser rangefinder, GPS and INS are analyzed in details. Several coordinates systems used in airborne laser scanning are set up, and then the basic formula of system is given.This paper emphasizes on discussing the kinematic offset correction between GPS antenna phase center and laser fired point. And kinematic time delay influence on laser footprint position, the ranging errors, positioning errors, attitude errors and integration errors of the system are also explored. Finally, the result shows that thekinematic time delay can be neglected as compared with other error sources. The accuracy of the coordinates is not only influenced by the amplitude of the error, but also controlled by the operation parameters such as flight height, scanning angle amplitude and attitude magnitude of the platform.     

Development of a geometric model for an all-reflective camera system

Currently in photogrammetry conventional camera optics, which are based on a combination of lenses, are solely used. These systems are also called refractive systems. The usage of refractive systems implies a general drawback for some applications. Due to the chromatic aberration of lenses, i.e. slightly different imaging functions for different spectral bands, a significant loss of image quality and geometric accuracy has to be accepted. This fact is important especially for applications that require imaging a wide spectral range. Conventional cameras are not able to satisfactorily capture the ultraviolet or near infrared spectral range in addition to the visible.These chromatic aberration problems can be completely be avoided in all-reflective optical systems, i.e. camera objectives which are completely based on mirrors. The paper will briefly describe the developed all-reflective optical systems designed for optical metrology purposes.A general disadvantage of the design of normal or wide angle all-reflective systems is the asymmetry of the mirror arrangement, which leads to large asymmetric geometric image distortions. These distortions cannot be modeled with standard methods of photogrammetry. Furthermore, the complete system is also more sensitive to local deviations from the ideal mirror surface. Therefore we developed a suitable geometric model, which is adapted to the special case. The model is based on the collinearity condition, extended by a specific additional parameter set optimized with regard to the characteristics of an all-reflective unobscured system. We will show various model variants based on the additional parameter sets of Brown, Ebner and Grün as well as Legendre polynomials, Chebyshev polynomials and Fourier series. The paper discusses the potential of these models to correct the distortion of an all-reflective unobscured optical system prototype based on four aspherical mirrors on the basis of test field self-calibration and describes different approaches to consider local deviations from the nominal aspherical mirror surface with the help of the finite elements method.     

Comparison of Topography- and Aperture-Dependent Motion Compensation Algorithms for Airborne SAR

This letter presents a comparison between three Fourier-based motion compensation (MoCo) algorithms for airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems. These algorithms circumvent the limitations of conventional MoCo, namely the assumption of a reference height and the beam-center approximation. All these approaches rely on the inherent time-frequency relation in SAR systems but exploit it differently, with the consequent differences in accuracy and computational burden. After a brief overview of the three approaches, the performance of each algorithm is analyzed with respect to azimuthal topography accommodation, angle accommodation, and maximum frequency of track deviations with which the algorithm can cope. Also, an analysis on the computational complexity is presented. Quantitative results are shown using real data acquired by the Experimental SAR system of the German Aerospace Center (DLR).     

线阵推扫式相机高精度在轨几何标定

基于偏置矩阵和探元指向角构建了线阵推扫式相机的在轨几何标定模型,并给出了相应的参数求解方法。分析了线阵推扫式相机物理内参数模型与指向角内参数模型的区别与联系,对物理模型到指向角模型的演化过程进行了推导,分析了偏视场相机与正视场相机在使用指向角模型时的不同,并分别给出了两者的具体计算公式。利用嵩山检校场高精度控制数据和天绘一号高分影像验证了本文的模型和解法。实验结果表明,本文的标定模型和求解方法可解算出稳健可靠的内参数;两次标定结果相比,95%的样本探元沿轨方向的指向差异小于0.1像元,93%的样本探元垂轨方向的指向差异小于0.2像元。经在轨几何标定,影像定位精度显著提升。