基于脆弱性指数法的韩城矿区11号煤层底板突水危险性评价

在全面分析韩城矿区地质与水文地质条件的基础上,应用相关因素分析方法,提出研究区煤层底板奥灰含水层突水的指标体系,并以多个典型煤矿为例,重点分析了受奥灰含水层威胁最严重的11号煤层底板突水的影响因素;构建了有效隔水层厚度、褶皱规模、含水层富水性、断层规模4个评价指标;采用脆弱性指数评价方法对11号煤层底板突水的危险性进行了分区。     

Using random forest for the risk assessment of coal-floor water inrush in Panjiayao Coal Mine,northern China

Coal-floor water-inrush incidents account for a large proportion of coal mine disasters in northern China, and accurate risk assessment is crucial for safe coal production. A novel and promising assessment model for water inrush is proposed based on random forest (RF), which is a powerful intelligent machine-learning algorithm. RF has considerable advantages, including high classification accuracy and the capability to evaluate the importance of variables; in particularly, it is robust in dealing with the complicated and non-linear problems inherent in risk assessment. In this study, the proposed model is applied to Panjiayao Coal Mine, northern China. Eight factors were selected as evaluation indices according to systematic analysis of the geological conditions and a field survey of the study area. Risk assessment maps were generated based on RF, and the probabilistic neural network (PNN) model was also used for risk assessment as a comparison. The results demonstrate that the two methods are consistent in the risk assessment of water inrush at the mine, and RF shows a better performance compared to PNN with an overall accuracy higher by 6.67%. It is concluded that RF is more practicable to assess the water-inrush risk than PNN. The presented method will be helpful in avoiding water inrush and also can be extended to various engineering applications.     

唐山矿岳胥区奥灰水带压开采危险性评价

基于唐山矿岳胥区奥灰岩发育特征和水文地质特征,结合安全水头、突水系数、安全隔水层厚度等3个不同指标,对研究区带压开采危险性进行了评价。结果显示:研究区奥陶纪灰岩埋深整体呈北深南浅,且存在一定范围的压煤带,井田内奥灰水水位呈北高南低的趋势,研究区内奥灰水位最高,水位标高-10~-9 m;掘进巷道安全水头值及安全隔水层厚度评价结果显示无带压开采危险,突水系数评价结果则显示研究区存在范围不等的带压开采危险区,突水危险区主要存在于研究区两侧扩大区,应注意开展奥灰水防治工作。     

澄合矿区奥陶系灰岩固硫效果初探

对澄合矿区3个奥陶系灰岩剖面的取样分析及固硫试验表明，位于大峪河剖面的D9样品具有较高的固硫率。在不加任务助剂的情况下，经800℃煅烧2h，破碎至0.12-0.15mm后与煤粉以2.3的Ca/S摩尔比混合，1000℃时的最高固硫率可达60.08%。     

基于改进型突水系数法治理底板奥灰水害技术

针对渭北煤田下组煤底板超薄隔水层条件下,煤层开采过程中底板奥灰水害防治技术难题,依托渭北煤田韩城矿区桑树坪煤矿奥灰水害治理课题,基于煤矿井下近水平定向钻进技术,提出底板奥灰岩层顶部利用与注浆改造的防治水思路。(1) 考虑底板破坏带失去阻水能力的因素,结合突水系数法确定奥灰顶部利用与注浆改造的临界厚度,采取自工作面两端相向钻进的方式开展定向钻孔探查,依据探查情况,结合压水试验结果,确定钻孔注浆工艺及参数,分析注浆效果。(2) 采用地面三维地震、地面瞬变电磁探查采区低阻异常和构造发育情况,采用直流电法或瞬变电磁探查巷道工作面前方富水区,待巷道系统形成后,采用直流电法测深、音频电透视探查巷道和工作面底板下的富水区,采用无线电波透视探查工作面构造及煤厚变化情况。最后根据物探和定向钻探的探查结果,实施检查技术,综合评价带压开采的可行性。研究表明,奥灰顶部富水性弱,可作为相对隔水层利用,突水系数已降至0.073 MPa/m以下,为今后进一步完善《煤矿防治水细则》突水系数临界值的确定提供坚实的依据,确保了工作面安全回采,形成了修正的突水系数法结合“探查?注浆?检查”的奥灰水害防治技术体系,延伸了矿区安全开采下限。      

GIS的AHP型脆弱性指数法在李雅庄矿底板突水评价中的应用

山西霍州矿区李雅庄煤矿石炭系太原组K₂灰岩岩溶发育,加之区内断裂构造发育,水文地质条件较为复杂。为解决上组2号煤底板太灰突水评价难题,采用GIS的AHP型脆弱性指数法,首先建立煤层底板突水主控因素体系,并通过GIS对主控因素数据进行采集及归一化处理,建立子专题图层,然后运用AHP法确定各主控因素的权重比例,提出煤层底板突水脆弱性的分区方案。与传统突水系数法相比,脆弱性指数法能较为全面地反映不同区域的相对脆弱关系,其评价结果更实际、可靠。     

陕西韩城矿区11#煤层中高岭岩矿研究

通过野外调查和室内研究,查明韩城矿区11#煤层底板（南区）和煤层中、下部（北区）有一层厚0.60～1.30m的高岭岩矿层。其厚度稳定,储量丰富,为一大型高岭岩矿床。矿石成分纯,高岭石含量在95%以上,Al₂O₃含量高,SiO₂含量低,TiO₂含量较高,Fe₂ O₃含量低至较高。可作为生产超细煅烧高岭土及4A分子筛等产品的原料,有较广阔的开发利用前景。      

焦作矿区防止突水淹井事故的对策

通过分析焦作矿区17次突水淹井事故原因,提出了强化领导、严格管理、加强基础地质工作、合理留设防水煤柱、加强断层探测、完善防排水设施、选择合理的防治水措施等对策,使焦作矿区21a来未发生突水淹井事故。这些措施对类似矿区的防治水工作具有一定的参考价值。     

煤矿井下水砂突涌钻孔封孔技术研发与应用

桑树坪煤矿采取地面注骨料和井下注浆技术治理奥灰(奥陶纪灰岩)岩溶陷落柱时,施工的3个常规检查钻孔出现严重的水砂突涌现象,封孔难度极大,采取向孔内下入木楔、反丝止浆塞等方法均封孔失败.针对此难题,提出带压顶替注浆封孔技术,首先,向孔内注入大于套管体积的清水以确保孔内通畅,避免砂粒填充至套管内,导致封孔深度未达到套管以下稳...     

隧道岩溶突水、突泥危险性评价初探

通过对渝怀线圆梁山隧道等近20座隧道岩溶突水、突泥机制的深入研究,在充分考虑方法可操作性、适用性,定性与定量评价相结合的基础上,提出了“隧道突水、突泥危险性分级体系”。建立起了以可溶岩的物质结构、地质构造条件、场效应条件、其它条件因素为一级评价指标,以断裂破碎带宽度、承压水压力条件、地形地貌特征、隧道埋深等13个影响因素为二级指标的评价体系。用层次分析法确定了各因素的权重,采用定性、定量相结合的方法确立了各指标的隶属度,并根据隧道突水、突泥危险性级别制定了相应的防治措施。最后以圆梁山隧道毛坝向斜段为例,对隧道突水、突泥危险性进行了分级评价。结果表明,毛坝向斜段隧道突水、突泥极危险区长度为992 m,约占该段总长的54.07%。      

综合勘探方法价鲁西南煤田奥灰水

鲁西南各煤田基底为奥陶系石灰岩、富水性强，与煤系太原组下组煤间距小，正确评价奥灰富水性，对开采下组煤意义物理 大，我们采用钻探、测井、地震、水文地质等勘探手段综合评价奥灰富水性，收到了良好的地质效果。     

矿业活动区农田土壤重金属累积风险的评判方法——以小秦岭金矿区为例

金属矿产资源开发活动通常会导致矿区土壤重金属含量的累积,选用科学的评价标准及方法成为评判、区分矿业活动农田土壤重金属累积影响和风险的关键问题。在简述土壤背景值和土壤环境质量标准含义的基础上,提出采用与矿区其他环境条件基本相同或相近的邻区耕作层土壤重金属元素的平均含量作为评判矿业活动重金属对耕作层土壤的累积影响的对照值。以2011年小秦岭金矿区80件耕作层土壤重金属含量为例,金矿开发活动区耕作层土壤重金属的累积风险研究表明,土壤重金属低风险以上样品数占总样品数百分比的排序为Hg>Cd>Pb>Cu,矿业活动对土壤重金属累积的贡献率排序为Hg>Cu>Pb>Cd>Zn。土壤中的Cr、As、Zn元素有轻度累积但无风险。土壤中Hg元素的累积风险面积达到了187.77km2,占到研究区总面积的47.08%。其中,中、高风险的面积为99.55km2,土壤重金属累积风险极其严重。研究结果科学地评判了矿业活动对耕作层土壤重金属的累积影响及其贡献,为土壤污染防治指明了方向。     

矿业活动区农田土壤重金属累积风险的评判方法——以小秦岭金矿区为例

金属矿产资源开发活动通常会导致矿区土壤重金属含量的累积,选用科学的评价标准及方法成为评判、区分矿业活动农田土壤重金属累积影响和风险的关键问题。在简述土壤背景值和土壤环境质量标准含义的基础上,提出采用与矿区其他环境条件基本相同或相近的邻区耕作层土壤重金属元素的平均含量作为评判矿业活动重金属对耕作层土壤的累积影响的对照值。以2011年小秦岭金矿区80件耕作层土壤重金属含量为例,金矿开发活动区耕作层土壤重金属的累积风险研究表明,土壤重金属低风险以上样品数占总样品数百分比的排序为HgCdPbCu,矿业活动对土壤重金属累积的贡献率排序为HgCuPbCdZn。土壤中的Cr、As、Zn元素有轻度累积但无风险。土壤中Hg元素的累积风险面积达到了187.77km2,占到研究区总面积的47.08%。其中,中、高风险的面积为99.55km2,土壤重金属累积风险极其严重。研究结果科学地评判了矿业活动对耕作层土壤重金属的累积影响及其贡献,为土壤污染防治指明了方向。     

A method for prevent water inrush from karst collapse column: a case study from Sima mine,China

Mining-induced groundwater inrush could result in serious economic losses and casualties. This disaster usually depends on geological structure, such as the karst collapse column (KCC). It could reduce the aquifuge thickness, causing a great risk of water bursting. In order to assess the impact of mining on the KCC, we have developed a complete set of methods, including three-dimensional seismic exploration, connectivity experiment, water injection experiment in two sidewalls, numerical simulation based on Drucker–Prager (D–P) elastoplastic damage theory. This method is used to test the size, type and the damage thickness of the KCC named DX1 in Sima mine, and the results indicate that the type of DX1 is good cementation. In addition, under the influence of the shear stress at the coal wall and the unloading at the goaf, a significant compressive damage zone with a large damage thickness will form at the sidewall of the KCC. As the roof collapses, the backfill is compacted and the maximum damage thickness gradually moves to the other side of the KCC. Eventually, an asymmetric inverted saddle-shaped damage distribution is formed with a maximum compression damage depth of 32.5 m. The results provide a basis for preventing water inrush from KCC.     

新集煤矿1#煤开采底板突水可能性分析

新集煤矿1#煤层储量大、煤质好,对其进行开采是稳定和扩大产量、提供优质煤炭资源的保障。开采1#煤层遇到的最主要威胁是下伏太灰承压水突出。文章在分析淮南煤田和新集煤矿水文地质条件的基础上,对新集煤矿太灰岩富水性、底板岩层隔水能力以及构造控水特征等进行初步研究,判断1#煤开采过程中太灰水突出的危险性,分析可能的防治措施,为安全、高效开采1#煤层提供前期研究成果。     

GIS-based multi-dimensional risk assessment of the grassland fire in northern China

This study presents a methodology for risk analysis and assessment to manage grassland fire in northern China based on the Geographical Information Systems from the viewpoints of climatology, geography, disaster science, and environmental science and so on. Using natural disaster and risk assessment theory, a multi-dimensional grassland fire risk index (MGFRI) was proposed by integrating weighted comprehensive method, analytic hierarchy process, and fuzzy gamma method into natural disaster risk index. The developed MGFRI will be an easily understandable tool to manage grassland fire by comparing the risk of regions in the northern China and relative contributions of various factors, for example, hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and management ability. A scale of one to five was derived to measure the risk degree. It shows that 4.4?% of grassland falls in the category of ??very high?? risk, followed by 9.6, 19.1, 60.9, and 5.9?%, respectively, in the categories ??high??, ??middle??, ??low??, and ??very low??. The assessment results show reliability by test. The results in this study are intended to support local, provincial, and national government agencies to: (1) make resource allocation decisions; (2) make high-level planning decisions; and (3) raise public awareness of grassland fire risk, its causes, and ways to manage it.     

多源数据挖掘下潘谢矿区深部灰岩水突水预警研究

深层灰岩水在长时间水岩耦合作用下各含水层的水化学成分有所不同,但随着地壳运动、采动影响等因素导致不同含水层产生水力联系。重大的突水事故都是深层高压灰岩水以浅层灰岩水为通道突入矿井发生的。依据对淮南煤田潘谢矿区9对矿井2015—2018年182个地面水文观测孔的水位数据及潘二矿突水后各水文观测孔水位变化的时空规律,得出水文观测孔的水位变化数据比水位高程数据更灵敏,潘谢矿区深层灰岩水由下向上对浅层灰岩水进行补给,通过聚类分析算法识别出矿井与深层灰岩水存在补给关系的浅层灰岩含水层区域;另一方面基于改进的随机森林算法对收集的7 000多条矿井水质化验资料进行分析,基于错分数据识别出与深层灰岩水水力联系紧密的各矿含水层信息。综合分析水位变化数据聚类分析结果,得出各矿井的突水风险区域。基于含水层分类显著因子、水化学空间分布特征,结合温度、流量、水位、水质等参数的高精度传感器,构建快速准确突水预警系统,对矿井出水点进行智能监测,为实施防治水措施提供快速、可靠的依据,可以极大地避免矿井发生突水事故和减少突水事故产生的损失。      

Environmental and health risk assessment in abandoned mining area, Zlata Idka, Slovakia

The Zlata Idka village is a typical mountainous settlement. As a consequence of more than 500 years of mining activity, its environment has been extensively affected by pollution from potentially toxic elements. This paper presents the results of an environmental-geochemical and health research in the Zlata Idka village, Slovakia. Geochemical analysis indicates that arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) are enriched in soils, groundwater, surface water and stream sediments. The average As and Sb contents are 892 mg/kg and 818 mg/kg in soils, 195 mg/kg and 249 mg/kg in stream sediments, 0.028 mg/l and 0.021 mg/l in groundwater and 0.024 mg/l and 0.034 mg/l in surface water. Arsenic and Sb concentrations exceed upper permissible limits in locally grown vegetables. Within the epidemiological research the As and Sb contents in human tissues and fluids have been observed (blood, urine, nails and hair) in approximately one third of the village’s population (120 respondents). The average As and Sb concentrations were 16.3 μg/l and 3.8 μg/l in blood, 15.8 μg/l and 18.8 μg/l in urine, 3,179 μg/kg and 1,140 μg/kg in nails and 379 μg/kg and 357 μg/kg in hair. These concentrations are comparatively much higher than the average population. Health risk calculations for the ingestion of soil, water, and vegetables indicates a very high carcinogenic risk (>1/1,000) for as content in soil and water. The hazard quotient [HQ=average daily dose (ADD)/reference dose (RfD)] calculation method indicates a HQ>1 for groundwater As and Sb concentrations.     

淮南潘一矿采煤塌陷积水区水环境健康风险评估

以淮南潘一矿塌陷积水区为例,分析测试了塌陷积水区12个采样点水样中的7种重金属元素（Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb、Ni和Fe）的含量,采用美国环保局（USEPA）推荐的水环境健康风险评价模型,对重金属由食入途径进入人体所引起的健康风险进行评估和分析。研究发现,研究区水体中重金属致癌风险值为（5.06~8.06）×10^-6/a,根据我国环境保护部推荐的健康风险标准,存在健康风险。其中,Cr的致癌风险占总致癌风险的98.52%。非致癌健康风险值在10^-10/a的数量级,健康风险不明显,而非致癌健康风险的贡献大小顺序为,Cu > Pb > Fe > Cr > Cd > Ni > Zn。其中,Cu的贡献率最大,占非致癌总风险值的48.62%。同时还发现,研究区的重金属致癌风险占总健康风险的99.99%,这表明该区域总的水质健康风险几乎全部由致癌风险构成,而致癌风险中又几乎由Cr组成。