盐岩地下储气库套管运行安全的可靠性分析研究

盐岩因其具有良好的蠕变特性、低渗透性以及损伤自我恢复特性成为国际上公认的最理想能源地下存储介质。在盐岩地下储气库运营过程中储库套管受到储气内压、材料参数和几何尺寸等不确定性因素的影响,为了评价这些随机风险因素对储库套管结构运行安全的影响,建立了盐岩储气库的套管结构模型和基于Von Mises屈服准则的套管结构功能函数,根据建立的结构模型和结构功能函数,应用响应面法结合蒙特卡洛抽样计算获得储库在高压和低压运行条件下套管结构可靠度的变化规律。可靠性分析表明,为保证套管运行安全,储库最低运行内压应大于3 MPa,最高运行内压应小于22 MPa,套管靴距离储库腔顶的距离应大于10 m,并应适当加大套管的壁厚和减小套管的内径。     

Machine vision for dimensional measurements in mines

Summary Fast growing mechanization and automation in the mining industry has been adopted to increase production, productivity and safety, but it requires quick, precise and automatic measurements. In particular, the measurement of deformations around a coal-mining face has been an extremely difficult task due to the time and space constraints of such sites. In a continuing drive to reduce the inherent risks of danger during working around such difficult areas, much routine inspection work is increasingly being undertaken by remote measuring systems. The advent of digital photogrammetry provides an opportunity for real-time dimensional measurement of such inaccessible areas. In this paper, some examples of reliability testing of automatic measurements using grey scale digital images of mining structures is described. A CCD (charged coupled device) based active triangulation system is combined with image understanding algorithms to provide machine vision capability and for automatic measurement of the textureless and featureless surface of sandstone strata. This paper also presents some results of initial laboratory investigations conducted to test the reliability of basic components of the system.     

盐穴储气库破坏后地表沉陷规律数值模拟研究

地下盐穴储气库在天然气调峰和保障供气安全上具有不可替代的作用。地下盐穴储气库达到设计年限后,将报废而逐步垮塌,必然引起严重的地表沉陷。因此,对盐穴储气库破坏后地表沉陷规律进行研究具有十分重要的意义。考虑到目前的数值分析软件进行地表沉陷分析的不足,开发了用于盐穴储气库破坏后地表沉陷数值模拟的有限元专用软件-2D-Sink,该软件具有处理破碎岩块的能力。应用2D-Sink对盐穴储气库破坏后引起的地表沉陷规律进行了系统的研究,共建立了6种模型进行数值模拟,分别研究了地表沉陷层理效应、地表沉陷的岩层倾斜效应、地表沉陷的断层效应和多盐穴地表沉陷规律。对多溶腔地表变形曲线与单溶腔叠加的地表变形曲线进行比较,验证了地表沉陷叠加原理的正确性。研究成果为盐穴储气库报废后地表沉陷灾害控制提供了理论基础。     

我国城市的大气污染与气体能源的地下储存

汽车尾气污染已成为城市空气污染的主要来源,改善汽车的燃气已成为当务之急。液化石油气与压缩天然气应是首选能源。延用百年的地表钢罐储存,无论从规模上、造价上、还是环境保护等方面已不再适宜。地下水封岩洞储存已应运而生。地下储气库对地质条件提出了非常严格的要求。本文重点论述地下水封洞库的保证性与围岩稳定性,同时还对我国修建地下气库的前景作了展望。     

A dynamic programming model for optimal planning of aquifer storage and recovery facility operations

Aquifer storage recovery (ASR) is an innovative technology with the potential to augment dwindling water resources in regions experiencing rapid growth and development. Planning and design of ASR systems requires quantifying how much water should be stored and appropriate times for storage and withdrawals within a planning period. A monthly scale planning model has been developed in this study to derive optimal (least cost) long-term policies for operating ASR systems and is solved using a recursive deterministic dynamic programming approach. The outputs of the model include annual costs of operation, the amount of water to be imported each month as well as the schedule for storage and extraction. A case study modeled after a proposed ASR system for Mustang Island and Padre Island service areas of the city of Corpus Christi is used to illustrate the utility of the developed model. The results indicate that for the assumed baseline demands, the ASR system is to be kept operational for a period of 4 months starting from May through August. Model sensitivity analysis indicated that increased seasonal shortages can be met using ASR with little additional costs. For the assumed cost structure, a 16% shortage increased the costs by 1.6%. However, the operation time of ASR increased from 4 to 8 months. The developed dynamic programming model is a useful tool to assess the feasibility of evaluating the use of ASR systems during regional-scale water resources planning endeavors.     

Application of ICTs in Airspace Management and Collaborative Decision-Making—Analyzing the Risk Avoidance in the Condition of Risky Weather as an Example

The application of ICTs makes structural change of the development and effective utilization of airspace. Next generation air transportation system (NextGen) includes new automation concepts with automated information to support the traffic control decision-making. As a result, in the field of academia and industry, air traffic controllers integrate information automatically while making decisions to change the previous manually integrated and decided pattern. The safety ability of airspace is reduced and airspace system is endangered under risky weather conditions of airspace. So there is an urgent demand for new information and communication technologies. The paper is an overview of the information constitution and support of NextGen and provides the study of the development of technique of airspace collaborative decision-makings to confirm the new features based on ICTs. It contains basic application-the input of data and output of the routes of airspace management and collaborative decision-making, and general application-the choose of probability nets of avoiding risky weather, and special application-the affection in the management of the air routes, which are made up of position and direction. The research shows the accurate schedule characteristics of airspace management and collaborative decision-making based on ICTs, which made the space accurate by time accurate. Second, the visualization of airspace management and collaborative decision-making based on ICTs made the maps of flight path under mobile data quickly generated. This could make the fully development and utilization of national airspace, ensure safety, and reduce air traffic controllers’ workload and the costs in delaying and operating in risky weather.     

Simulation of air storage aquifer by finite element model

A finite element model is developed to simulate the behaviour of an aquifer used as storage space for a compressed air energy storage (CAES) system. The governing equations describing a two-phase flow of air and water are coupled non-linear partial differential equations and are solved by the Galerkin approach. The resulting computer model is applied to a gas percolation problem. Upon verification of the numerical results, the model is employed to simulate the air-water displacement in a storage reservoir during daily air cycling. The corresponding saturation variations and the effects of reservoir permeability on the system are presented. The results obtained are essential in establishing storage design and stability criteria for long-term operation of compressed air energy storage systems.     

含水层地下储气库参数优化问题分析

讨论了灰色物元法在含水层储气库参数优化问题中的应用。天然气地下储气库的建造是一项大型、复杂、具有多目标性的工程项目,包括固定资产投资、钻井、修井、注采气工艺完善、地面建设等,需要上亿元的投资,因此其方案的确定,事关重大,必须在建设前期进行充分的技术和工程论证。地下储气库设计方案的优选需要考虑使用功能、技术性、经济性、安全性、环境影响等诸方面的效果进行综合论证,来确定最优方案。由于确定地下储气库优化设计指标类型的多样性,不相容性,且其量纲也不尽相同,甚至有些指标只能是定性描述的非量化灰数,这就导致地下储气库建造设计方案的优选是属灰色系统问题。利用灰色物元分析法优选储气库参数,可以使储气库的参数设计达到最佳。     

甘肃省文县关家沟泥石流综合治理及效益分析

通过对甘肃省文县关家沟泥石流防治措施与效益的分析,阐述了经济效益的估算原则与方法,证估了防治工程投资与减灾效益比值,确定一最佳防治方案。     

武宿机场新航站楼冬季供热系统设计及技术经济分析

本文介绍了太原武宿机场新航站楼冬季供热采暖和空调双系统的设计及五年来的运行效果。对采暖系统的初投资、空调系统各类设备用电量、每个采暖季的运行费用、投资回收期等进行了分析比较;讨论了在冬季供热中,用采暖系统替代在建筑中使用中央空调系统的优势。     

矿用钻孔瓦斯抽采多参数监测系统与装置

为了弥补传统瓦斯抽采监测系统区域化监测的不足,提出了以钻孔为监测单元构建钻孔瓦斯抽采监测系统,能够实时动态掌握各个钻孔在瓦斯抽采过程中的抽采效果,将大面积区域化测量转变为区域内部各钻孔的测量,实现了瓦斯抽采的精细化监测。针对钻孔瓦斯抽采监测系统需求,结合钻孔孔口处瓦斯抽采参数的特点,研制了一款矿用瓦斯抽采钻孔多参数监测装置,该装置具有超声波气体流量测量、非色散红外瓦斯浓度测量、压电陶瓷气体压力测量、铂电阻气体温度测量四参数于一体的实时数据采集功能,搭载了数据显示、数据存储、数据远程传输、数据Wi-Fi传输等功能性人机交互模块,并开发了瓦斯抽采分析软件、移动数据采集站两款配套软件。装置根据实际应用需求,结合行业相应计量标准,于具有国家计量检定资质的检验单位进行了计量检测,并在黄陵矿业公司二号煤矿进行了井下工业性试验,对装置的实际应用效果进行了验证。试验结果表明:矿用瓦斯抽采钻孔多参数监测装置的四项测量参数均满足相应行业标准的计量要求,可实现各项参数的准确测量,且该装置在实际井下应用中具有良好的工作可靠性与工作稳定性,达到了以钻孔为监测单元的瓦斯抽采监测目的,能够为瓦斯抽采评价提供有力的数据支撑。移动阅读      

压气储能浅埋地下储气库性能试验研究

利用地下岩穴进行压缩空气储能是大规模能源存储的可行方式之一。压缩空气地下储存库建设的核心任务是保证储气库的密封性和洞室结构安全性。为了验证浅埋地下储气库的可行性,在湖南平江抽水蓄能电站勘探平硐的花岗岩地层内建造了国内第1个硬岩浅埋衬砌地下储气室,并进行了10次完整的压缩空气充放气循环试验。试验结果表明：储气室内压缩空气温度场呈现出显著不均匀分布的特性,温控系统可以有效地控制储气室的温度变化过程。长时高压储气条件下,试验库的漏气率约为充气率的3.2%,试验库密封性能良好。在8.7 MPa的内压作用下围岩的最大变形量只有0.35 mm左右,高内压引起的变形影响区在10 m范围内,围岩变形安全性良好。试验成果有助于全面深入地认识高压地下储气库的工作性能,并为压气储能地下储气库的设计提供有益参考。     

上海市检测中心实验室楼宇自控技术的应用

总结了上海市检测中心各种实验室内楼宇自控系统的应用,对普通舒适性新风机组、空调机组以及高精度空调机组等机组的监控原理做了详细比较分析。     

郑州地下水均衡试验场的改建工程——主要测试设施与数据自动化采集

郑州地下水均衡试验场的改建,是由中国地质环境监测院主持的国家地下水监测工程中地下水均衡试验场的改建项目之一,由河南省环境地质监测院具体负责实施。科学技术的发展,为试验场观测数据采集的自动化奠定了良好基础。试验场数据采集需要自动化的有:3m高主杆气象站测试系统;太阳全辐射、太阳净辐射、太阳直射观测仪,E—601蒸发仪,5TM含水率、温度传感器,自动补水仪,负压测量仪。除后两项外,其他需要数据采集仪器已经市场化。后两项是作者的发明与实用专利。自动补水仪是用来模拟地下水位埋深的设备,它是以传统的马里奥特瓶补水原理为基础,采用控制电路使其可以自动补给因蒸发而消耗的水量,同时还可以记录降水的历时过程。负压测量是利用空气运动黏度约大于水运动黏度的15倍这一特性,即当水刚通过多孔瓷头时,气体不能通过多孔瓷头,据此设计了在包气带中能测定负压的传感器。数据采集则应用了惠斯登电桥平衡的补偿原理。由于控制、供电、采集数据的电缆过多,因此数据自动化采集系统应用了三级采集、逐级集成的方案。     

Location of foreign research and development in China

This study examines the location of foreign research and development activities within China, using the 2004 China Economic Census data, published in 2006. The study reveals that the scale of foreign R&D in China is significant and involves a few thousand of foreign enterprises, much broader than what has been reported before. It also finds that foreign R&D activities in China are highly concentrated in a few costal provinces and cities including Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian and Beijing, though the degree of concentration in Beijing is significantly lower than what was reported before. The results of the analyses demonstrate that proximity to foreign manufacturing investment dictates the location of foreign R&D. Also important is the quality of local technological infrastructure, which is a composite measurement of availability of quality labor and their creativity. However, labor costs and infrastructure do not show consistent or significant impacts.     

雾化进样石墨炉原子吸收光谱法的研究 Ⅰ.直接雾化进样装置及其性能

介绍一种自行设计和加工的直接雾化石墨炉进样装置的结构、工作原理和操作方法。该装置由微机控制与石墨炉加热程序同步工作,可以实现自动控制和自动测量。对雾化进样石墨炉分析的仪器参数和实验条件进行了研究和选择。结果表明,该装置与石墨炉结合具有自动化程度高、重现性好、样品利用率高和分析速度快等特点。     

Economic evaluation for air pollution control technologies selection in power plants processes

Air quality legislation is entering a transformation phase, shifting the concept of atmospheric emission control towards pollution prevention and emission minimization through a more integrated approach. This transformation, along with public pressure and increased foreign trade, is providing industries with incentives to consider their effect on the environment and to take action where required. To assist industries in determining what air pollution control technologies are best suited to power plants; an assessment of air pollution control technologies used in other countries was carried out. This assessment concluded that the best available technologies for power plants to control air emissions are electrostatic precipitators, low-NOX burners, selective catalytic reduction systems and wet flue gas desulphurization (limestone) systems. An assessment of the financial effects associated with air pollution control at power plants was conducted by completing a cost analysis. This analysis demonstrated that by increasing capital expenditure on control technologies by US$ 0.25 billion, the external costs associated with producing electricity can be reduced by almost US$ 0.5 billion. Formulation of external cost factors and the development of a software database for the information obtained from the different countries, will promote future technology selections.     

Use of solution-mined caverns in salt for oil and gas storage and toxic waste disposal in Germany

The need for storage caverns for oil and gas, and repositories for toxic chemical waste is increasing world-wide. Rock salt formations are particularly suitable for the construction of cavities for such purposes. Owing to its favourable geomechanical properties, rock salt remains stable over long periods of time without support, and it can be shown that the geological barrier of the host rock remains intact for a remarkably long time.

Safety analysis must be made for each proposed site based on site-specific data. The methods of doing this are well known and related technical recommendations exist in Germany. These recommendations apply to the planning, construction, operation and post-operational management of salt caverns used for the underground disposal of hazardous wastes. In particular, geotechnical site-specific safety verification, as required by the government's technical regulations on wastes (TA-Abfall) under the section “Underground Disposal”, is required. This safety verification must cover the entire system comprising the waste, the cavern and the surrounding rocks. For this purpose geomechanical models have to be developed. The steps which must be taken when carrying out geological engineering site explorations and when determining geotechnical parameters are discussed. In addition, recommendations are made for the design and construction of underground repositories.

For liquid-filled caverns, long-term sealing from the biosphere is of particular interest. In this instance it must be shown that the natural increase in pressure in the closed cavity due to long-term convergence does not exceed the fracture pressure. A special filled test (scale 1:1) has been performed to study this.     

卧式椭球盐岩储气库理论解及设计参数分析

我国的层状盐岩储层具有岩层厚度薄、夹层含量多、杂质含量高的特点,盐层厚度较薄时立式盐岩储气库有时难以获得较为经济的溶腔体积,通过提高储气库水平方向尺寸而建造的卧式储气库则可以达到经济体积的要求。从力学稳定性角度探讨卧式储气库的可行性,提出了卧式椭球储气库的力学简化模型。在前期研究的基础上使用弹性理论方法,推导了卧式椭球上关键点处以椭球形状比s（水平半轴与竖直半轴之比）、材料泊松比 、腔体内压 和远场应力（ 、 、 ）为函数的应力解。对理论解和数值解进行了对比,结果表明二者误差平均在3%左右。使用推导得到的理论公式,结合DP屈服准则,计算了当椭球形状比一定时储气库的最小运营内压值,得到了椭球形状比与储气库最小运营内压的关系曲线,并对卧式储气库运营内压的稳压范围进行了简单讨论。     

利用废弃石膏矿储存原油可行性分析

随着我国能源消费的急剧增加,原油储备的建设已经刻不容缓,目前国内外常用的原油储存方式为地面油罐储存,其技术成熟、建设周期较短、全世界已经建设有大量的地面原油罐,而另外一种储备型式地下存储原油,则是近年来国内兴起的一种新兴石油储备方式。国内目前一般都选则花岗岩体作为建库岩体,采用此方法建设地下洞库对岩石条件限定较严格,目前国内在建的几座地下洞库都分布于东部沿海花岗岩地区。本文主要研究利用废弃石膏矿存储原油的可行性,通过对国内某石膏矿区的工程地质特性、水文地质特性、围岩稳定性分析、室内原油浸泡试验、原油储备综合分析等综合手段研究,初步得出了该石膏矿区具有较好的地质条件; 场区区域稳定性好无断层通过,石膏矿体平均厚度为458.42m,石膏矿岩样的单轴饱和抗压强度平均为55.45MPa、石膏矿体的岩体质量为Ⅱ级,采房及各种巷道围岩稳定,石膏矿吸水率范围在0.014% ～0.036%,吸油率范围在0.060% ～0.083%。同时石膏矿储备原油具有节约土地、投资省、运营定员少、安全性高、环保污染少、使用寿命长等特点。通过以上研究,本文得出该石膏矿区已经具备建设地下原油储备的基本地质条件。