三维可视化技术在地震资料解释中的研究与应用

应用三维可视化技术，可以对三维地震资料进行立体的、多方位的展示和观察，以研究地震资料的宏观特征和构造细节，最终达到提高解释精度，提高地质解释的合理性的目的。通过介绍三维可视化技术的发展现状及原理，说明三维可视化技术在三维地震资料解释中的应用方法，并列举了三维可视化解释软件在地震资料解释中的部分功能。     

基于VR技术的多尺度地质数据3D沉浸式可视化与交互方法

随着科技的飞速发展,地质大数据正在呈爆炸式增长,地质大数据可视化与交互方法成为研究的新方向。如何通过可视化方法将巨大的、复杂的、潜逻辑的地质数据展现与交互是需要进一步探索的。本文提出基于VR技术的多尺度地质数据3D沉浸式可视化与交互方法,该方法既符合计算思维又符合地质专业理论。首先,从理论上提出多尺度地质数据可视化理论模型;其次,基于VR技术实现多尺度、多分辨率地质数据的可视化;最后,构建了3D沉浸式虚拟现实平台,采用实际数据验证方法的有效性。该方法适用于地质数据的可视化与交互,为科学的定量评价、分析和教学提供新思路,是未来的必然发展趋势。     

TESSIN VISLab—laboratory for scientific visualization

Scientific visualization is an integral part of the modeling workflow, enabling researchers to understand complex or large data sets and simulation results. A high-resolution stereoscopic virtual reality (VR) environment further enhances the possibilities of visualization. Such an environment also allows collaboration in work groups including people of different backgrounds and to present results of research projects to stakeholders or the public. The requirements for the computing equipment driving the VR environment demand specialized software applications which can be run in a parallel fashion on a set of interconnected machines. Another challenge is to devise a useful data workflow from source data sets onto the display system. Therefore, we develop software applications like the OpenGeoSys Data Explorer, custom data conversion tools for established visualization packages such as ParaView and Visualization Toolkit as well as presentation and interaction techniques for 3D applications like Unity. We demonstrate our workflow by presenting visualization results for case studies from a broad range of applications. An outlook on how visualization techniques can be deeply integrated into the simulation process is given and future technical improvements such as a simplified hardware setup are outlined.     

Tensor visualizations in computational geomechanics

We present a novel technique for visualizing tensors in three dimensional (3D) space. Of particular interest is the visualization of stress tensors resulting from 3D numerical simulations in computational geomechanics. To this end we present three different approaches to visualizing tensors in 3D space, namely hedgehogs, hyperstreamlines and hyperstreamsurfaces. We also present a number of examples related to stress distributions in 3D solids subjected to single and load couples. In addition, we present stress visualizations resulting from single‐pile and pile‐group computations. The main objective of this work is to investigate various techniques for visualizing general Cartesian tensors of rank 2 and it's application to geomechanics problems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of 2-D and 3-D Fracture Densities from 1-D Data - Experimental and Field Results

2-D and 3-D densities of fractures are commonly used in mining safety design, natural gas and oil production in fractured reservoirs, and the characterization of subsurface flow and transportation systems in fractured rocks. However, many field data sets are collected in 1-D frequency (f) (e.g., scanlines and borehole data). We have developed an ARC/ INFO-based technology to calculate fracture frequency and densities for a given fracture network. A series of numerical simulations are performed in order to determine the optimal orientation of a scanline, along which the maximum fracture frequency of a fracture network can be obtained. We calculated the frequency (f) and densities (both D1 and D2) of 36 natural fracture trace maps, and investigated the statistical relationship between fracture frequency and fracture density D1, i.e. D1=1.340f+ 0.034. We derived analytical solutions for converting dimensional density (D1) to non-dimensional densities (D2 and D3) assuming that fracture length distribution f     

长时间尺度珠江口河网水下地形演变过程三维可视化实现及分析

阐述了长时间尺度珠江口河网水下地形演变过程中的三维可视化实现过程及空间分析方法,进一步揭示了珠江口河网水下地形演变机理。将收集的地形图进行数字化,建立不规则三角网,实现三维可视化,并在此基础上进行剖面分析,为不同年份的地形比较从而揭示珠江河网水下地形演化过程奠定基础。针对遇到的高程值转换问题,介绍了零值线法,采用点射线法作为判断依据达到高程转换的目的,同时针对该方法工作量大等不足,提出了字段标识法这一行之有效的方法。     

三维地震数据的体绘制

体视化技术是三维地震数据浏览、分析和解释的有效工具。对于理解地震数据中蕴涵的结构和地层学信息，体视化比使用一组二维切片表示三维数据更自然。解释人员可以突出数据体中某些特定的区域体，以利于更好地理解它们的空间分布，也可以添加合并两个或者更多的，具有不同地震特征的体积区域。医学应用方面的一些体视化方法不能直接应用于地震数据方面．必须考虑地震数据自身特点才能使可视化成功实现。通过分析三维地震数据的特点进而得出实现三维地震数据体视化算法的基本方法，并对实际数据进行了实验。     

Volume rendering visualization of 3D spherical mantle convection with an unstructured mesh

We propose a new approach to utilize the algorithm of hardware-assisted visibility sorting (HAVS) in the 3D volume rendering of spherical mantle convection simulation results over unstructured grid configurations. We will also share our experience in using three different spherical convection codes and then taking full advantages of the enhanced efficiency of visualization techniques, which are based on the HAVS techniques and related transfer functions. The transfer function is a powerful tool designed specifically for editing and exploring large-scale datasets coming from numerical computation for a given environmental setting, and generates hierarchical data structures, which will be used in the future for fast access of GPU visualization facilities. This method will meet the coming urgent needs of real-time visualization of 3D mantle convection, by avoiding the demands of huge amount of I/O space and intensive network traffic over distributed parallel terascale or petascale architecture.     

基于三维可视化技术的隐伏矿体预测

在现代成矿预测理论研究基础上,利用已有的商业三维地质建模软件,建立了一套基于三维可视化技术的隐伏矿体三维立体定量预测方法和流程,结合云南个旧锡矿实例探讨大比例尺隐伏矿体三维定量预测的数据预处理、三维地质建模过程和三维定量预测方法。使用三维可视化技术结合找矿信息量法确定了研究区找矿有利靶区,计算了含矿远景单元的找矿概率,估算了工程验证区金属资源矿体量。应用实例表明了应用三维可视化技术进行隐伏矿体三维定量、定位和定概率的有效性。     

河口海岸GIS时空过程可视化表达

河口海岸带中一些随时间变化的三维海洋现象(如涡漩、锋面、水团等)的时空建模与可视化表达是海洋地理信息系统(MGIS)发展的一大难题。基于流体建模与可视化AVIZO Green技术,针对海洋连续场中的三维海洋现象,提出了基于特征的时空三域动态识别技术,设计并实现了面向主题应用的时空四维GIS可视化框架,能够有效表达三维海洋现象。以长江口海岸带涡漩、冲淡水、羽状锋和盐跃层为例进行三维动态可视模拟,直观再现了object-like型和field-like型海洋现象的时空演绎过程,为海洋现象仿真研究,尤其是多维、动态、边界模糊的复杂海洋现象的有效表达提供了一种新思路和方法。     

WEB-IS (integrated system): an overall view

WEB-IS, Web-based Integrated System, allows remote, interactive visualization of large-scale 3-D data over the Internet, along with data analysis and data mining. In this paper, we discuss the overall structure of WEB-IS. Up until now we have developed three sub-modules geared towards geophysical problems. WEB-IS1 allows geoscientists to navigate through their 3-D geophysical data, such as seismic structures or numerical simulations, and interactively analyze the statistics or apply data-mining techniques, such as cluster analysis. WEB-IS2 lets a user control Amira (a powerful 3-D visualization package) remotely and analyze, render and view large datasets across the Internet. WEB-IS3 is an imaging service that enables the user to control the scale of features to view through interactive zooming. In the near future, we propose to integrate the three components together through a middleware framework called NaradaBrokering (iNtegrated Asynchronous Real-time Adaptive Distributed Architecture, a distributed messaging infrastructure that can be used to intelligently route data between the originators and registered consumers) without regard for time or location. As a result, WEB-IS will improve its scalability and acquire properties of fault-tolerance. WEB-IS uses a combination of Java, C++, and through the use of NaradaBrokering will seamlessly integrate the server-side processing and user interaction utilities on the client. The server takes care of the processor intensive tasks, such as visualization and data mining, and sends either the resulting bitmap image or statistical results to the middleware across the Internet for viewing. WEB-IS is an easy-to-use service, which will eventually help geoscientists collaborate from different sites in a natural manner. It will be very useful in the next 10 years because of the increasing number of space missions and geophysical campaigns.     

高密度电法数据三维可视化快速实现及在复杂采空沉降区的应用

高密度电阻率法是一种阵列式的勘探方法,具有采集观测数据量大、地质信息丰富、生产效率高等特点,数据采集多以剖面形式工作,成果多为二维反演结果,资料处理过程中经常出现局部畸值或相邻测线对照一致性差等问题.为解决该问题,本文在探查采空区分布和巷道位置的工作中,结合剖面数据采集特点提出非规则“#”剖面布设勘探法来补充纵向数据信息,并通过三维可视化软件建立以高密度电法电参数为依据的地质体模型,实现高密度电法数据场三维可视化和实际应用.     

塔北古隆起的三维地质结构及相关问题探讨

盆地深层构造地质学的研究可以揭示沉积盆地早期的物质记录,揭示盆地深层地质结构、构造样式及其变化特点,还原构造-古地理环境等。塔北古隆起是塔里木盆地油气最富集的构造单元之一,是研究板块内部变形的理想场所。对塔北古隆起地质结构的精细解析有利于加深对古隆起控油气理论的理解,对深层海相油气勘探具有指导意义。文中基于整个塔北地区的地震资料以及大量钻井资料,建立其三维地质结构,通过Petrel软件实现三维可视化。塔北古隆起存在12个不整合面,可划分为五大构造层:基底(AnZ)、震旦系—下古生界(Z-S)、上古生界(D3d-P)、中生界(T-K1)、新生界(E-Q)构造层。塔北古隆起的地质结构受其深层主干断裂系统控制,依据深层主干断裂发育模式的差异,可将古隆起分为4段:(Ⅰ)温宿凸起段;(Ⅱ)英买力低凸起段;(Ⅲ)哈拉哈塘凹陷与轮南低凸起段;(Ⅳ)草湖凹陷与库尔勒鼻状凸起段。哈拉哈塘凹陷-库尔勒鼻状凸起(甚至包括孔雀河斜坡)的古生界构造层保留了NE-SW向的古生代构造形迹,与近E-W向深层主干断裂系统斜交,可能指示塔北古隆起在晚古生代处于右旋压扭性或NW-SE向主应力环境,直到侏罗纪—早白垩世才发生改变。     

gLucifer: next generation visualization framework for high-performance computational geodynamics

High-performance computing provides unprecedented capabilities to produce higher resolution 4-D models in a fraction of time. Thus, the need exists for a new generation of visualization systems able to maintain parity with the enormous volume of data generated. In attempting to write this much data to disk, each computational step introduces a significant performance bottleneck, yet most existing visualization software packages inherently rely on reading data in from a dump file. Available packages make this assumption of postprocessing at quite a fundamental level and are not very well suited for plotting very large numbers of specialized particles. This necessitates the creation of a new visualization system that meets the needs of large-scale geodynamic modeling. We have developed such a system, gLucifer, using a software framework approach that allows efficient reuse of our efforts in other areas of research. gLucifer is capable of producing movies of a 4-D data set “on the fly” (simultaneously with running the parallel scientific application) without creating a performance bottleneck. By eliminating most of the human efforts involved in visualizing results through postprocessing, gLucifer reconnects the scientist to the numerical experiment as it unfolds. Data sets that were previously very difficult to even manage may be efficiently explored and interrogated without writing to disk, and because this approach is based entirely on memory distributed across as many processors as are being utilized by the scientific application, the visualization solution is scalable into terabytes of data being rendered in real time.     

三维城市地球物理数据管理与服务系统框架

为实现地球物理数据对城市发展提供数据支持, 以3D GIS作为基础平台, 从数据与信息管理、多方法综合处理与显示、成果的三维可视化表达及信息发布等4个层次阐述了三维城市地球物理数据管理与服务系统框架的构建; 数据与信息管理子系统是整个系统的基础, 提供数据基础.GIS支持下的第2层次作为数据显示和多方法交互综合处理的工具而存在, 并为成果信息表达提供基础.后2个层次实现城市地球物理成果数据的展示功能.第3个层次是对成果数据的三维再现, 而第4个层次则通过Web来发布成果信息.在构建三维城市地球物理数据管理与服务信息系统时, 存在2个方面需要解决的问题: (1) 要实现多期次海量的城市地球物理数据的一体化管理问题.提出了以地球物理勘探点、线作为多方法数据融合的基础, 分层次、专题按要素的方式建立多维数据库, 以达到对数据的统一管理. (2) 成果信息的可视化问题.为了在三维空间中再现成果数据, 将地球物理形式的数据转换成地质形式, 设计了一个以线框模型为基本思想来表达三维地质模型的数据模型.将提出的系统框架结合华北某地区进行了应用, 取得了较好的效果.      

三维可视化技术在锡铁山矿区信息化建设中的应用研究

运用Vulcan三维可视化软件,对锡铁山铅-锌矿区3062m中段以下05-75线之间的主要矿体进行三维可视化研究,全方位、真实地表达近年来的地质勘探成果,并通过储量计算与找矿预测,为下一步地质勘探工作提供科学依据,为矿区信息化建设提供基础资料。     

高密度电法勘探数据三维处理技术及城市勘察中的应用

在以往的高密度数据反演解释过程中,将地质结构简化成二维,通过地电断面图、切片图进行分析.实际上,地质体具有三维地电结构,二维反演难免会受到旁侧效应的影响,二维图件也不能清晰直观地反映地质体的空间分布情况.本文以某陶瓷厂空洞探测为例,利用实测资料构建三维数据场,在反演参数优化的基础上,选择基于最小二乘法的三维反演技术对数据场进行处理,将反演结果利用三维可视化技术显示出来,对采空区位置及空间形态给出结论.研究结果显示,三维处理技术能够从空间上,多手段、多视角分析物探数据,有效地消除了旁侧效应的影响; 物探结果直观清晰地呈现出空洞的分布位置、范围以及空间特征,与钻探结果吻合较好.     

基于GIS的泥石流过程模拟三维可视化

泥石流过程模拟的三维可视化不仅能改善泥石流过程信息的视觉效果,更能有助于发现泥石流运动的宏观规律,并为过程模拟数据的深层次分析奠定基础.分析了基于流团模型的泥石流过程模拟系统(DEBRIS)的数据结构和栅格式GIS-ERDAS系统的数据结构,设计了DEBRIS与ERDAS间的数据转换算法,从而实现了两个系统间的可视化集成即基于地理信息系统(GIS)的泥石流过程模拟三维可视化.     

三维可视化及物探新技术在矿山接替资源勘查中的应用——以铜陵狮子山矿田为例

在矿山发现和勘查过程中往往积累了大量地质、物探等资料,随着地质体三维可视化和物探新处理方法的发展,利用这些方法对已有资料进行深度挖掘与开发可以提炼出新的有利找矿的信息,避免工作量的重复投入,可为矿山接替资源勘查提供有力的技术支持.本研究以铜陵狮子山矿田为例,收集了其勘探阶段积累下来的地质钻探及物探资料,采用地质体三维可视化建模技术对这些资料进行了二次处理,建立了冬瓜山铜矿的三维矿床模型.在可视化环境下,分析了矿体与各成矿地质要素之间的关系,结合新处理方法对已有重磁资料再处理获取的信息,圈定出了寻找同类矿床的靶区一前冲靶区,并采用EH-4等物探方法进行了验证,通过钻探验证表明,采用三维可视化、物探处理新方法对已有资料进行深度挖掘与开发,不但可以为矿山接替资源勘查提供找矿信息,还能节约大量时间和资金.     

On the Progress Design of Integrated Geologic Analysis System: Object-Relational Database Model and Visualization for Earth Resources

Abstract. An object-relational data model is an entry point and integral part of geologic analysis system, in which we can start geologic modeling inside a database. A conceptual data model named the Geoscience (Earth Resources) Data Model 3.0 has been developed based on the conceptual design of NADM-C1.0 and EGDM 812. Such adaptation makes this data model interoperable with data models from other geoscience fields. The focus of current data model is to effectively manage multi datasets related with the study of earth resources and to create relationship among data types.
The conceptual data model for earth resources is successfully implemented physically by integrating a GIS and relational data storage. The direct link between relational database and GIS makes the database contents highly visual and spatially enabling. Database contents are fully georeferenced through different types of georeferencing systems that enables data integration, visualization and analysis of multi geoscience datasets in 2D and 3D environment. A new way of geologic analysis through visualization of virtually all kinds of geoscience datasets is proposed.
The earth resources research and industry can take benefits on this system through better data management and effective geologic visualization that in turn accelerate a better understanding of earth resources. Meanwhile wider geoscience community will benefit from better interaction and data sharing among geoscience fields for accelerating a better understanding of our complex earth.