菲律宾海岩石圈磁异常特征

利用NGDC720地磁模型提供的磁异常数据, 分析了菲律宾海板块磁异常特征, 进而对磁异常进行多尺度分解, 给出了研究区岩石圈深部和浅部磁异常.结合热流分布特点和磁异常信息, 进一步分析了研究区引起磁异常成因.菲律宾海板块区域的磁异常既反映了该区域岩石圈浅部的构造特征, 也隐含深部构造信息.在西菲律宾海盆以及大东脊构造区, 浅部构造磁异常信息较好地继承了深部构造特征, 反映这些区域岩石圈的整体性特征.四国海盆与帕里西维拉海盆浅部磁异常信息显示了与近代(约10Ma)扩张轴一致的特征, 且磁异常与海底构造走向不一致; 而深部异常显示的帕里西维拉海盆磁异常走向与西菲律宾海盆一致的信息, 可能指示帕里西维拉海盆岩石圈曾与西菲律宾海盆有过类似的演化史.      

利用重力梯度反演南海西南海盆深部构造

重力梯度异常反映的是重力异常的变化,其分辨率比重力异常高。重力梯度空间参量图能给出构造倾角和倾面的信息,结合重力梯度剖面和梯度空间参量图可以构建出地下构造的几何模型,进而对一些复杂构造进行解释。本文利用重力梯度异常对南海西南海盆进行了解释,得到大致以西南海盆北东向扩张轴为对称轴的穹隆状构造面。该构造面在西南海盆下6~15km处形成一个密度界面,此界面可能是西南海盆北西-南东向海底扩张期间地幔上隆所引起的。      

Seismotectonics and tectonic history of the andaman sea

The Andaman Sea is considered as an actively spreading back-arc basin. Seismicity and newly determined focal-mechanism solutions in the Andaman Sea area support this view. The tectonic history of the region is inferred from magnetic lineations in the northeastern Indian Ocean and the northward motion of Greater India. The mid-oceanic ridge which migrated northward along the east side of the Ninetyeast Ridge collided with the western end of the “old Sunda Trench” in the Middle or Late Miocene (10–20 m.y. B.P.). This ridge—trench collision released much of the compressional stress in the back-arc area and the continued northward movement of India that collided with Eurasia exerted a drag on the back-arc region, causing the opening of the Andaman Sea. In appearance, the subducted ridge jumped to the back-arc area. Thus, the Andaman Sea is not an ordinary subduction-related back-arc basin, but probably a basin formed by oblique extensional rifting associated with both ridge subduction and deformation of the back-arc area caused by a nearby continental collision.     

藏北羌塘盆地的航磁特征

将羌塘盆地的航空磁场按不同的异常面貌特征分成八大区进行了详述描述。羌塘盆地航空磁场的展布总体以东西向或近东西向为主，其次为北东向和北西向，随着向上延拓高度的增加，该特征更加明显，磁异常具有鲜明的分区性和分带性，且从北向南异常由平稳到复杂逐渐变化，这些特征是羌塘盆地特有的地质构造和磁性岩石空间组合状态的综合反映。     

Insights about the structure and development of Zhongsha Bank in the South China Sea from integrated geophysical modelling

ABSTRACT

We construct a complete density transection based on the velocity structures across the Zhongsha Bank in the South China Sea. Gravity modelling of the lateral density contrasts between tectonic units helps us to determine the structural attributes and boundaries between continental blocks and deep basins. The configuration of the continent–ocean boundary (COB) around the Zhongsha Bank is mapped based on the gravity/magnetic anomaly and crustal structures. A low-density mantle is found beneath the Zhongsha Bank and the oceanic basins, and this mantle is associated with the high heat-flow background. The COB orientation is northeast-east in the north of the bank, with faulted linear structures. In further southeast, where there is a more intact crust, the COB orientation changed to north-northeast. The reconstructed density model and gravity/magnetic map indicate that the Zhongsha Bank is conjugated with the Liyue Bank by a rifted basin, where the crust had experienced localized deformation before the seafloor spreading. Because of the insufficient magmatism in the oceanic basin, the spreading ridge propagates into the weakened continental lithosphere between the two continental blocks, thus completely separating the Zhongsha Bank from the Liyue Bank. Seafloor spreading ridge jumps within the South China Sea may also be affected by the heterogeneous lithosphere beneath the continental blocks and oceanic basins.     

The northern New Hebrides back-arc troughs: history and relation with the North Fiji basin

The New Hebrides back-arc troughs (southwest Pacific) are located between the New Hebrides trench-arc system and the active North Fiji marginal basin. They are restricted to the southern and northern segments of the arc and were generally related to effects of the Indo-Australian subducting plate (rolling-back and/or subduction of the d'Entrecasteaux ridge). A detailed bathymetric and magnetic survey over the northern back-arc troughs is used to propose a new model for the origin of the New Hebrides back-arc troughs. The northern troughs extend over a width of 60 km and are composed of N-S trending grabens and horsts, discontinuous along strike and associated with volcanism. The troughs are disrupted southward at 13° 30′S, where the Hazel Holme fracture zone intercepts the New Hebrides island arc. The E-W trending Hazel Holme fracture zone is an extensional feature bisecting the North Fiji basin. In its western end, the Hazel Hohne fracture zone is composed of a succession of horsts and grabens striking N90 ° –N100 ° E. Geometrical and structural relationships between the back-arc troughs and the Hazel Holme fracture zone suggest that both these extensional features result from the same process and are closely linked. The northern troughs-western end of the Hazel Holme fracture zone region is dominated by N130°–135°E trending magnetic lineations typical of oceanic crust. These lineations are oblique to the horsts and grabens systems, and are characteristic of the old North Fiji basin oceanic crust. Consequently we conclude that the northern back-arc troughs are partly developed on the North Fiji basin oceanic basement and that extensional tectonic processes postdate the oldest North Fiji basin oceanic crust. Morphological and structural evidence suggests that both the back-arc troughs and the Hazel Holme fracture zone are recent, still active and result from NE-SW extensional tectonics. Because other tectonic features throughout the North Fiji basin are related to the same stress field, it is inferred that such a NE-SW extension could be a large-scale deformation affecting the North Fiji basin. It is proposed that the back-arc troughs are primarily related to this recent extension within the North Fiji basin, but their locations along the arc are also influenced by the subduction of the d'Entrecasteaux ridge which produces, south of 13°30′S, nearly E-W trending compression and prevents the formation of troughs. Possibly, these recent extensional tectonic processes result from a major reorganization in the spreading process of the North Fiji basin, and could be as young as 0.6–0.7 Ma.     

Structure of Charnockitic basement in a part of the Krishna-Godavari basin, Andhra Pradesh

A regional magnetic survey was carried out over an area of 8000 km² in Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, which is covered by the rocks of Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt (EGMB)viz., the Khondalitic series and Charnockites in the northern half and Permian to Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments in the southern half, and forms a part of the Krishna-Godavari (K-G) basin. The survey brought out a strong NE-SW trending anomaly in the area covered by the rocks of Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt (EGMB), and a mild ENE-WSW trending anomaly in the area covered by the sediments of the Krishna-Godavari (K-G) basin. The NE-SW trending anomaly in the northern half could be attributed to the exposed/near surface Charnockite basement that has come closer to the surface as a result of Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt (EGMB) tectonics. Explanation of the mild ENE-WSW trending anomaly over the sediments of the Krishna-Godavari (K-G) basin required a faulted magnetic basement at depth downthrown towards the south. It is therefore concluded that the Charnockitic basement together with the Khondalite group of rocks which are folded and faulted during the different phases of tectonics of Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt (EGMB) extend into the Krishna-Godavari (K-G) basin and further, were involved in faulting during the phases of formation and sedimentation in the Krishna-Godavari (K-G) basin.     

南海北部陆缘磁静区及与全球大洋磁静区对比的研究评述

磁静区与磁异常条带不同,具有宽缓的低幅值磁异常特征,但可能同样包含了从陆壳张裂到海底扩张早期的构造活动和演化信息.为了加深认识南海北部陆缘磁静区,归纳了全球深海和边缘两大类型磁静区的物理、化学及构造三大成因,主要包括大西洋和西太平洋侏罗纪磁静区,以及北太平洋、印度洋和南大洋白垩纪磁静区,强调磁静区与不同程度地幔柱活动、斜交扩张初始产生的小型错断磁源体及隐含弱磁条带关系的重要性.总结了南海北部陆缘磁静区的研究现状,并从区域综合地球物理和地幔热活动作用两方面探讨了南海北部陆缘磁静区的可能成因机制,最后阐述了需要关注的研究重点及其研究意义.     

基于重磁多尺度边缘检测的庐枞盆地基底构造研究

庐枞盆地位于怀宁-庐江“磁高重高”区域异常带的枞阳-庐江异常区,其区域重力场特征与区域磁场特征明显。本文利用上述特征异常,采用重磁多尺度边缘检测方法,对庐枞盆地重力和航磁数据进行了边缘检测,得到庐枞盆地不同深度的密度和磁性信息及重磁异常边界。结合重磁异常分布特点进行构造格架的推断、基底隆起区划分,建立了庐枞盆地构造格架。认为庐枞盆地基底断裂有四组方向,以北东走向断裂为主;盆地包含四块基底隆起区和一块基底残块隆起区。在此基础上,分析了庐枞盆地主要矿集区与构造格架的关系,提出了“S”形重力高异常带是寻找中深部隐伏矿床的有利部位的新认识。     

基于重磁场特征的敦化盆地构造格架研究

依据重力、磁力异常数据及其处理结果( 水平梯度模和斜导数) ,对敦化盆地边界、基底起伏、断裂位置及以火成岩为代表的磁性体分布进行了研究。盆地重力异常的分析和水平梯度模及斜导数的计算结果表明,盆地基底具南部凹陷、中央凸起和北部凹陷的“两凹一凸”的起伏形态特征,盆地内断裂以SW--NE 向为主,盆地为单断半地堑式盆地。依据航磁异常,将盆地划分为4 个异常区: 东北部磁异常区、中部低磁异常区、西南高磁异常区和西南边部相对低磁异常区。结合磁异常水平梯度模和斜导数的计算结果显示,以火成岩为代表的磁性体受SW--NE 向构造控制。     

冲绳海槽中部热液活动区构造地球物理特征分析

对冲绳海槽中部南奄西、伊平屋、伊士名三个现代海底热液活动区的地形、热流分布、地震、地磁场特征进行了初步研究。结果表明,海槽中部的热液活动区都集中于海槽的中央地堑中,或位于火山口的侧坡上,或位于地堑中山脊的侧坡上,热流值高而变化大,地震事件十分上频繁,地磁场曲线变化较大。这一系列特征说明现代海底热液活动区和目前的构造活动带吻合,热液活动和岩浆作用或浅成岩浆房密切相关。板块俯冲在海槽下诱生地幔物质上涌,上涌的地幔物质所携带的热量为热液活动提供了动力源,在海槽拉张过程中形成的断裂为热液流体提供了运移通道.     

Expansion of the South China Sea basin: Constraints from magnetic anomaly stripes,sea floor topography,satellite gravity and submarine geothermics

The widely distributed E–W-trending magnetic anomaly stripes in the central basin and the N–E-trending magnetic anomaly stripes in the southwest sub-basin provide the most important evidence for Neogene expansion of the South China Sea. The expansion mechanism remains, however, controversial because of the lack of direct drilling data, non-systematic marine magnetic survey data, and irregular magnetic anomaly stripes with two obvious directions. For example, researchers have inferred different ages and episodes of expansion for the central basin and southwest sub-basin. Major controversy centers on the order of basinal expansion and the mechanism of expansion for the entire South China Sea basin. This study attempts to constrain these problems from a comprehensive analysis of the seafloor topography, magnetic anomaly stripes, regional aeromagnetic data, satellite gravity, and submarine geothermics. The mapped seafloor terrain shows that the central basin is a north-south rectangle that is relatively shallow with many seamounts, whereas the southwest sub-basin is wide in northeast, gradually narrows to the southwest, and is relatively deeper with fewer seamounts. Many magnetic anomaly stripes are present in the central basin with variable dimensions and directions that are dominantly EW-trending, followed by the NE-, NW- and NS-trending. Conversely such stripes are few in the southwest sub-basin and mainly NE-trending. Regional magnetic data suggest that the NW-trending Ailaoshan-Red River fault extends into the South China Sea, links with the central fault zone in the South China Sea, which extends further southward to Reed Tablemount. Satellite gravity data show that both the central basin and southwest sub-basin are composed of oceanic crust. The Changlong seamount is particularly visible in the southwest sub-basin and extends eastward to the Zhenbei seamount. Also a low gravity anomaly zone coincides with the central fault zone in the sub-basin. The submarine geothermic distribution demonstrates that the southwest sub-basin has a higher geothermal value than the central basin, and that the central fault zone is defined by a low thermal anomaly. This study suggests that NW–SE expansion of the southwest subbasin is later than the N–S expansion of the central basin with the sub-basin extending into the central basin and with both expansions ending at the same time. The expansion of southwestern sub-basin, similar to the Japanese Sea, is likely caused by left-lateral strike slip on the central fault zone in the South China Sea, which may have significance for finding oil and gas in this region.     

East Asia plate tectonics since 15 Ma: constraints from the Taiwan region

15 Ma ago, a major plate reorganization occurred in East Asia. Seafloor spreading ceased in the South China Sea, Japan Sea, Taiwan Sea, Sulu Sea, and Shikoku and Parece Vela basins. Simultaneously, shear motions also ceased along the Taiwan–Sinzi zone, the Gagua ridge and the Luzon–Ryukyu transform plate boundary. The complex system of thirteen plates suddenly evolved in a simple three-plate system (EU, PH and PA). Beneath the Manila accretionary prism and in the Huatung basin, we have determined magnetic lineation patterns as well as spreading rates deduced from the identification of magnetic lineations. These two patterns are rotated by 15°. They were formed by seafloor spreading before 15 Ma and belonged to the same ocean named the Taiwan Sea. Half-spreading rate in the Taiwan Sea was 2 cm/year from chron 23 to 20 (51 to 43 Ma) and 1 cm/year from chron 20 (43 Ma) to 5b (15 Ma). Five-plate kinematic reconstructions spanning from 15 Ma to Present show implications concerning the geodynamic evolution of East Asia. Amongst them, the 1000-km-long linear Gagua ridge was a major plate boundary which accommodated the northwestward shear motion of the PH Sea plate; the formation of Taiwan was driven by two simple lithospheric motions: (i) the subduction of the PH Sea plate beneath Eurasia with a relative westward motion of the western end (A) of the Ryukyu subduction zone; (ii) the subduction of Eurasia beneath the Philippine Sea plate with a relative southwestward motion of the northern end (B) of the Manila subduction zone. The Luzon arc only formed south of B. The collision of the Luzon arc with Eurasia occurred between A and B. East of A, the Luzon arc probably accreted against the Ryukyu forearc.     

构造叠加弱应变沉积岩地区的磁组构研究——以川西北盆地为例

磁组构是一种灵敏的应变指示计。单一方向应力作用下,在平行层缩短的初始阶段,磁线理与地层走向是一致的。然而,在构造叠加背景下弱变形的沉积岩地区,另一个（多个）不同方向的应力使得已经产生定向排列的磁性矿物发生旋转,表现为磁线理和与地层走向斜交。川西北盆地在新生代是一个典型的构造叠加区域,来自龙门山和米仓山的变形在此相互作用。本文在川西北盆地分3条剖面在18个采样点中采集了172个样品进行了磁组构研究。研究区内观察到3种弱变形的磁组构类型：沉积磁组构、初始变形磁组构和铅笔状磁组构。由于应变的叠加,由盆地内部向造山带前缘没有出现应变由弱到强的变化趋势,同时磁线理的方向也不一致。由盆地向造山带,来自米仓山的变形逐渐增强,磁线理从与地层走向一致转变成与地层走向斜交。     

准噶尔盆地及邻区地壳磁性特征及其构造意义

准噶尔地块可分为东、西准噶尔构造区和准噶尔盆地.自古生代以来准噶尔盆地及其周边大规模的火山活动和复杂的构造演化、以及有关准噶尔盆地基底及其与周边的构造关系及其演化,一直存在争议.利用EMAG2岩石圈磁异常模型,采用三维反演技术,对准噶尔及其周边地区的地壳磁化率进行成像,得到了0~60 km深度范围之内的磁性结构.反演结果显示:准噶尔盆地腹部地壳磁性结构相对完整;西准噶尔地壳具有与洋壳俯冲相关岛弧环境的磁性结构;东准噶尔和吐哈盆地磁性层较厚且连续,具有古陆基底特征.此外,地壳磁化率异常展示了区域断裂构造及其深部延伸特征,同时显示在覆盖区可能存在隐伏深大断裂带.对该地区岩石圈磁异常成因的定量解释,为深入剖析准噶尔地区岩石圈构造及其与周边构造单元之间的关系提供了有益的资料和参考.      

庐枞火山岩盆地北部马鞭山铁矿床磁异常特征及找矿预测

马鞭山铁矿处于庐枞火山岩盆地北部边缘,其赋矿层位为东马鞍山(T2d)含铁质、钙质泥质粉砂岩。航磁为梯度带上叠加局部异常、局部异常形态规则,其走向与梯度带大致平行;地磁与航磁对应较好,异常未分解;地磁异常剖面曲线连续完整且正负伴生、具低缓特征。小波变换较好地分离出了矿致异常。盆地西侧和北侧二条航磁梯度带上局部低缓磁异常系寻找该类铁矿的重要指示信息。     

海拉尔盆地阿拉尔-罕达盖重磁电剖面深部结构特征及其地质意义

通过电磁场偏移成像处理技术,探索地震屏蔽层以下深部地质构造特征,揭示了海拉尔盆地深部存在似层状的电性异常,具有复式背斜的构造形态。盆地内各凹陷具有重力低、磁力高、电阻率低的重磁电特征;沉积地层为低频低幅度磁异常,岩浆岩为高频高强度的磁异常;剖面中东部电阻率存在低-高-低3层结构,岩浆岩呈高电阻率特征,古生界呈中低电阻率特征。德尔布干断裂与乌奴尔-鄂伦春断裂控制了深部古生界分布,古生界埋深为2～6 km,厚度为2～4 km;古生界与元古宇的接触界面呈复式背斜的构造形态,由3个背斜构造组成,对浅部凹陷分布有一定的控制作用。海拉尔地区晚古生代石炭纪发育泥岩、页岩、灰岩、板岩,推测盆地覆盖区可能具有一定的油气勘探前景。     

Magnetic mapping of the western Alps: compilation and geological implications

Extracted from large surveys of France, Italy and Switzerland, airborne magnetic data covering the western Alpine Arc have been compiled into a single homogeneous map of magnetic anomalies at the constant altitude of 3000 m. For this purpose, each data set has been revised thoroughly and accurately to give a single coherent large-scale pattern.

The magnetic contour map reflects the anomaly pattern over the entire length of the Western Alpine collision suture. The distribution of polarities exhibits a large anomalous low located by reduction to the pole over the whole external part of the belt. The observed anomaly suggests a large gap of magnetization between the Adriatic microplate and the European crust. The analysis of the waveband shows that the broadest wavelengths are produced in the lower crust close to the transition zone, in the granulite facies. This highly magnetic layer is used as a marker to describe the geometry of the European and Adriatic deep seated crust. The main results are presented on a composite synthetic profile showing the sloping side of the European slab and an important crustal thinning to the southeast of the Adriatic slab. This feature is emphasized on the magnetic contour map by a linear magnetic low attributed to major transcurrent fault. This trend is called the Sestri-Voghera trend and extends from the Ligurian basin by the Sestri-Voltaggio Zone to the Judicarian system. Sinistral movements can be recognized along the whole axis as well as possible uplift of rift shoulders. The magnetic anomaly pattern over the complete length of the anomalous body of Ivrea as well as the Insubric-Canavese Line limit the extension of the Adriatic microplate by a well defined linear trend. The symmetrical shears deduced from consecutive anomalies are used to propose a structural scheme.     

New Somali Basin magnetic anomalies and a plate model for the early Indian Ocean

The oldest portions of the Indian Ocean formed via the breakup of Gondwana and the subsequent fragmentation of East Gondwana. We present a constrained plate model for this early Indian Ocean development for the time period from Gondwana Breakup until the start of the Cretaceous Normal Superchron. The motions of the East Gondwana terranes are determined using new geophysical observations in the Somali Basin and existing geophysical interpretations from other coeval Indian Ocean basins. Within the Somali Basin, recent satellite gravity data clearly resolve traces of an east–west trending extinct spreading ridge and north–south oriented fracture zones. A thorough compilation of Somali Basin ship track magnetic data allows us to interpret magnetic anomalies M24Bn through M0r about this extinct ridge. Our magnetic interpretations from the Somali Basin are similar in age, spreading rate, and spreading directions to magnetic anomalies previously interpreted in the neighboring Mozambique Basin and Riiser Larsen Sea. The similarity between the two magnetic anomaly datasets allows us to match both basin's older magnetic anomaly picks by defining a pole of rotation for a single and cohesive East Gondwana plate. However, following magnetic anomaly M15n, we find it is no longer possible to match magnetic picks from both basins and maintain plausible plate motions. In order to match the post-M15n geophysical data we are forced to model the motions of Madagascar/India and East Antarctica/Australia as independent plates. The requirement to utilize two independent plates after anomaly M15n provides strong circumstantial evidence that suggests East Gondwana breakup began around 135 Ma.     

Pan-African strike–slip tectonics in eastern Cameroon—Magnetic fabrics (AMS) and structure in the Lom basin and its gneissic basement

Field, microstructural, and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) or magnetic fabric studies were applied to identify the sequence and character of the Pan-African structures in the basement of Eastern Cameroon at both sides of the regional scale Bétaré-Oya Shear Zone (BOSZ). The NE-SW trending BOSZ separates older gneisses and migmatites towards SE (domain I) from the younger rocks of the Lom meta-volcano-sedimentary basin towards NW (domain II). In domain I, early, ductile compressional deformation occurred in two events, D1 and D2, under relatively high T conditions. During subsequent cooling, strain partitioned between the competent basement gneisses with only mild compression and the bordering shear zone (BOSZ) with intense simple shear-wrenching (D3). Strain in the less competent rocks of domain II is dominated by simple shear, strike-slip wrenching (D3), with an earlier stage of compressional deformation preserved only in some low strain pods.Magnetic fabrics (AMS) document a progressive change from oblate ellipsoids towards prolate ellipsoids in domain I, when proceeding from the south towards the BOSZ. Foliations are mostly steep but define a girdle with a pole plunging gently towards WSW. The magnetic lineations also plunge mostly towards WSW at shallow angles. These fabrics indicate a compression approximately normal to the BOSZ, which is also the SE margin of the Lom Basin. In the Lom metasediments (domain II), AMS ellipsoids are typically oblate. Foliations trend NE-SW with mostly steep dips. Magnetic lineations plunge gently NE or SW. This fabric with foliations mostly steep and subparallel with the major BOSZ, combined with generally subhorizontal lineations implies the BOSZ as a Pan-African strike–slip shear zone with a subordinate component of compression.At a larger scale, the area is part of a continent-scale shear zone, separating external Pan-African domains of compression along the northern margin of the Congo craton from internal domains dominated by high-angle strike–slip and transpressional deformation. Together with published data, the present study thus demonstrates that transpression is a regional phenomenon in the Pan-African orogen of central and eastern Cameroon.