建筑群负荷引起的大地水准面起伏及对高程的影响(英文)

The paper studies the ground vertical deformation and the geoid undulation caused by loading of neighboring buildings, based on the loading tides theory. The influence on elevation is also considered. The results show that the ground vertical deformation and the geoid undulation both reach millimeter magnitude. Therefore, it is obvious that the building loading significantly affects the precise engineering surveying, and it must be seriously considered in application.      

利用CORS站网监测三峡地区环境负荷引起的地壳形变与重力场时空变化

受地球动力学因素特别是地球表层大气、地表水及地下水动力环境影响,地面站点位置、地球重力场及大地水准面随时间变化。以三峡地区CORS站网为主,少量重力台站为辅,采用负荷形变与地球重力场严密组合方法,综合确定了2011-01-2015-06三峡地区环境负荷驱动的地壳形变与重力场月变化,结果显示:（1）CORS站网具备地壳垂直形变、大地水准面及地面重力变化的监测能力;（2）三峡地区地壳垂直形变年变化幅度36.1 mm,大地水准面年变化幅度28.2 mm,地面重力年变化幅度117.4 μGal;（3）CORS站网地面重力变化监测精度水平不低于流动重力场重复测量;（4）CORS站网地壳垂直形变与地面重力变化监测具有一定的外推预报能力。     

海洋重力大地水准面的确定

美国海洋卫星测高仪的出现,使应用Hotine积分确定海洋大地水准面成为现实。本文通过对Hotine积分及垂线偏差的计算公式进行改进,较好地改善了求和项的收敛性,减小了截断误差影响,并提出了利用Hotine函数和重力异常确定海洋大地水准面的方法。 实际计算表明:海洋重力大地水准面的精度在1米以内;卫星测高大地水准面间存在0.5米系统差;它和海底地形有一定的相关性,能较好地反映出海底地形的宏观特性。     

The Bruns formula in three dimensions

The Bruns formula is generalized to three dimensions with the derivation of equations expressing the height anomaly vector or the geoid undulation vector as a function of the disturbing gravity potential and its spatial derivatives. It is shown that the usual scalar Bruns formula provides not the separation along the normal to the reference ellipsoid but the component of the relevant spatial separation along the local direction of normal gravity. The above results which hold for any type of normal potential are specialized for the usual Somigliana-Pizzetti normal field so that the components of the geoid undulation vector are expressed as functions of the parameters of the reference ellipsoid, the disturbing potential and its spatial derivatives with respect to three types of curvilinear coordinates, ellipsoidal, geodetic and spherical. Finally the components of the geoid undulation vector are related to the deflections of the vertical in a spherical approximation.     

海洋重力似大地水准面与区域测高似大地水准面的拟合问题

研究了将陆地重力似大地水准面与GPS水；住似大地水准面拟合的处理方法推广到海洋的问题．首先从理论上证明了当存在海面地形．则海洋大地水准面与似大地水准面不重合．导出了在海洋上大地水；住面差距与高程异常之间差值的公式．由此给出了求定平均海面相对于区域高程基准的正常高以及测高似大地水准面的计算公式。由于测高平均海面与GPS大地高有相近的精度．提出了将海洋重力似大地水准面与区域测高似大地水准面拟合的处理方法．并利用当前最新的海面地形模型和测高平均海面模型做了数值估计。     

Separation between reference surfaces of selected vertical datums

This paper discusses the separation between the reference surface of several vertical datums and the geoid. The data used includes a set of Doppler positioned stations, transformation parameters to convert the Doppler positions to ITRF90, and a potential coefficient model composed of the JGM-2 (NASA model) from degree 2 to 70 plus the OSU91A model from degree 71 to 360. The basic method of analysis is the comparison of a geometric geoid undulation derived from an ellipsoidal height and an orthometric height with the undulation computed from the potential coefficient model The mean difference can imply a bias of the datum reference surface with respect to the geoid. Vertical datums in the following countries were considered: England, Germany, United States, and Australia. The following numbers represent the bias values of each datum after adopting an equatorial radius of 6378136.3m: England (-87 cm), Germany (4 cm), United States (NGVD29 (-26 cm)), NAVD88 (-72 cm), Australia AHD (mainland, -68 cm); AHD (Tasmania, -98 cm). A negative sign indicates the datum reference surface is below the geoid. The 91 cm difference between the datums in England and Germany has been independently estimated as 80 cm. The 30 cm difference between AHD (mainland) and AHD (Tasmania) has been independently estimated as 40 cm. These bias values have been estimated from data where the geometric/ gravimetric geoid undulation difference standard deviation, at one station, is typically ±100 cm, although the mean difference is determined more accurately.The results of this paper can be improved and expanded with more accurate geocentric station positions, more accurate and consistent heights with respect to the local vertical datum, and a more accurate gravity field for the Earth. The ideas developed here provide insight on the determination of a world height system.     

三峡水库蓄水对地壳形变及大地水准面的影响

利用资源三号(ZY-3)高分辨率遥感影像提取三峡库区水体数据,通过负荷格林函数积分模型法计算出三峡水库蓄水过程中水体对地壳形变及对大地水准面的影响。研究发现:1三峡库区近岸地壳垂直形变与水库水位呈负相关关系,大地水准面与水库水位呈正相关关系;水位上升,长江近岸地面水平向内形变,方向指向江心;2三峡水库蓄水造成的地壳垂直形变最大可达35mm左右,大地水准面形变最大值在8mm左右,而对库区地壳水平形变影响不超过0.5mm;3出现形变最大值的地点是忠县环湾一带,而并非是三峡大坝周边。     

Improving Orthometric Heights Using Precise GPS Measurements

The vertical component obtained from the Global Positioning System (GPS) observations is from the ellipsoid (a mathematical surface), and therefore needs to be converted to the orthometric height, which is from the geoid (represented by the mean sea level). The common practice is to use existing bench marks (around the four corners of a project area and interpolate for the rest of the area), but in many areas bench marks may not be available, in which case an existing geoid undulation is used. Present available global geoid undulation values are not generally as detailed as needed, and in many areas they are not known better than ±1 to ±5 m, because of many limitations. This article explains the difficulties encountered in obtaining precise geoid undulation with some example computations, and proposes a technique of applying corrections to the best available global geoid undulations using detailed free-air gravity anomalies (within a 2° × 2° area) to get relative centimeter accuracy. Several test computations have been performed to decide the optimal block sizes and the effective spherical distances to compute the regional and the local effects of gravity anomalies on geoid undulations by using the Stokes integral. In one test computation a 2° × 2° area was subdivided into smaller surface elements. A difference of 37.34 ± 1.6 cm in geoid undulation was obtained over the same 2° × 2° area when 1° × 1° block sizes were replaced by a combination of 5' × 5' and 1' × 1' subdivision integration elements (block sizes).     

利用等效点质量进行(似)大地水准面拟合

基于等效源原理,提出了一种半自由点质量模型,并给出了顾及相邻点空间关系构造虚拟点质量的简单快速迭代算法。实验结果表明,利用该点质量模型对离散GPS/水准观测数据进行拟合是可行的。     

大地水准面差距计算方法的研究

本文首先证明了三种大地水准面差距计算方法(迈塞尔方法、文策尔方法、最小二乘配置法)之间的关系。通过对某盆地的大地水准面差距的计算及和多普勒结果的比较,得到了一些对计算我国大地水准面差距有益的结论。     

星载宽幅雷达干涉监测大范围地震形变技术研究

宽幅雷达成像模式可监测大范围地震形变,但该模式与条带成像模式存在差异。针对这些差异,深入分析了图像拼接、大气效应校正和大地水准面差距改正等方面的关键技术,提出了基于配准加权的拼接方法和基于EGM96的大地水准面差距改正方法,分析了适应于宽幅SAR干涉的大气校正模型。在此基础上,对ENVISAT卫星宽幅数据干涉测量成果进行了校正,并分析了汶川地震和于田地震的宽域形变场。     

利用卫星测高技术确定浙江海域大地水准面

利用多颗卫星的测高数据,经共线平均及交叉点平差,建立浙江深海海域2.5′×2.5′格网分辨率的平均海面高模型,在扣除海面地形影响后得到海域的大地水准面起伏,并与EGM2008所得计算结果进行对比;利用移去-恢复技术及SVR方法,联合验潮站GPS/水准数据与EGM2008大地水准面模型,计算浙江近岸海域大地水准面起伏;最终建立浙江海域2.5′×2.5′格网分辨率的大地水准面模型。     

国际高程参考系统在珠峰地区的实现

2020珠峰高程测量,首次确定并发布了基于国际高程参考系统(IHRS)的珠峰正高。在珠峰地区实现国际高程参考系统,采用的方案是建立珠峰区域高精度重力大地水准面。利用地球重力场谱组合理论和基于数据驱动的谱权确定方法,测试优选参考重力场模型及其截断阶数和球冠积分半径等关键参数,联合航空和地面重力等数据建立了珠峰区域重力似大地水准面模型,61点高精度GNSS水准高程异常检核表明,模型精度达3.8 cm,加入航空重力数据后模型精度提升幅度达51.3%。提出顾及高差改正的峰顶高程异常内插方法,采用顾及地形质量影响的高程异常——大地水准面差距转换改正严密公式,使用峰顶实测地面重力数据,基于国际高程参考系统定义的重力位值W₀和GRS80参考椭球,最终确定了国际高程参考系统中的高精度珠峰峰顶大地水准面差距。     

大地水准面数值计算及结构分析

针对大地水准面精化问题,该文提出了基于大地水准面起伏几何性质构建精确大地水准面的方法。相对传统方法根据经验公式设计精化大地水准面分辨率,该文提出了一种顾及区域性特点的大地水准面分辨率设计方法,推导了构建厘米级大地水准面需要达到的空间分辨率计算公式。采用Alltrans EGM2008Calculator 1.00软件计算不同区域的大地水准面高程,并用坡度方法分析大地水准面的精细结构。最后以江西省大地水准面起伏为基础,采用该方法进行计算。结果表明:构建厘米级大地水准面需要达到的空间分辨率为7″,可为大地水准面精化研究提供参考。     

基于神经网络的似大地水准面模型精化方法研究

似大地水准面的精化与高程异常的求解是同一个概念,为提高似大地水准面精化的精度,采用格网＋神经网络方法,借助神经网络BP方法,建立高程异常与坐标之间的函数关系;用训练好的神经网络模型和固定间隔的格网,建立格网模型;在已建好的格网模型中,内插出给定点的高程异常值。结合江苏省C级GPS水准网进行试验,拟合效果有明显的改进,克服了目前研究中存在的问题。     

Use of potential coefficient models for geoid undulation determinations using a spherical harmonic representation of the height anomaly/geoid undulation difference

 This paper suggests that potential coefficient models of the Earth's gravitational potential be used to calculate height anomalies which are then reduced to geoid undulations where such quantities are needed for orthometric height determination and vertical datum definition through a potential coefficient realization of the geoid. The process of the conversion of the height anomaly into a geoid undulation is represented by a height anomaly gradient term and the usual N–ζ term that is dependent on elevation and the Bouguer anomaly. Using a degree 360 expansion of 30′ elevations and the OSU91A potential coefficient model, a degree 360 representation of the correction terms was computed. The magnitude of N–ζ reached –3.4 m in the Himalaya Mountains with smaller, but still significant, magnitudes in other mountainous regions. Received: 6 May 1996; Accepted: 30 October 1996     

Hotine函数法的椭球面积分解

本文给出了Hotine 函数法的椭球面积分解,以应用于计算精确的大地水准面起伏。计算表明,当积分半径为20°时,我国近海的椭球改正只有10cm,远比stokes公式的椭球改正要小。     

地球及其形状非对称性的重力学研究

依据卫星重力、大地水准面观测结果,对表示地球形状的大地水准面异常进行了不同阶次的球谐函数计算和分析,发现2~6阶大地水准面异常表现出了地球双重非对称的基本形状,而高于6阶的大地水准面异常只表示了地球形态的局部变化特征。另外,采用阻尼最小二乘方法,利用全球地震层析成像资料和大地水准面异常资料联合反演了三维全球地幔密度异常。结果显示了地幔密度异常不仅在横向上,而且在纵向上也存在着明显的不均匀性。对比分析低阶大地水准面异常和地幔密度异常结果表明,地球形状非对称性主要是由下地幔的物质密度不均匀引起的。     

最小二乘配置法中局部协方差函数的计算

随着 GPS日益广泛的应用及精度的不断提高 ,在有些实际应用中利用 GPS来代替传统的水准测量进行高程控制已成为可能 ,这也进一步提出了对高精度大地水准面的需求。快速傅立叶变换 (FFT)是目前计算大地水准面比较常用的方法之一 ,但需要将重力观测量进行内插得到规则格网上的平均重力异常。利用最小二乘配置法计算大地水准面可直接利用已有的观测值进行计算 ,同时可综合利用不同类型的数据 ,如重力异常和垂线偏差等计算大地水准面 ,因此最小二乘配置法仍有广泛的应用 ,但制约最小二乘配置应用的关键问题是局部协方差函数的计算。将主要讨论最小二乘配置法中局部协方差函数的计算 ,使所用的协方差函数能更好地反映已知的数据 ,从而获得更精确的结果。     

精化山区大地水准面的一种方法--GPS、测距三角高程与地形的组合

鉴于我国中西部是多山地区,为满足国家统一高程和山区建设的需要,本文提出了用ＧＰＳ和测距三角高程的方法确定高程异常,再用地形数据推求重力异常垂直梯度,由此可以经济和快速地实现精化大地水准面的目标。这时边远山区任意一点的精度可达３０ｃｍ。