Land-Parcel Land-Use History as a Key to Site Selection for Documenting Soil Contamination Risk： a Case Study from Australian Suburbia

In that orcharding in early-to-mid twentieth century southeastern Australia involved use of certain heavy metal and As compounds in regular pest-control spray procedures, some interest attaches to the possibility that these landparcels are underlain by soils with above-background Cu, Pb and As levels. Interpreta- tion of Land-cover changes allowed land parcels previously occupied by orchards to be identified in the 1950s through time-series air-photos. A comparison of soil analysis results referring to soil samples from control sites, and from land parcels formerly occupied by orchardists, shows that contamination （above-background） levels of cations in the pesticides can be found in the top 6 cm of former orchard soils. It is clear that digital spatial data handling and culturally-informed air photo interpretation has a place in soil contamination studies, land-use planning （with particular reference to re-development） and in administration of public health.     

Computerized database on salt affected soils in western and central India using GIS

Salt affected soils occupy significant areas in western and central India manifested by the arid and semiarid climate, sandy/clayey soil texture, absence of natural drainage, and inadequate infrastructure and irrigation development. These soils are productive following reclamation and appropriate management. The National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad (India) published state-wise maps of salt affected soils in India on 1:250,000 scale using a legend that includes physiography, soil characteristics, and the aerial extent of the mapping units. In the analogue form, voluminous data contained in such maps were difficult to handle by users of varied backgrounds. An attempt was made to prepare a computerized database of salt affected soils for easy access, retrieval, and manipulation of spatial and attribute data useful for management of salt affected soils. The salt affected soils maps were prepared, for Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra states, overlaying digitized layers of SAS polygons and the Survey of India basemap using the ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) software. GIS was used to prepare a composite (master) database of western and central India that showed the extent and distribution of salt affected soils. A relational database was prepared combining the digitized polygons with soil characteristics such as nature and degree of salinity (presence of higher concentration of neutral salts and neutral soil reaction), sodicity (presence of higher concentration of basic salts and alkaline reaction) and ground coverage. The regional and zonal databases of salt affected soils were prepared at a suitable scale overlaying agro-climatic regions agro-climatic zones. Spatial relation of salt affected soils with physiography, climate, geology, and agro-eco-sub-regions were evaluated employing map calculations in GIS. Saline soils were prevalent in Gujarat, and Rajasthan while sodic soils were dominant in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. These were distributed primarily in the arid (B) plain of Rajasthan, alluvial (A) and coastal (D) plains of Gujarat, and peninsular plain (F) of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. It occupied 2,596,942 ha (78%) in the western (Rajasthan and Gujarat) and 733,608 ha (22%) in the central (Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra) regions. The SAS occupied 3.3 million ha in the western and central region constituting 50% of the total salt affected soils in India. The saline and sodic soils occupied 2,069,285 ha (62%) and 1,261,266 ha (38%), respectively.     

基于地面光谱的海涂土壤开发程度评价研究——以浙江省上虞市海涂围垦区为例

过去 30年间 ,浙江沿海滩涂地不断地被围垦成农用地。为了科学地掌握海涂土壤的变化规律 ,讨论了地面光谱评价海涂土壤开发程度的可行性。以浙江省上虞市北部海涂围垦区作为研究区域 ,根据围垦历史时间的不同 ,将研究区划分成 4个子区域。借助GPS定位 ,样区内大致间隔 1km进行混合采样。分别在实验室内测定土壤理化性质和土壤光谱反射率。理化性质分析结果表明海涂土壤有机质含量低 ,电导率和含砂量高 ,并且随着围垦时间的增长呈现出规律性的变化。 9个吸收波段与土壤电导率、阳离子交换量和机械组成的Person相关分析表明 ,海涂土壤砂粒、粉粒含量与各波段相关性显著。依据不同围垦历史 ,对所有土样进行分组 ,并进行逐步判别分析。判别结果表明 ,处于不同围垦区并具有不同改良程度的土样 ,其光谱数据具有很好的类可分性。对原始样点数据回代到Fisher辨别函数可以获得 86 8%的判别精度 ,而对 2 8个待判土样代入判别函数可获 89 3%的判别精度。从地面光谱研究结果可见 ,相比于常规的野外耗时调查 ,星载或机载遥感探测器有可能作为大范围快速评价盐碱土开发程度的有效潜在工具     

Agricultural land partitioning model based on irrigation efficiency using a multi‐objective artificial bee colony algorithm

In the process of agricultural land consolidation, the land parcels are optimally redesigned and rearranged in such a way that the dimensions of the resulting parcels are proportional to agricultural criteria such as irrigation discharge, soil texture, and cropping pattern. Besides these criteria, spatial factors like slope, road accessibility, volume of earthwork, and geometrical factors such as size and shape of parcels are also included in the design process of agricultural land partitioning. In this study, a land partitioning model was proposed using a multi‐objective artificial bee colony algorithm (MOABC‐LP) taking into consideration the mentioned factors. Initially, a feasible dimension range of parcels in a block was calculated based on irrigation efficiency. Two partitioning layouts were defined according to the topography and geometry of blocks. The proposed method was applied to a real study area and the results suggest that the land partitioning plan obtained by the MOABC‐LP model, in comparison with a designer's plan, not only makes the shape and size of parcels more compatible with the topographical and agricultural conditions of each block, but also reduces their cut‐and‐fill ratio.     

顾及时态地块的土地划拨时空数据组织

以土地划拨为例，分析了地块分割、合并、复杂划拨和属性变化的特点，在此基础上构造了一个顾及时态对象的时空模型。该模型用非第一范式和两层时间标记组织地块的时空数据，并借助于活动地块表、不活动地块表和后向指针索引表建立了每个时态地块与其时态邻域地块之间的链接关系。     

Evaluation of hydrologic components of community land model 4 and bias identification

Runoff and soil moisture are two key components of the global hydrologic cycle that should be validated at local to global scales in Earth System Models (ESMs) used for climate projection. We have evaluated the runoff and surface soil moisture output by the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) along with 8 other models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) repository using satellite soil moisture observations and stream gauge corrected runoff products. A series of Community Land Model (CLM) runs forced by reanalysis and coupled model outputs was also performed to identify atmospheric drivers of biases and uncertainties in the CCSM. Results indicate that surface soil moisture simulations tend to be positively biased in high latitude areas by most selected CMIP5 models except CCSM, FGOALS, and BCC, which share similar land surface model code. With the exception of GISS, runoff simulations by all selected CMIP5 models were overestimated in mountain ranges and in most of the Arctic region. In general, positive biases in CCSM soil moisture and runoff due to precipitation input error were offset by negative biases induced by temperature input error. Excluding the impact from atmosphere modeling, the global mean of seasonal surface moisture oscillation was out of phase compared to observations in many years during 1985–2004. The CLM also underestimated runoff in the Amazon, central Africa, and south Asia, where soils all have high clay content. We hypothesize that lack of a macropore flow mechanism is partially responsible for this underestimation. However, runoff was overestimated in the areas covered by volcanic ash soils (i.e., Andisols), which might be associated with poor soil porosity representation in CLM. Our results indicate that CCSM predictability of hydrology could be improved by addressing the compensating errors associated with precipitation and temperature and updating the CLM soil representation.     

基于GIS的土壤重金属数据库构建及应用

本文首先探讨了利用GIS技术构建上海市基本农田土壤重金属数据库的方法,该数据库集空间数据、采样点监测数据和元数据于一体,对于土壤重金属信息的管理、应用服务等具有重要的基础作用,是农产品安全生产环境认证和土壤环境长效管理的重要依据;接着,基于数据库进行了重金属元素的描述性统计、动态累积和Kriging插值分析;结果表明,除As外,其余重金属平均含量均高于该区域的背景值含量,尤其是Cd、Hg、Zn、Cu累积指数较高,是上海市农田土壤重金属污染的主要元素。     

基于电磁感应的干旱区土壤盐渍化定量遥感研究

以南疆典型干旱区Landsat 7 ETM+遥感图像为数据源,利用决策树分类法提取农业用地,并对农业用地进行移动式电磁感应调查(简称磁感调查)和光谱特征提取,同时分析磁感数据和图像光谱特征与土壤盐分含量的相关性,从而建立土壤盐分的定量反演模型。研究结果表明:土地利用类型决策树的分类精度达到93.75%,Kappa系数达0.915 4;经多元逐步回归分析,磁感调查获得的土壤盐分含量与差值植被指数(DVI)、ETM+图像第二波段像元值(B2)以及比值植被指数(RVI)间具有显著相关性,由此建立的遥感反演模型可用于土壤盐分含量的定量反演。经89个样点检验,基于磁感调查的土壤盐分遥感反演精度虽低于基于磁感调查的地统计空间分析的精度,但遥感定量反演值与磁感调查实测值仍具有良好的相关性,而且精度较高,因此利用本文方法进行土壤盐渍化大面积监测是快速有效的途径。     

Applying an Anomaly-Detection Algorithm for Short-Term Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection Using Time-Series SAR Images

In this study, short-term land use and land cover (LULC) changes caused by human activity were considered as spatial-temporal abnormalities in time-series images. A density-based anomaly detection (DBAD) algorithm was designed to detect the changes. Then the algorithm was applied to RADARSAT time-series images, and synchronous field surveying was performed for validation. The results showed that the DBAD algorithm was good at detecting in-progress construction and newly builtup parcels, with an error of less than 13.3%. A lower detection error was achieved for woodland areas, and a larger error for built-up areas and for some mixed-use land parcels due to the complexity of the parcels.     

Saline degradation of Indian agricultural lands : A case study in Khambhat Taluka,Gujarat state (India), using satellite remote sensing

In certain agricultural fields of Khambhat Taluka in Gujarat State, the salinity has increased considerably rendering the land completely infertile. The occurrence of salinity in this area can be attributed partly to subsurface sea‐water ingress and partly to improper land and water management practices prior to implementation of irrigation. Landsat MSS or TM and IRS IA LISS II data was used to test the feasibility of delineating saline soils by both visual image interpretation and digital analysis. The study of saline soils using multi‐temporal Landsat images of the year 1977, 1983, and 1987, indicated an evident increase in saline areas in past few years. The Soil Brightness Index (SBI) generated from the IRS‐IA data by the application of MSS equivalent coefficients brought out different categories of soil degradation. The supervised classification scheme aided in generating various salinity levels. The analysis of the soil samples of the above area exhibited increasing values of Electrical Conductivity (ECe), and the soluble cations with increasing levels of salinity.     

基于GIS的县域土壤重金属生态风险评价

为研究经济快速发展区农田土壤中重金属的含量及污染状况,本文以浙江省慈溪市为研究对象,研究土壤中铜、汞、镉、铅、砷、铬、锌七种重金属含量特征,并采用潜在生态危害指数法对其进行评价,并绘制生态风险危害指数分级图。结果表明:土壤中除汞元素含量较高外,其他各元素含量仅稍高于当地土壤背景值。七种元素的单因子污染指数Cfi值均属于中等的污染参数,综合污染指数Cd上限值已处于高污染指数的范围,但平均值为属于中等污染水平。从潜在生态风险评价结果来看,七种元素的单项潜在生态风险参数Eri的值也只有汞达到了强生态危害,七种元素综合潜在生态危害指数RI刚刚达到中等生态危害水平,说明该区农田土壤尚处于较低的生态风险状态。生态危害指数插值结果表明,慈溪市重金属元素的高风险区分布在中南部人类活动较为活跃、城乡工业较发达的区域,在今后的土地利用中,应高度重视人类活动对土壤重金属污染的影响。     

Assessment of land degradation hazards,etah district,uttar pradesh using landsat data

To understand the nature of land degradation and factors responsible for it, investigations were carried out in Etah district with an area of 4.45 lakh hectares. For identification of soil/land degradation problems, multidate Landsat, TM spectral bands and FCC were used. It is observed that salt-affected soils are sharply depicted by light and dark gray mixed tone on band 3, while they are not clear on band 4. Flood plain and waterlogged soils are clearly observed on band 4. Band 6 (10.3 – 12.5 µm) helps in separation of broad zones of coarse and fine-textured soils, active flood plain of rivers, and eroded and gullied lands. The confusion between coarse-textured droughty soils and salt-affected areas in TM FCC (2, 3, 4) could be eliminated by use of band-6 data in combination with FCC. For delineation of problematic areas, two approaches were followed viz. (i) physiographic approach, and (ii) direct approach. In the physiographic approach landscape map associated with image characteristics was prepared. Further the image interpretation units were interpreted for land degradation hazards. With this approach physiography and soil relationship and the degradation problems vis-a-vis soil units could be established and ameliorative measures as per soil condition can be suggested. In direct approach, the problematic areas as per predetermined key were demarcated. Out of 4.45 lakh ha of the area, 1.99 lakh ha is affected by various soil degradation problems, like droughty soils, flooding hazard and salinity and alkalinity which cover 22.1%, 50.0% and 27.9%, respectively. To study the distribution of a salt-affected lands, major physiographic boundaries were superimposed over the land degradation map prepared by direct approach. It is observed that 81.5% of the salt-affected areas lie in the old alluvial plain while 18.5% is in recent flood plain.     

土壤遥感分类识别推理决策器的设计

介绍了干旱区土壤遥感分类识别推理决策器的设计原理与实现方法。在用TM遥感图像对土壤类型进行非监督分类的基础上，建立了正向推理与逆向推理相结合的推理机制，对土壤类型进行分类识别决策。用知识表示的产生式规则与框架式规则相结合的数据结构表示土壤学专家的土壤分类识别知识。用像结构模式建立了土壤分类识别的规则，构造了土壤分类判决树，并用典型像例模式进行了各类型土壤判据文件的组织。用该方法对新疆天山北麓阜康试验区的土壤分类识别进行了试验研究。结果表明，该方法分类精度可靠，为干旱区土壤分类识别开辟了一条新的途径。     

Impact Assessment of GIS Based Land Resource Inventory Towards Optimizing Agricultural Land Use Plan in Dandakaranya and Easternghats Physiographic Confluence of India

GIS based land resource inventory (LRI) with fine resolution imagery is considered as most authentic tool for soil resource mapping. Soil resource mapping using the concept of soil series in a smaller scale limits its wide application and also its impact assessment for crop suitability is controversial. In this study, we attempted to develop LRI at large scale (1:10,000 scale) at block level land use planning (LUP) in Dandakaranya and Easternghats physiographic confluence of India. The concept of land management unit was introduced in this endeavour. The impact assessment of LRI based LUP was exercised to develop efficient crop planning with best possible management practices. The study area comprised six landforms with slope gradient ranging from very gentle (1–3%) to steep slopes (15–25%). The very gently sloping young alluvial plains occupied maximum areas (19.95% of TGA). The single cropped (paddy) land appears to dominate the land use systems (40.0% of TGA). Thirty three landscape ecological units were resulted by GIS-overlay. Eighteen soils mapping units were generated. The area was broadly under two soil orders (Inceptisols and Alfisols); three great group (Haplaquepts, Rhodustalfs and Endoaquepts) and ten soil series. Crop suitability based impact assessment of LRI based LUP revealed that average yield of different crops increased by 39.2 and 14.5% in Kharif (rainy season) and Rabi (winter) seasons respectively and annual net returns by 83.4% for the cropping system, compared to traditional practices. Productivity and net returns can be increased several folds if customized recommended practices are adopted by the farmers. Informations generated from the study emphasized the potentiality of LRI towards optimizing LUP and exhibited an ample scope to use the methodology as a tool to assess in other physiographic regions in India and abroad.     

Soil mapping and land use plan in tehri-garhwal district,uttar pradesh,using aerial photo-interpretation technique,highlighting soil-landscape relationship and land utilization

Soil mapping on the scale 1:50,000 was conducted in Tehri-Garhwal district of Uttar Pradesh using Survey of India Topographic maps and utilising aerial photographs of the area which were interpreted for demarcation of physiographic units, vegetation, drainage and other features relevant to soil development. Resulting soil map and soils and land use information have been helpful in presenting an optimum land use and management plan in the area keeping in view of the soils characteristics, terrain features and existing land use, Soils and physiographic interpretation in the area have highlighted significant soil-landscape relationships relevant to land utilization. The other factors responsible for soil formation which could be significant in the area i.e. climate and parent material were also taken into consideration apart from topography. Of all these factors topography was revealed to be the predominant factor governing soil formation in the area. Soil units mapped coincided with the physiographic units demarcated through aerial photo-interpretation. The area of the district could be divided into three climatic zones viz. (i) Cool temperate, (ii) Sub-tropical warm temperate and (iii) tropical following Kaushic (1962). It was noticed that in each climatic zone with the climate being almost uniform within the zone, irrespe tlve of variations in the parent material, soil development was markedly affected by topographly, variations which led to differences in soil characteristics particulary soil texture and amount of coarse fragments. In about 70 percent of the area of the district where slopes are steep to very steep, topography was revealed to be the dominant factor determining characteristic soil development. In the remaining part where slopes are moderate to gentle, parent material is the dominant factor followed by topography.     

Application of GIS to estimate soil erosion using RUSLE

This paper describes the use of the Arc/Info and ArcView GIS tools to estimate soil erosion with Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Calculations are be done by using capabilities available. This study start with a digital elevation model (DEM) of Shaanxi, which was created by digitizing contour and spot heights from the topographic map on 1∶250 000 scale and grid themes for the USLEK andC factors. It is note worthy that USLEK can be obtained by adding the K factor as an attribute to a soil theme's table. TheC can be obtained from tables or using the information about land use and management given by USLE program. A land use theme can be used to add theC factors as an attribute field. The purpose of this study is to establish spatial information of soil erosion using USLE and GIS and discuss the analysis of the soil erosion and slope failures in GIS and formulate the possible framework.     

基于ArcEngine的宗地图形信息管理系统的设计与实现

在城市的改造和建设过程中,测绘数据的组织与管理尤为重要。本文研究了在GIS环境下实现宗地图形信息的自动化管理,并从宗地图形数据库设计、历史数据的管理与应用和数据导入功能的角度介绍了该系统的设计与业务流程。系统后台数据库采用Oracle10g进行数据的管理与存储,在C.net环境下开发前端应用平台,并利用SDE(空间数据库引擎)实现数据间的通信;利用ArcEngine组件技术,采用嵌入式集成方法,形成一个地理信息系统平台。     

Characterization of Landforms and Soils in Complex Geological Formations—A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach

The present investigation has been designed to analyze the landform and soil relationship in a geologically complex terrain of Tirora tahsil of Gondia district, Maharashtra using remotely sensed data and GIS technique. The geomorphologic units of the study area were delineated through visual interpretation of IRS–ID LISS-III data based on the spatial variation of the image characteristics. Thirteen landform units have been identified in the tahsil. The slope varied from level to nearly level with an area of about 63.76% of the tahsil. Rest of the area ranged from very gentle to moderately steep slopes. During soil survey, soil profiles were studied for morphological features. Horizon-wise soil samples were collected from the representative soil profiles on each landform unit. The depth of soil varied from 25 to 160 cm and colour from dark brown to very dark grayish brown. The texture ranged from clay loam to clayey in accordance with higher and lower topographic positions respectively. Higher available water holding capacity (AWC 285 mm) is found in low-lying area and low to medium AWC (140 mm) is noticed in the soils developed at higher elevation. The soils reaction (pH) is strongly acidic in nature (pH 5.2) on dissected hills, linear ridge and moderately weathered pediments, whereas, the soils are moderately to slightly acidic in nature (pH 5.5 to 6.5) on hills, shallow weathered pediments, moderately weathered pediments, deeply weathered pediments, narrow valleys, and broad valley floors. Slightly alkaline condition (pH 7.6) was observed on foot slopes and aggraded valley fills. The electrical conductivity of the soils is found almost same in all landforms. The cation exchange capacity of the area varies from 10.5 to 51.5 cmol(p⁺)kg^?1. The base saturation increases with decreasing elevation and slope. The four major soil orders viz, Entisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols and Vertisols are found in the study areas which are further classified into suborder and great group levels. The landform and soil relationship was analyzed to appraise the land resources in the tahsil. The study shows that the application of remotely sensed data and GIS are immensely helpful in land resources appraisal for their management on sustainable basis.     

利用ASAR图像监测土壤含水量和小麦覆盖度

以高级合成孔径雷达（ASAR）影像数据和地面实测数据为基础，分析了裸土、低覆盖（覆盖度为0．2左右）冬小麦麦地的后向散射与土壤含水量、地表粗糙度及小麦覆盖度之间的关系，探讨了裸土和冬小麦麦地土壤含水量及小麦覆盖度的反演方法。分析结果表明：①裸土后向散射系数受地表粗糙度和土壤质地的综合影响较大，裸土的后向散射和土壤含水量正相关关系未达显著，反演裸土土壤含水量必须考虑这两个因素的影响。②冬小麦麦地两种极化后向散射对土壤含水量和小麦覆盖度的敏感性差异明显。由于小麦植株与土壤的水平同极化后向散射差异较大，水平极化后向散射系数和小麦覆盖度及土壤含水量相关性达到显著；冬小麦麦地的垂直同极化后向散射对土壤含水量较敏感，垂直极化后向散射系数和土壤含水量的相关性达到显著，但与小麦覆盖度的相关性相对较低。据此，利用冬小麦麦地的两个同极化后向散射系数，建立了后向散射系数与土壤含水量和小麦覆盖度之间的关系模型，实现了小麦覆盖度和冬小麦覆盖下的土壤含水量反演。验证结果表明：土壤含水量和小麦覆盖度反演结果与地面调查和测量结果一致。     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的农村集体土地建设用地管理技术方法研究

明晰集体土地产权,加快推进农村集体土地确权登记发证是当前国土资源管理中的一项重要任务。我国农村集体土地建设用地具有分布广、范围大、分散凌乱等特点,如果按照城镇地籍调查规程开展农村地籍调查,则面临着基础薄、任务重、投入高、时间紧等问题。为此,本文提出一套以高分辨率遥感影像为底图,快速绘制农村集体土地建设用地地块图形、并与实地丈量的边长、面积等属性数据关联、实现图属一体化管理的技术方法,并进行了精度评定试验。基于该技术开发了农村集体土地建设用地数据库建库工具和管理系统,实现了网络化农村集体土地建设用地管理,并在三个试点地区得到较好的应用。