GPS-GRAVIMETRIC GEOID DETERMINATION IN EGYPT

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GPS水准、天文重力水准与重力大地水准面多种数据联合处理的研究

针对我国大地水准面的研究状况,提出了在国家GPSB级网完成之后,利用GPS水准、天文重力水准与重力大地水准面3类数据确定我国高精度大地水准面的理论和方法。分析了3类数据的误差传播规律,给出了联合平差模型,并用一模拟网进行了试算。     

大连市厘米级精度的似大地水准面精化

论述了大地水准面精化的方法、原理以及大连市似大地水准面的确定。     

顾及测站点上重力场信息的大地水准面高的拟合方法

利用测站点上的重力测量信息,根据Bruns公式研究了大地水准面高的变化特性,得出垂线偏差是大地水准面相对水准椭球面倾斜的线性改正,重力异常是大地水准面相对水准椭球面弯曲的线性改正,以及地形起伏效应构成大地水准面高的二阶变化等结论。在此基础上,提出了顾及测站点上重力场信息的大地水准面高的拟合方法,并分析了该方法相对于二次曲面函数拟合的优越性。     

Models for Fitting Gravimetric Geoids and GPS Results

The aim of this investigation is to study how to use a gravimetric(quasi) geoid for levelling by GPS data in an optimal way.The advent of precise geodetic GPS has made the use of a technique possible,which might be called GPS- gravimetric geoid determination.In this approach,GPS heights above the reference ellipsoid are determined for points whose levelled (orthometric) height H is above sea level people have already surveyed;for these points,we thus have the values of the geoid undulation N.These values are then used to constrain the geoid undulations N‘ obtained from the gravimetric solution.     

区域性大地水准面的确定

精确求定区域性大地水准面是大地测量学的一项重要科学目标 ,也是一项极具实用价值的工程项目。本文以某地区为例 ,描述区域性大地水准面确定的基本方法、一般过程和步骤     

A local geoid determination based on ellipsoid approximation in Western China

A new methodology for precise geoid determination with finest local details based on ellipsoidal approximation is presented.This methodology is formulated through the “fixed-free two-boundary value problem“ based on the observable of the type modulus of gravity intensity,gravity acceleration and gravity potential at the GPS positioned stations,with support of the known geoid‘s potential value,W0.     

A local geoid determination based on ellipsoid approximation in Western China

A new methodology for precise geoid determination with finest local details based on ellipsoidal approximation is presented. This methodology is formulated through the “fixed-free two-boundary value problem” based on the observable of the type modulus of gravity intensity, gravity acceleration and gravity potential at the GPS positioned stations, with support of the known geoid's potential value, W0.     

GPS水准采用移去恢复技术拟合大地水准面方法的研究

精化大地水准面是现代重力场和大地测量学工作的重要任务之一。探讨了利用已知水准点上的高程异常拟合区域大地水准面模型时,首先移去EGM96模型计算得到的部分,然后基于移动曲面和多面函数方法分别对剩余高程异常进行拟合,在内插点上再利用EGM96模型把移去的部分恢复,得到该点的高程异常。通过对某局部地区水准点的计算表明,引入EGM96模型的拟合高程异常的精度有所改进,对于大范围地区,这种方法有望能更好地提高大地水准面的拟合精度。     

GPS水准及其在测绘工程中的应用

随着似大地水准面的不断精化,GPS水准有可能代替繁重的几何水准工作,介绍了似大地水准面的确定方法,并基于我国新一代似大地水准面CQG2000,在高山区GPS高程拟合的正常高中误差达到±0.21m。结合GPS实际工程分析,GPS高程拟合精度在平原地区可达到像控点高程精度要求。     

新疆全区域似大地水准面的建立

简述了大地水准面精化的方法、原理及新疆似大地水准面确定的过程。     

基于超高阶地球重力场模型的哈尔滨市区域似大地水准面确定

本文综述了EGM2008模型的发展情况,并以此模型为基础构建了哈尔滨市区域似大地水准面模型,接着对所建立的模型进行了实证分析,经过计算后,得到结论认为利用EGM2008构建的区域似大地水准面模型能够用于厘米级GNSS正常高测量.     

大连市厘米级精度的似大地水准面精化

论述了大地水准面精化的方法、原理以及大连市似大地水准面的确定。     

A new hybrid geoid model for Japan, GSIGEO2000

 The latest gravimetric geoid model for Japan, JGEOID2000, was successfully combined with the nationwide net of GPS at benchmarks, yielding a new hybrid geoid model for Japan, GSIGEO2000. The least-squares collocation (LSC) method was applied as an interpolation for fitting JGEOID2000 to the GPS/leveling geoid undulations. The GPS/leveling geoid undulation data were reanalyzed in advance, in terms of three-dimensional positions from GPS and orthometric heights from leveling. The new hybrid geoid model is, therefore, compatible with the new Japanese geodetic reference frame. GSIGEO2000 was evaluated internally and independently and the precision was estimated at 4 cm throughout nearly the whole region. Received: 15 October 2001 / Accepted: 27 March 2002 Acknowledgments. Messrs. Toshio Kunimi and Tadashi Saito at the Third Geodetic Division of the Geographical Survey Institute (GSI) mainly carried out the computations of most of the updated leveled heights. With regard to the reanalysis of GPS data, the discussions with Messrs. Yuki Hatanaka and Shoichi Matsumura of GSI were of great help in building the analysis strategy. Messrs. Kazuyuki Tanaka and Hiromi Shigematsu collaborated in the preparatory stages of GPS data computation. The authors' thanks are extended to these colleagues. Some plots were made by GMT software (Wessel and Smith 1991). Correspondence to: Y. Kuroishi     

GPS水准面拟合方法研究

研究用较多已测点的原始数据,分别采用GPS水准的六参数法、多面函数法、移动曲面拟合法、有限元法逼近GPS网中较少检核点的高程异常值;再用较少已测点的原始数据,逼近GPS水准网中较多检核点的高程异常值.通过对实测数据的计算分析可发现,具有分区拟合性质的移动曲面拟合法与有限元法较优,使用较少的拟合点时,实测三等水准联合GPS高程观测可取代四等水准测量.     

联合重力异常和GPS水准数据的最小二乘配置方法

本文对最小二乘配置的基本方法进行了简要介绍,讨论了局部协方差函数模型的确定方法,并利用GPS水准和重力数据,根据移去恢复法,运用最小二乘配置方法进行重力异常和GPS水准的联合配置计算,确定了某市2′30″×2′30″区域似大地水准面模型,并将最终结果与GPS水准数据进行比较分析,通过检核,精度达到±1.6cm。     

高精度局域大地水准面对布测GPS水准和重力的要求

给定局域（似）大地水准面所要求的精度后，对该局域中应该布测GPS水准网的密度和精度进行了研究，并对不同地形类型的载我中，重力扰动对该局域（似）大地水准面精度的影响进行了讨论，并提出了相应布测量密度的要求。     

利用重力成果解算GPS网点正常高

利用测区重力点成果及分布较均匀的GPS/水准成果 ,采用重力法及移去～恢复技术 ,确定测区分辨率为 2 .5′× 2 .5′的高精度大地水准面。并由此成果解算GPS网点的正常高     

1985国家高程基准相对于大地水准面的垂直偏差

局部高程基准通常由一个 (或多个 )验潮站所测的当地平均海面确定。由于海面地形的客观存在 ,人们已经认识到当地平均海面与大地水准面的差异可能达 2m之多。为了获得这一垂直偏差 ,很有必要确定当地平均海面和全球大地水准面上的重力位值。提出了利用全球重力场模型和GPS/水准资料计算局部高程基准相对全球大地水准面垂直偏差的 2种不同方法。我国目前采用的 1 985国家高程基准 ,由青岛验潮站所处黄海平均海面 1 95 2～ 1 979年的验潮记录计算得到。利用全球重力场模型和分布全国大陆范围的GPS/水准数据 ,计算了 1 985高程基准与大地水准面的垂直偏差。结果表明 1 985国家高程基准点的重力位值为( 62 63685 3.40± 0 .1 3)m2 s- 2 ,这比重力位W0 =( 62 63685 6.0± 0 .5 )m2 s- 2 隐含的大地水准面高 ( 0 .2 6± 0 .0 5 )m。     

Calibration of geoid error models via a combined adjustment of ellipsoidal, orthometric and gravimetric geoid height data

The well-known statistical tool of variance component estimation (VCE) is implemented in the combined least-squares (LS) adjustment of heterogeneous height data (ellipsoidal, orthometric and geoid), for the purpose of calibrating geoid error models. This general treatment of the stochastic model offers the flexibility of estimating more than one variance and/or covariance component to improve the covariance information. Specifically, the iterative minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation (I-MINQUE) and the iterative almost unbiased estimation (I-AUE) schemes are implemented in case studies with observed height data from Switzerland and parts of Canada. The effect of correlation among measurements of the same height type and the role of the systematic effects and datum inconsistencies in the combined adjustment of ellipsoidal, geoid and orthometric heights on the estimated variance components are investigated in detail. Results give valuable insight into the usefulness of the VCE approach for calibrating geoid error models and the challenges encountered when implementing such a scheme in practice. In all cases, the estimated variance component corresponding to the geoid height data was less than or equal to 1, indicating an overall downscaling of the initial covariance (CV) matrix was necessary. It was also shown that overly optimistic CV matrices are obtained when diagonal-only cofactor matrices are implemented in the stochastic model for the observations. Finally, the divergence of the VCE solution and/or the computation of negative variance components provide insight into the selected parametric model effectiveness.