Flood simulation in the coastal lowlands of northern Jiangsu, China

The coastal lowlands in northern Jiangsu Province, China, is characterized by low relief and low water surface gradient in streams. The flooding stages are commonly lower than the high-tide level and the tidal range is relatively small. All these factors prohibit rapid discharge of floodwater and make the flood regimes here extremely sensitive to the sea level rise. The 1991 Plum Rain was examined, when precipitation was significantly higher than normal. The one-dimensional open-channel non-conservative flow model was used to simulate the stream flow in the channel network of studied area. GIS technology was used to delineate the maximum in undated area by analyzing the DEMs.     

洪水灾害模拟及评估

针对洪水灾害评估的特点,将GIS技术与RS技术相结合,根据数字高程模型DEM提供的三维数据和遥感影像数据,运用GIS的空间分析功能来预测、模拟显示红水河流域洪水淹没场景,并结合该流域水文站降雨量数据和各乡镇人口密度数据以及其他辅助数据进行洪水灾害评估。     

中国洪水灾害风险区划及其成因分析

洪涝灾害发生过程中观测数据多源异构（遥感影像、社交媒体文本、地理信息数据等）,难以利用互补优势融合应用于风险评估和提供决策知识。研究基于多模态数据的洪涝灾害知识图谱构建方法,融合抽取遥感影像与社交媒体文本知识,形成多模态洪涝灾害知识图谱。基于自顶向下的方法细分领域概念,构建洪涝灾害领域本体层。通过深度残差全卷积神经网络对遥感影像进行智能解译,利用地理逆编码将影像解译信息转化为文本,实现影像信息到文本知识的转化。基于命名实体识别技术与关系抽取技术对社交媒体文本数据进行知识抽取。通过训练词向量,利用语义相似度计算关联文本知识与影像知识,实现多模态数据知识统一表达。以中国湖北省洪涝灾害为例,该方法将多源异构的数据高效转化为知识并进行关联,形成领域知识图谱,实现了多源异构数据到多模态知识的转化。在灾害不同时期提供相应应急措施,并且通过关联农业受灾面积、农作物类型、农作物价值实现湖北省洪涝灾害评估。该方法结合深度遥感解译、文本知识抽取技术以及语义相似度计算,实现了多源异构数据到多模态知识的转化。

     

河道洪水淹没三维仿真方案设计

设计了河道淹没的三维仿真方案,利用历史水文数据,建立了水位-面积-容积模型。在该模型的基础上,分别通过时间和空间两个维度切片将历史水位数据进行插值,形成逐帧动画缓存,基于三维地形仿真平台,将连续洪水淹没过程嵌入虚拟地形中进行展示。该方案实现了符合历史规律的河道洪水淹没三维仿真。     

济南城市防汛GIS研究

首先对济南城市防汛GIS系统进行了总体设计,给出了系统的数据库设计,并重点介绍积水模拟模型的输入输出设计,然后对组件技术、积水模拟模型等系统实现的关键技术进行了阐述,最后介绍了济南城市防汛GIS的特色功能模块。系统运行良好,为济南的城市防汛提供了科学决策的依据。     

奉化亭下水库3维防洪调度仿真系统的研究与实现

阐述了采用3维虚拟仿真、地理信息和数据库等技术,开发奉化亭下水库3维防洪调度仿真系统,给出了系统的总体技术方案、总体框架及关键技术,实现了系统的具体功能.     

Vertical accuracy assessment of freely available digital elevation models over low-lying coastal plains

The frequency of coastal flood damages is expected to increase significantly during the twenty-first century as sea level rises in the coastal floodplain. Coastal digital elevation model (DEM) data describing coastal topography are essential for assessing future flood-related damages and understanding the impacts of sea-level rise. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM) are currently the most accurate and freely available DEM data. However, an accuracy assessment specifically targeted at DEMs over low elevation coastal plains is lacking. The present study focuses on these areas to assess the vertical accuracy of SRTM and ASTER GDEM using Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite, Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (ICESat/GLAS) and Real Time Kinematic (RTK) Global Positioning System (GPS) field survey data. The findings show that DEM accuracy is much better than the mission specifications over coastal plains. In addition, optical remote sensing image analysis further reveals the relationship between DEM vertical accuracy and land cover in these areas. This study provides a systematic approach to assess the accuracy of DEMs in coastal zones, and the results highlight the limitations and potential of these DEMs in coastal applications.     

3维电子沙盘在水库防洪调度中的运用

利用3维电子沙盘,结合地理信息系统的分析能力,开发奉化亭下水库3维防洪调度仿真系统。本文详细阐述了系统的总体技术方案、总体框架及关键技术,实现了水库3维淹没分析、库容计算等具体功能。     

利用CEEMD分析中国沿海GNSS站高程时序变化

利用完备经验模态分解方法（CEEMD）对我国沿海地区6个GNSS基准站（2010—2018）的高程时序数据进行了处理分析。结果表明：CEEMD在高程时间序列分析中具有一定的优越性,可准确分解出各GNSS站高程时序中存在的周、月、季节、年等变化周期项,其中周年运动是主要贡献项,各站高程时间序列的短周期变化与潮汐变化周期具有密切关联性;沿海GNSS站的地面沉降既具有区域的一致性,又存在区域间差异性,其中D区DBJO、DZJJ站呈现先下降后上升的趋势,N区NZUH、NWZU站呈下降趋势,B区的BZMW呈上升趋势,而同海区的BLHT站则呈显著的下降趋势。     

GIS技术在洪水演进系统建设中的应用

从GIS技术基本原理出发 ,结合洪水演进系统的建设目的、应用前景以及测绘科学在系统建设中的地位和作用 ,详细讨论了在系统建设过程中的有关问题。     

Flood susceptibility mapping using frequency ratio and weights-of-evidence models in the Golastan Province,Iran

Flood is one of the most devastating natural disasters with socio-economic and environmental consequences. Thus, comprehensive flood management is essential to reduce the flood effects on human lives and livelihoods. The main goal of this study was to investigate the application of the frequency ratio (FR) and weights-of-evidence (WofE) models for flood susceptibility mapping in the Golestan Province, Iran. At first, a flood inventory map was prepared using Iranian Water Resources Department and extensive field surveys. In total, 144 flood locations were identified in the study area. Of these, 101 (70%) floods were randomly selected as training data and the remaining 43 (30%) cases were used for the validation purposes. In the next step, flood conditioning factors such as lithology, land-use, distance from rivers, soil texture, slope angle, slope aspect, plan curvature, topographic wetness index (TWI) and altitude were prepared from the spatial database. Subsequently, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn for produced flood susceptibility maps and the area under the curves (AUCs) was computed. The final results indicated that the FR (AUC = 76.47%) and WofE (AUC = 74.74%) models have almost similar and reasonable results. Therefore, these flood susceptibility maps can be useful for researchers and planner in flood mitigation strategies.     

高分四号静止卫星辐射性能模拟与信噪比分析——以香港近海岸水体为例

随着高分四号(GF-4号)地球同步卫星的发射与初步应用,其兼顾高空间与高时间分辨率的优势在同类型卫星中独具特色,中国对地静止卫星影像的研究也越来越受到重视。为了对GF-4号卫星在轨探测能力进行评估,掌握日内可用影像数据时段以合理安排成像时间提高卫星使用效率与延长寿命,有必要对以暗像元为代表的典型地物(如水体)进行辐射能模拟与信噪比研究。基于MODTRAN辐射传输模型,将香港沿岸水体作为暗目标,对GF-4号静止卫星多光谱遥感全色谱段以及蓝、绿、红、近红外4个多光谱谱段进行标准大气条件下入瞳处辐亮度的模拟,并利用在轨影像进行验证。在此基础上去除大气背景辐射干扰计算有效信噪比,并分别选取一年中春分、夏至、秋分、冬至,4个典型日的模拟数据进行质量分析,探讨一天连续观测中卫星能够获取高质量水体影像的有效时段,尤其是对晨昏时段临界微弱信号的敏感性进行分析。结果表明,夏至、冬至日内表观辐亮度峰值依次为59.26 W/(m~2·sr·μm)、56.20 W/(m~2·sr·μm),均出现在蓝光谱段;夏至、冬至最高地表有效辐亮度分别为17.52 W/(m~2·sr·μm)、12.13 W/(m~2·sr·μm),出现在蓝光谱段,但差距有所缩小。这是由于入瞳处辐射主要受到大气背景辐射的影响,以夏至正午为例,各谱段受背景辐射影响程度达到49.7%—75.5%。为规避背景辐射噪声,提出适用于陆表观测的有效辐射百分比的概念,推导出传统信噪比、有效信噪比以及有效辐射百分比之间的转换关系式,揭示了背景辐射对成像信噪比干扰的定量形式,提出有效信噪比计算方法,并以此为依据,以香港海岸带水体为目标,建立了相应有效信噪比对应时刻表。经计算香港海岸带水体一年中卫星全天有效信噪比均低于50 dB,夏至、冬至最高地表有效信噪比分别为41.0 dB、38.2 dB,其中蓝光谱段模拟效果最差,近红外、全色谱段结果较好。为保障影像质量,以香港海岸带水体有效信噪比35 dB为阈值确定影像获取时段,分别为夏至日北京时间7:49—17:01,冬至日北京时间9:28—15:07。     

GPU-CA模型下的溃坝洪水演进实时模拟与分析

基于元胞自动机(CA)的局部并行计算特性和统一计算设备架构(CUDA)并行计算架构,提出了GPU-CA的溃坝洪水演进计算模型,重点探讨了溃坝洪水演进元胞自动机模型、GPU模型映射、计算优化、CPU/GPU协同的溃坝洪水演进模拟与分析等关键问题,研发了原型系统,并选择了案例进行初步试验。试验结果表明,在保证溃坝洪水演进模拟结果有效性的情况下,与基于CPU-CA串行计算模式相比,基于GPU-CA的溃坝洪水演进模型计算可提高计算效率,加速比随着元胞格网分辨率的提升而增加,当元胞格网的大小为10m时,模型计算效率的加速比可以达到15.9倍,可支持实时溃坝洪水演进模拟分析与风险评估。     

论沿海低地洪涝灾害测度问题

选取频遭洪涝灾害威胁与危害的沿海平原低地,试图建立描述洪涝强度的等级测度模式,并分析其减灾意义。     

基于水文仿真模型与GIS的三维可视化在城市洪水演进中的模拟研究——以马鞍山为例

本文对城市三维可视化虚拟场景构建和洪水演进实时动态模拟及其实现方法进行研究。以洪水水文数学模型为核心计算方法,对系统构建过程中的关键技术进行了深入探讨和研究,构建了城市洪水演进和洪水淹没三维模拟系统。研究表明,三维可视化技术与水力学模型结合提高了模型计算结果的准确性和可视性,对于城市防洪决策及水利工程有重要意义。以安徽省马鞍山市为应用实例,实现了城市三维地形仿真场景模拟及洪水演进分析和三维模拟。     

An integrated virtual geographic environmental simulation framework: a case study of flood disaster simulation

Dynamic flood disaster simulation is an emerging and promising technology significantly useful in urban planning, risk assessment, and integrated decision support systems. It is still an important issue to integrate the large assets such as dynamic observational data, numerical flood simulation models, geographic information technologies, and computing resources into a unified framework. For the intended end user, it is also a holistic solution to create computer interpretable representations and gain insightful understanding of the dynamic disaster processes, the complex impacts, and interactions of disaster factors. In particular, it is still difficult to access and join harmonized data, processing algorithms, and models that are provided by different environmental information infrastructures. In this paper, we demonstrate a virtual geographic environments-based integrated environmental simulation framework for flood disaster management based on the notion of interlinked resources, which is capable of automated accumulating and manipulating of sensor data, creating dynamic geo-analysis and three-dimensional visualizations of ongoing geo-process, and updating the contents of simulation models representing the real environment. The prototype system is evaluated by applying it as a proof of concept to integrate in situ weather observations, numerical weather and flood disaster simulation models, visualization, and analysis of the real time flood event. Case applications indicate that the developed framework can be adopted for use by decision-makers for short-term planning and control since the resulting simulation and visualization are completely based on the latest status of environment.     

遥感技术在防汛指挥系统中的应用

介绍RS信息接收和处理的方法,叙述RS技术在水利系统应用现状,论述RS技术在黑龙江省防汛指挥系统中的应用,及在水利系统应用的发展趋势。     

Geospatial analysis of land-use change processes in a densely populated coastal city: the case of Port Harcourt,south-east Nigeria

This study examines the pattern and processes of land-use change in a densely populated coastal city in the oil-rich Niger Delta region of Nigeria for 27?years using remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems. The results indicate that between 1986 and 2013, settlement/bare surface, mangrove forest/wetland and water body increased at 0.84% per year, 0.05% per year and 0.10% per year, respectively, while arable land/secondary vegetation and natural forest loss at 0.47% per year and 0.52% per year, respectively. This implies that intensity of change varies temporally. The implications of these changes include loss of valuable environmental goods and services, alteration of the food chain and increased impacts of climate change–related disasters. It is recommended that steps be taken to slow down the rate of land-use change in the study area to reduce its impact on the environment and social well-being.     

应急平台中一维洪水演进模型研究

根据应急平台的特点和需求,建立了一维洪水演进数学模型。利用简便易行的基于特征线法的库朗格式求解方程,应用Matlab编制了洪水演进计算程序,并利用其强大的绘图功能实现了计算结果的可视化显示和分析。通过对长江某河段实测资料的建模分析和应用研究,验证了模型的实用性和可靠性。     

河道洪水演进数值模拟及其在GIS平台上的可视化

针对公共安全应急平台中灾害预测预警和应急处置的快速反应需求,建立了基于圣维南方程的河道洪水演进的水动力学模型。采用库朗格式的特征线方法对基本方程进行数值求解,得出水位和流量沿河道的时空变化关系,在此基础上进一步研究了基于GIS的洪水演进可视化方法。最后,通过天然河道模拟实例验证了所建模型的可靠性和实用性。