SARC model for three-dimensional coordinate transformation

IntroductionThree coordinate transformation models, Bursa-Wolf, Molodensky and WTUSM[1]are generallyused in 3D coordinate transformation. They are lin-ear models which have seven parametersΔX,ΔY,ΔZ,θ,,ψ[2]. Referecne [2] improved these line-ar mode     

基于改进SQPM算法的三维直角坐标转换

给出了七参数三维直角坐标转换的严密表达式,将改进SQPM算法用于大旋转角的三维直角坐标转换。实验表明该方法能在大范围内实现收敛且结果稳定、精度较高,适合于大旋转角的三维直角坐标转换。     

Bursa模型用于局部区域坐标变换的病态问题及其解法

GPS应用经常涉及坐标变换。用局部区域的GPS网数据求解的3维坐标变换模型的转换参数时,求得的转换参数特别是平移参数的精度较差。这是由于GPS网的范围太小,引起平移参数与旋转参数间存在强相关性,导致解算模型病态。正则化解法是求解病态方程的有效工具,本文探讨用正则化方法解算小范围GPS网3维坐标变换的转换参数,以提高转换参数的解算精度,扩大参数的使用范围;给出只对平移参数进行正则化的计算模型。500次模拟计算结果表明:正则化解参数转换外围点坐标的精度在统计上明显优于最小二乘解;且随外推距离增大,精度几乎成线性降低。     

顾及框架点坐标误差的三维基准转换严密模型

框架点坐标是由观测数据通过平差得到的,不可避免地受到观测误差的影响。针对原框架和目标框架坐标均存在误差、非公共点与公共点间存在相关性,以及转换系数矩阵中仅部分元素存在误差的实际情况,提出了同时考虑框架内误差以及转换点间相关性的基准转换严密模型,该模型将公共点和非公共点联合处理,同时计算坐标转换参数和所有点的坐标转换值,推导出了新的严格坐标转换公式,该公式为传统坐标转换公式基础上增加一改正量的形式;进一步,推导了原框架和目标框架坐标的方差不一致情况下的坐标转换模型的自适应解法;最后,利用"陆态网络工程"2000个区域站的实测坐标进行坐标转换验证,结果表明,这种严密模型较传统坐标转换模型具有更高的坐标转换精度。     

非线性二维转换模型的稳健总体最小二乘算法

针对应用线性最小二乘估计准则求解非线性平面转换模型参数时,通过定义间接参数将模型线性化的方法不能直接求解转换模型参数的问题,该文在非线性平面转换模型的基础上,建立线性模型,实现平面坐标的转换。为解决控制点已知坐标与观测坐标中均含有误差对转换参数求解的影响,对应用稳健总体最小二乘求解线性模型参数的算法进行讨论。最后,通过算例比较稳健总体最小二乘算法与最小二乘算法在抗差性方面的优势。结果表明,稳健总体最小二乘算法更适用于应用线性模型求解未知控制点的转换坐标。     

基于严格仿射变换模型的遥感影像RPC参数求解

提出了利用少量地面控制点,采用基于严格仿射变换模型求解遥感影像的RPC参数,并对CBERS-02B卫星HR相机遥感影像进行了试验,获得了一些有意义的结论。     

综合不同时期的GPS数据求解转换参数的方法

提出了综合利用不同时期的GPS数据解算三维坐标转换参数的一种方法 ,并结合上海地区 1999年和 2 0 0 2年施测的两个GPS控制网数据 ,验证了给出的模型和方法。结果表明 ,利用本方法是合理而有效的     

Bursa的3参数模型与7参数模型的适用性研究

对于Bursa模型,7参数模型相对于3参数模型更严密,但存在局部区域内参数不稳定且难于确保参数在控制点外围区域的转换精度。本文利用仿真试验检验3参数模型与7参数模型的精度、稳定性与所用公共点的控制范围的关系,得出了模型的选择方法。     

多级空间信息网格间的平面坐标变换精度分析

简要介绍了在多级空间信息网格间进行坐标变换的基本原理，通过对平面仿射变换与严格坐标变换坐标精度的比较发现，在适当尺度的网格内。用平面仿射变换代替严格变换的坐标变换精度高于地图表达精度。试验结果为多级空间信息网格的划分及适应空间坐标变换的空间数据组织方式提供了尺度准则。     

三维坐标转换参数求解的一种直接搜索法

采取了两步措施简化三维坐标转换非线性模型:①旋转矩阵的3个旋转角用一个反对称矩阵的3个独立元素代替,将旋转矩阵由反对称矩阵构成Lodrigues矩阵;②将坐标转换7参数模型变换成基线向量模型,消去平移3参数.然后,采用遗传算法与模式搜索法相结合的一种直接搜索法求解参数.算例表明,该算法是可行的.最后,从坐标转换精度的角度时基线向量模型原点与公共点的选取进行了分析,结论是原点选取的点的精度相对较高时坐标转换精度相对较高,公共点的选取以3～5个精度高的点为宜.     

罗德里格矩阵在坐标系转换中的应用

在大旋转角度的坐标系转换中,线性转换模型的旋转参数线性化复杂,计算量大,误差大。根据反对称矩阵和罗德里格矩阵的性质,推导了基于罗德里格矩阵的坐标系转换模型。该模型用反对称矩阵中的3个独立参数代替旋转矩阵中9个相关参数,避免了旋转参数的线性化。模型简单、计算简便,通过实验计算,精度较高。     

三维基准转换的约束加权混合整体最小二乘的迭代解法

基于传统的三维基准转换方法及经典最小二乘（LS）理论,引入混合整体最小二乘（LS-TLS）的原理,在此基础上,根据测量平差原理建立附有约束条件的加权模型,并通过Euler-Lagrange逼近法推导出含有初始值的迭代算法,解决了模型与实际测量条件更加匹配的问题;给出了该模型下三维基准转换的实例,并分析了不同条件下权因素的影响。     

一种适用于大角度的三维坐标转换参数求解算法

针对传统的三维基准转换模型局限于求取小角度的三维基准间转换参数的缺点,提出了一种适用于大角度的三维基准转换参数求解模型。利用实测数据和模拟数据对此模型进行了验证,结果表明,所提出的算法适用于任意角度的三维基准转换,既可利用传统的最小二乘方法估计坐标转换参数,又可利用整体最小二乘方法进行参数求解,可靠性高,解算速度快。     

Applications of Lodrigues matrix in 3D coordinate transformation

Three transformation models (Bursa-Wolf, Molodensky, and WTUSM) are generally used between two data systems transformation. The linear models are used when the rotation angles are small; however, when the rotation angles get bigger, model errors will be produced. In this paper, we present a method with three main terms: the traditional ? rotation angles θ, φ, ψ are substituted with a,b,c which are three respective values in the anti-symmetrical or Lodrigues matrix; ? directly and accurately calculating the formula of seven parameters in any value of rotation angles; and ? a corresponding adjustment model is established. This method does not use the triangle function. Instead it uses addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, and the complexity of the equation is reduced, making the calculation easy and quick.     

几种不同坐标变换方法问题的研究

三维或二维坐标转换常采用相似变换，然而相似变换只能解决不同坐标系统之间定义上的差异，坐标系统局部形变系统性误差往往未能反应到转换模型中，因此本文试图从多种变换方法展开讨论，提出了采用相似变换与正形变换的理论解决坐标系统局部形变系统性误差，同时对选择模型参数提出了统计假设检验方法。最后得出一些有益的结论。     

Applications of Lodrigues Matrix in 3D Coordinate Transformation

Three transformation models (Bursa-Wolf, Molodensky, and WTUSM) are generally used between two data systems transformation. The linear models are used when the rotation angles are small; however, when the rotation angles get bigger, model errors will be produced. In this paper, we present a method with three main terms: ① the traditional rotation angles θ , φ ,ψ are substituted with a , b, c which are three re-spective values in the anti-symmetrical or Lodrigues matrix; ② directly and accurately calculating the formula of seven parameters in any value of rotation angles; and ③ a corresponding adjustment model is established. This method does not use the triangle function. Instead it uses addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, and the complexity of the equation is reduced, making the calculation easy and quick.     

A Quaternion-based Geodetic Datum Transformation Algorithm

This paper briefly introduces quaternions to represent rotation parameters and then derives the formulae to compute quaternion, translation and scale parameters in the Bursa–Wolf geodetic datum transformation model from two sets of co-located 3D coordinates. The main advantage of this representation is that linearization and iteration are not needed for the computation of the datum transformation parameters. We further extend the formulae to compute quaternion-based datum transformation parameters under constraints such as the distance between two fixed stations, and develop the corresponding iteration algorithm. Finally, two numerical case studies are presented to demonstrate the applications of the derived formulae.     

Robust estimation of geodetic datum transformation

The robust estimation of geodetic datum transformation is discussed. The basic principle of robust estimation is introduced. The error influence functions of the robust estimators, together with those of least-squares estimators, are given. Particular attention is given to the robust initial estimates of the transformation parameters, which should have a high breakdown point in order to provide reliable residuals for the following estimation. The median method is applied to solve for robust initial estimates of transformation parameters since it has the highest breakdown point. A smooth weight function is then used to improve the efficiency of the parameter estimates in successive iterative computations. A numerical example is given on a datum transformation between a global positioning system network and the corresponding geodetic network in China. The results show that when the coordinates are contaminated by outliers, the proposed method can still give reasonable results. Received: 25 September 1997 / Accepted: 1 March 1999     

Fast registration of multisource three-dimensional city models in GeoGlobe

We address the registration problem of multisource three-dimensional (3D) human-made buildings with remote sensing images and the earth's surface in the context of virtual globes. Challenges include fast transformation of 3D coordinates with different reference systems as well as the efficient use of original model information for rigorous and accurate model registration. This paper introduces a novel fast and scalable registration approach that can establish correspondences between heterogeneous external 3D city models and images/terrain surfaces of virtual globes in an efficient and accurate manner. The approach utilizes the projected 3D feature information of 3D city models to develop robust coordinate transformation and reliable model registration methods. The proposed approach builds a solid foundation for the fusion of multisource geospatial data in a united virtual globe reference framework. We report experimental results of online registration tasks for up to over 13K buildings in an integrated 3D virtual globe platform, namely, GeoGlobe.     

格网内插法坐标转换

由于我国天文大地网存在较大的局部系统差和累积误差,采用Bursa模型完成坐标转换后往往还剩余较大的残差。为了提高转换精度,可以将转换区域划分为小的格网单元,利用数学模型计算得到每个格网节点的坐标转换改正量;再通过格网内插得到其中任意位置的坐标转换改正量,从而完成坐标转换。对同一区域分别用Bursa 7参数法与格网内插法进行了坐标转换,格网内插法的转换精度明显高于Bursa法。