Interrelations between socio-economic development and environmental quality: a simulation integrating system dynamics models with GIS

System dynamics （SD） theory has long been deployed in modeling complex non-linear interrelationships but, so far it has not been common to do the kind of modeling in support of bringing environmental sustainability policies to practice. This is largely because the challenge of including spatial data has not yet been well met. Potential for adoption of SD and GIS methods in combination is exemplified with the results of a decision-support exercise designed for simulation and prediction of the dynamic inter-relationships between socio-economic development and environmental quality for the “Wen, Pi, Du” county in Sichuan province, southwestern China.     

区域可持续发展评价系统研制

区域可持续发展是指区域自然环境容量可以不断满足人类生活质量保障的社会发展状态,要实现这种可持续发展,就必须评价区域的可持续性,EIS／RSD是在windows NT环境下开发的一个以遥感专题信息作为重要信息来源,具有综合分析和空间制图显示能力的区域可持续发展评价息系统,该文阐述了EIS／RSD的系统目标,技术路线,概念模型,系统功能,使用方法和结果表达方式。     

URTK: undifferenced network RTK positioning

Standard network RTK has been widely used since it was proposed in the mid-1990s. Rovers can obtain high-precision estimates of position by resolving double-differenced (DD) ambiguities. The focus of this study is a new undifferenced network RTK method, abbreviated as URTK hereafter, based on undifferenced (UD) observation corrections whose single-differenced (SD) ambiguities between satellites can be resolved in several seconds. The tools for studying the real-time realization of the new method are our developments of logical schemes that have the capability for the real-time modeling of a reference network and the instantaneous resolution of SD ionosphere-free (IF) ambiguities at a single station. This research demonstrates the validity of modeling regional UD-unmodeled errors on the ground and examines the maximum differences when compared to modeling the errors using ionospheric pierce points (IPP). With data collected at 48 stations from a CORS network in Shanxi Province (SXCORS) in China through May 21, 2010, the efficiency of the presented real-time strategies is validated using IGS final products in a postprocessing mode. The results verify that more than 83 % of SD wide-lane (WL) ambiguity can be fixed with 5 s of observation data, and the average resolution time of all the WL tests is 4.96 s. More than 80 % of SD L1 ambiguity can be fixed within 5 s, and the average resolution time is only 6.66 s. Rovers could gain rapidly centimeter-level absolute positioning service, comparable to standard network RTK. In addition, the URTK method transforms the fixed DD-ambiguities of the reference network into UD-ambiguities, and it does not need to set the base station and base satellite. Since the UD-corrections are modeled for each common visible satellite, it breaks down the connections between stations and satellites of the DD-corrections in the current network RTK. The UD-corrections can be broadcast by the base station and automatically selected and optimized by a rover during the real-time kinematic processing, thus avoiding ambiguity in reinitialization due to the change of reference, so it should be very flexible and useful for a wide range of applications.     

大气污染扩散模拟评价决策支持系统的研究与开发

大气污染扩散模拟评价决策支持系统将GIS技术与环境模型相结合集成应用于大气污染扩散评价中,不仅发挥了GIS在大气污染扩散评价中强大的空间信息可视化管理和分析功能,还能将环境模型的分析预测功能直观应用于对各类污染源的宏观与微观模拟表达,实现了对大气污染综合决策分析,为工程决策者和管理人员提供了一种强有力的决策支持方案.系...     

海洋渔业遥感地理信息系统应用服务技术和方法

全面概要地介绍具有自主知识产权、可业务化运行的海洋渔业遥感、地理信息系统技术应用服务系统的研制技术方法和功能特点。     

环境遥感的学科地位

地理科学对地理环境系统的研究是以地理信息获取的研究为基础的,后者制约着地理科学研究方法的进步,并影响了整个地理科学的发展水平。现代遥感技术辅之以系统科学等一系列先进的科学理论和技术,在地理环境系统研究中的成功应用,形成遥感技术的一个重要应用分支学科——环境遥感,其作为地理科学研究技术工具学科的地位逐渐确立。 环境遥感研究的实质表现为三个方面:(1)地理环境系统中电磁相互作用关系的充分利用;(2)遥感信息机制研究支持下的地理环境信息处理系统的结构优化;(3)地理环境系统综合分析过程标准化的实现。 环境遥感的学科地位体现为双重特征,即重要的遥感应用分支和现代地理科学研究新的技术方法。由于横跨信息科学和地理科学两大领域,环境遥感充分体现出其综合性、交叉性的学科特点。环境遥感和常规的地理研究方法,分别着重于对地理环境系统中能量信息系统或物质信息系统的考察,两者在某些方面,至少在今天看来是不能互相取代的。但是,环境遥感依靠其技术系统的不断完善、综合分析功能的加强以及对一系列非能量信息的参照和相关分析(如信息复合技术)而在地理环境系统研究的很多领域显示出独特的优越性。 同时,由于科学认识和科学技术水平的整体制约,以及学科本身的固有特性,环境遥感研究仍     

国家环境遥感监测体系研究与实现

随着国家空间基础设施的建设和发展,中国遥感监测体系研究与建设取得了重大突破,从无到有形成了国家环境遥感监测能力,并业务化实现了主要环境遥感监测要素产品的生产与服务,为新时期环境管理工作提供了有力支撑。在分析国内外环境遥感发展及中国环境遥感监测需求的基础上,阐述了中国环境监测体系建设的必要性,研究了国家环境遥感监测体系的建立与业务化运行,提出了中国环境遥感监测体系发展思路与下一步重点任务。     

Integrating the system dynamic and cellular automata models to predict land use and land cover change

Land use and land cover change (LULCC) is a widely researched topic in related studies. A number of models have been established to simulate LULCC patterns. However, the integration of the system dynamic (SD) and the cellular automata (CA) model have been rarely employed in LULCC simulations, although it allows for combining the advantages of each approach and therefore improving the simulation accuracy. In this study, we integrated an SD model and a CA model to predict LULCC under three future development scenarios in Northern Shanxi province of China, a typical agro-pastoral transitional zone. The results indicated that our integrated approach represented the impacts of natural and socioeconomic factors on LULCC well, and could accurately simulate the magnitude and spatial pattern of LULCC. The modeling scenarios illustrated that different development pathways would lead to various LULCC patterns. This study demonstrated the advantages of the integration approach for simulating LULCC and suggests that LULCC is affected to a large degree by natural and socioeconomic factors.     

一种新的实用土地利用/覆盖图生成方法

详细阐述了应用全国1km土地利用/覆盖25层分层栅格数据合并生成单层土地利用/覆盖图的方法。通过对初始合成结果的归类、合并和空间平滑,有效减少了图像上像元分布零散的情况,突出了土地利用的空间总体分布格局。具体应用表明,这种处理方法得到的土地利用/覆盖图能够满足水文、地学分析的要求。     

曲面边坡建模及展开的方法

工程边坡作为水利水电、矿山运输等工程中最为常见的地质形态,是地质编录中主要的处理对象。现今的地质编录对于平面边坡已经能够很好地解决并生成正射影像,但对曲面边坡的建模与展示研究还比较少。本文给出一种基于斜轴圆柱曲面边坡建模的方法,并将影像投射到展示平面上生成正射影像。实践表明,建模方法实用、快捷,模型展开方法较简单,精度符合地质编录要求。     

基于GIS-SD的大连湾水污染时空模拟与调控策略研究

大连泫可持续发展的矛盾是一个动态现象,同时这些矛盾也涉及到空间因子（例如,污染物浓度分布与环境功能区划等）。为了探讨和模拟各种发展方案（不同的经济增长和城市化）的矛盾机理,将系统动力学（ＳＤ）方法和地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）方法结合起来,提出了一个新的可操作的ＧＩＳ－ＳＤ结合的概念框架,建立了大连湾水污染与控制系统模型,并进行了时空模拟和调控策略研究,模拟了该区域的不同增长计划（方案）对海域环境环境质     

An ontological structure for semantic interoperability of GIS and environmental modeling

Service-oriented architecture in a distributed computing environment, with loosely coupled geo-services is a new approach for using GIS services in environmental modeling. The messages exchanged must follow a set of standard protocols which support syntactic interoperability, but do not address application semantics.     

湖泊水环境卫星遥感监测系统的设计与实现

在全国第二次湖泊资源调查成果的基础上,将水环境基础资料、遥感信息、水文气象信息、水环境模型等进行综合管理,利用ENVI/IDL二次开发语言对全国重点湖泊建立了专业遥感模型,探索建立了湖泊水环境卫星遥感监测系统。以太湖为示范区对系统进行应用,制作了水环境参数专题产品。     

空间数据质量与交通应用

空间数据质量在不同的应用领域有不同的特征,在一种应用中适用的数据不一定适用于另外一种应用。位置数据在交通领域的应用非常广泛,包括交通事故分析、交通需求量建模、基础设施管理、交通政策分析、商用车辆使用、交通线路使用及智能化交通运输系统,且有些应用对质量问题更为敏感。因此,建议空间数据质量报告中应附带所有空间数据的转换或使用。如果不附带属性数据,那么空间数据对交通应用的意义将很小或几乎没有。     

大规模三维城市建模进展

大规模三维城市模型在城市规划与管理、环境模拟、应急响应、导航、虚拟旅游以及其他科学和大众应用方面的需求越来越高。在过去的20年中,通过多学科的共同努力,大规模城市三维建模已经取得了可观的成就。本文全面总结和讨论了三维城市建模在数据源、建模方法和平台、模型表达和互操作等方面的新技术和新进展,并描述了世界范围内开放城市模型的几个代表性示例。在日益多样化的数据,先进但价格可承受的技术以及不断增长的公共和科学需求的推动下,三维城市建模正在加速实现自动化、细致化、语义化、标准化、一体化和大众化。     

Enabling geosimulations for global scale: Spherical geographic automata

Several complex dynamic spatial systems are operating on the global scale. Their representation with existing geosimulation models is limited to planar level and do not consider the curvature of the Earth's surface. Thus, the objective of this study is to propose and develop a spherical geographic automata (SGA) modeling approach to represent and simulate dynamic spatial processes at the global level. The proposed SGA model is implemented for three case studies including simulations of: (1) Game of Life as population dynamics; (2) urban land-use growth; and (3) deforestation all operating on the spherical Earth's surface. Simulation results indicate that the proposed SGA modeling approach can represent spatial processes such as expansion and shrinkage dynamics on the Earth's surface. The proposed approach has the potential to be adopted to represent different complex systems such as ecological, epidemiological, socioeconomic, and Earth systems processes to support environmental management and policymaking at the global level.     

大气折射的映射函数与神经网络拟合比较分析

首先介绍映射函数和神经网络模拟方法在大气折射研究领域中的应用情况,总结映射函数的基本形式,分析BPNN的基本原理,进而研究了基本映射函数的BPNN变换。最终利用普尔科沃大气折射表这一数据平台与MATLAB7中的神经网络工具箱,建立与映射函数对应的BPNN模型,对普尔科沃大气折射表进行BPNN模拟。与相关文献的映射函数模拟进行比较分析:BPNN的模拟精度是4阶分式映射函数的2倍,不仅证明大气折射的映射函数模拟存在较大的拟合残差,而且表明BPNN对大气折射的非线性拟合优于映射函数,同时也为BPNN的隐层神经元具备挖掘高阶隐含信息提供了一个研究实例。     

Combined use of groundwater modeling and potential zone analysis for management of groundwater

A methodology for groundwater evaluation has been developed by the combined use of numerical model and spatial modeling using GIS. The developed methodology has been applied on the sub-basin of the Banganga River, India. Initially, the groundwater potential zones have been delineated by spatial modeling. Different thematic maps of the basin like geology, geomorphology, soil, drainage, slope factor and landuse/landcover have been used to identify the groundwater potential zones. Further, the groundwater flow model for the study area has been developed in the MODFLOW. The groundwater flow vector map has been developed and superimposed on the potential zone map to validate the results of spatial modeling. Finally, the different scenarios have been conceptualized by varying the discharge of the wells and purposing the location for new rainwater harvesting structures. Results reveal that increasing the discharge of the wells in the potential zones put less stress on the aquifer. The suggested locations of rainwater harvesting structures also help to reduce the overall decline of groundwater in the area. The hydrological and spatial modeling presented in this study is highly useful for the evaluation of groundwater resources and for deciding the location of rainwater harvesting structures in semi-arid regions.     

GIS的矿山巷道三维空间构模算法研究

巷道是井下矿山系统中各种人工要素的主要空间载体,其三维空间构模问题是目前三维地学空间构模研究的重要方向之一。针对该问题的解决,给出了巷道中心线的生成方法,提出了根据巷道中心线和断面进行巷道三维空间构模算法。该算法针对圆形巷道断面和巷道交叉处椭圆断面给出了公式的推导,并利用向量算法实现了该问题的三维空间构模。算法在GIS平台下得到验证和实现,表明该方法稳定、可靠,对今后模型走向工程应用具有重要的理论和实用价值。