A COM-based Framework for Management, Analysis and Visualization of Large Scope Digital Elevation Models

This paper presents a component object model (COM) based framework for managing, analyzing and visualizing massive multi-scale digital elevation models (DEMs). The framework consists of a data manage-ment component (DMC), which is based on RDBMS/ORDBMS, a data a-nalysis component (DAC) and a data render component (DRC). DMC can manage massive multi-scale data ex-pressed at various reference frames within a pyramid database and can support fast access to data at variable resolution. DAC integrates many use-ful applied analytic functions whose re-sults can be overlaid with the 3D scene rendered by DRC. DRC provides view-dependent data paging with the sup-port of the underlying DMC and or-ganizes the potential visible data at dif-ferent levels into rendering.     

网络环境下三维模型的多尺度数据组织方法

本文针对网络环境下海量三维模型数据的传输与可视化要求,探讨了三维模型数据多尺度组织方法.设计了基于点索引的三维模型几何数据结构,结合多尺度纹理表达,构建三维模型多尺度数据结构.在此基础上,基于四叉树结构构建分层分块的三维模型数据多尺度存储结构,从而适应三维模型数据的多尺度分块调度与传输,并通过实验验证该方法能根据三维场...     

多尺度时空数据的集成与对象进化模型

多尺度时空数据集成的根本目的是增加信息量.本文通过对时空对象变化过程的分析,指出对象进化的结果不仅是特征的变化,还包括机制的变化,其直接动力是对象行为,其根本原因是其内在机制,时空事件起着对象间信息通道的作用,据此提出对象进化模型,该模型可作为多尺度时空数据集成的结构性基础,在反映时空现象的演变过程,特别是异构演变过程,以及在这个过程中产生的因果关系的同时,还可以保留时空数据的不同时间尺度和空间尺度特点,从而达到增加时空数据库的信息量的目的.文中给出了该模型基于关系型数据库的一个结构示例.根据多空间尺度数据的特点,本文最后还提出了一个时空数据组织体系,用于指导数据访问过程.     

剖分网格下顾及用户兴趣的矢量地图多尺度表达方法

在海量空间数据的组织与表达方面,与传统的空间数据模型与方法相比,地球剖分网格表现出了极大的优势。鉴此,本文提出了一种剖分网格下顾及用户兴趣的矢量地图多尺度表达方法,首先利用大量POI数据构建空间兴趣场模型,描述用户对地理信息的兴趣的空间分布;然后对空间要素进行分类分级,确定其表达的尺度范围;运用GeoSOT剖分理论划分不同层次的剖分面片,建立剖分面片与尺度的对应关系,根据用户对剖分面片所在区域的兴趣度大小,表达不同详细程度的空间要素,实现基于用户兴趣的空间数据多尺度表达。实验表明,该方法能够满足用户由概略到详细、由重要到次要的空间认知需求,同时能够获得较好的多尺度表达效果。     

A virtual globe-based vector data model: quaternary quadrangle vector tile model

This study proposes a virtual globe-based vector data model named the quaternary quadrangle vector tile model (QQVTM) in order to better manage, visualize, and analyze massive amounts of global multi-scale vector data. The model integrates the quaternary quadrangle mesh (a discrete global grid system) and global image, terrain, and vector data. A QQVTM-based organization method is presented to organize global multi-scale vector data, including linear and polygonal vector data. In addition, tile-based reconstruction algorithms are designed to search and stitch the vector fragments scattered in tiles to reconstruct and store the entire vector geometries to support vector query and 3D analysis of global datasets. These organized vector data are in turn visualized and queried using a geometry-based approach. Our experimental results demonstrate that the QQVTM can satisfy the requirements for global vector data organization, visualization, and querying. Moreover, the QQVTM performs better than unorganized 2D vectors regarding rendering efficiency and better than the latitude–longitude-based approach regarding data redundancy.     

面向服务的分布式地学模型集成框架研究

通过对模型库、GIS与应用分析模型集成方式的探讨，结合未来以分布式资源共享为特征的系统构建模式，提出了面向服务的分布式地学模型集成框架。该框架通过将XML文档对象模型引入到模型定义中，统一了模型数据和功能的定义，基于COM技术实现了模型集成运行服务器和模型服务访问组件。模型服务器扩展了传统模型库的功能，为异构模型提供了集成和运行环境；服务访问组件实现了面向对象的服务访问接口，为应用系统开发提供了一致的集成模式。     

A Parallel Framework for Processing Massive Spatial Data with a Split–and–Merge Paradigm

Due to high data volume, massive spatial data requires considerable computing power for real‐time processing. Currently, high performance clusters are the only economically viable solution given the development of multicore technology and computer component cost reduction in recent years. Massive spatial data processing demands heavy I/O operations, however, and should be characterized as a data‐intensive application. Data‐intensive application parallelization strategies, such as decomposition, scheduling and load‐balance, are much different from that of traditional compute‐intensive applications. In this article we introduce a Split‐and‐Merge paradigm for spatial data processing and also propose a robust parallel framework in a cluster environment to support this paradigm. The Split‐and‐Merge paradigm efficiently exploits data parallelism for massive data processing. The proposed framework is based on the open‐source TORQUE project and hosted on a multicore‐enabled Linux cluster. A specific data‐aware scheduling algorithm was designed to exploit data sharing between tasks and decrease the data communication time. Two LiDAR point cloud algorithms, IDW interpolation and Delaunay triangulation, were implemented on the proposed framework to evaluate its efficiency and scalability. Experimental results demonstrate that the system provides efficient performance speedup.     

正二十面体球面菱形离散格网的编码模型及其映射方法

全球离散格网为全球尺度的空间数据组织与管理提供了基础环境,而全球离散格网的编码体系,则可屏蔽不同坐标参考框架下的坐标转换,减少空间分析的复杂度,有利于数据的多尺度表达和统一建模。相对于其他类型的全球离散格网,基于正二十面体所构建的球面菱形离散格网具有更均匀的几何性质,有利于球面空间数据的集成与表达。但基于正二十面体的球面菱形离散格网的初始菱形边线并不贴合经纬线,这导致相对于基于正八面体的球面菱形离散格网,其格网结构更为复杂。这对构建正二十面体球面菱形离散格网的层次编码模型和建立其与地理坐标间的映射关系转换带来了新的挑战。针对这一问题,本文基于Hilbert曲线构建了正二十面体球面菱形离散格网编码模型,并在此基础上设计了格网编码与地理坐标的相互转换方法。研究表明,利用球面菱形离散格网与平面规则格网的相似性,基于Hilbert曲线构建的正二十面体球面菱形离散格网编码模型能够隐式表达空间尺度与位置信息,且在地理坐标与格网编码转换方面兼具效率与精度,可以支持全球海量空间数据建模、集成管理以及各类空间分析。     

利用多尺度特征与深度网络对遥感影像进行场景分类

针对因样本量小而导致的遥感图像场景分类精度不高的问题,结合非下采样Contourlet变换(NSCT)、深度卷积神经网络(DCNN)和多核支持向量机(MKSVM),提出了一种基于多尺度深度卷积神经网络(MS-DCNN)的遥感图像场景分类方法。首先利用非下采样Contourlet变换方法对遥感图像多尺度分解,然后对分解后的高频子带和低频子带分别用DCNN训练得到了不同尺度的图像特征,最后采用MKSVM综合多尺度特征并实现遥感图像场景分类。对标准遥感图像分类数据集的试验结果表明,本算法能够结合低频和高频子带对不同类别场景的识别优势,对遥感图像场景取得较好的分类结果。     

第三次全国国土调查土地利用矢量数据栅格化方法

第三次全国国土调查县级土地利用图斑层包含利用类型、耕地类型、坡度等级、种植属性等多属性信息,将县级土地利用矢量数据集成栅格化形成全国无缝的多尺度、多专题栅格产品存在一定技术难度。本文针对第三次全国国土调查土地利用栅格产品应用需求,探讨了多属性综合编码、全国基础地理网格框架、栅格化产品数据模型、矢量栅格化等技术方法,建立了全国土地利用栅格产品生产流程,开展了全国多尺度、多专题土地利用栅格产品生产验证。结果表明:本文方法能够实现第三次全国国土调查土地利用矢量图斑多属性信息集成栅格化和全国多尺度、多专题土地利用栅格产品工程化生产,可为今后的国土调查土地利用栅格产品生产和共享应用提供支撑。     

遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验研究进展

地表蒸散发是连接土壤—植被—大气连续体的纽带,结合遥感技术估算地表蒸散发已成为获取区域乃至全球尺度时空连续地表蒸散发量的有效手段。由于遥感估算地表蒸散发容易受到地表空间异质性和近地层气象条件复杂性的影响,在模型机理与变量参数化方案、输入数据和时间尺度扩展等方面存在不确定性,影响了其准确度的提高和应用范围的拓展,因此需要开展真实性检验。本文综述了当前遥感估算地表蒸散发(包括植被蒸腾和土壤蒸发)真实性检验研究的相关成果,重点归纳并总结了应用于遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验的直接检验法和间接检法的主要原理、适用性和优缺点,在此基础上阐述了当前遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验研究所面临的挑战。分析表明：由于地表空间异质性的普遍存在,遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验研究在理论和方法方面还受到诸多挑战,今后应打破地表蒸散发遥感产品真实性检验局限在均匀地表的传统思路,发展非均匀地表遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验的理论框架,包括地表水热状况空间异质性的度量、非均匀地表验证场的优化布设、非均匀下垫面地表蒸散发的多尺度观测试验、卫星像元/区域尺度地表蒸散发相对真值的获取、验证过程中的不确定性分析以及遥感估算地表蒸散发的实证研究等,并构建一个多源、多尺度、多方法、多层次的真实性检验技术流程,以期把遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验作为突破口,提升相应遥感产品的应用水平,推动定量遥感科学的发展。     

WebGL在线动态地图服务框架设计

针对在线动态地图的交互性强、制图过程灵活、数据复杂多样、受众面广等特点及优势,本文基于WebGL技术设计了一种在线动态地图服务架构。该架构通过设计面向海量矢量数据的在线地图数据模型,定义在线地图切片的存储结构,并充分利用计算机硬件加速能力,实现了海量矢量切片数据的快速可视化和动态更新。为检验方法的可行性,利用该框架研发了某县的"多规合一"地理信息服务平台,结果表明,该框架提升了在线动态地图平台的实用性和操作性,为在线动态地图服务提供了可靠的理论和技术支撑。     

基于MVC的J2EE WebGIS数据库模型研究与实现

对J2EE(Java 2 Enterprise Edition)环境下几种WebGIS应用开发模式进行比较,分析各种模式的优缺点,重点研究基于MVC的设计模式,探讨WebGIS数据的组织,提出一种基于MVC的多层J2EE WebGIS数据库模型架构,应用该模型在Struts框架下实现了上海某区土地部门网络数据库业务系统,该系统不仅较好地支持了该区土地业务部门的业务管理,而且提供了WebGIS子系统,业务人员在进行与土地地理位置相关的业务处理时,能够图形与业务文件互见,大大提高了业务人员的工作效率,验证了提出的模型架构具有较好的可扩展性和易维护性。     

A computational framework for generalized moving windows and its application to landscape pattern analysis

Land cover products based on remotely sensed data are commonly investigated in terms of landscape composition and configuration; i.e. landscape pattern. Traditional landscape pattern indicators summarize an aspect of landscape pattern over the full study area. Increasingly, the advantages of representing the scale-specific spatial variation of landscape patterns as continuous surfaces are being recognized. However, technical and computational barriers hinder the uptake of this approach. This article reduces such barriers by introducing a computational framework for moving window analysis that separates the tasks of tallying pixels, patches and edges as a window moves over the map from the internal logic of landscape indicators. The framework is applied on data covering the UK and Ireland at 250 m resolution, evaluating a variety of indicators including mean patch size, edge density and Shannon diversity at window sizes ranging from 2.5 km to 80 km. The required computation time is in the order of seconds to minutes on a regular personal computer. The framework supports rapid development of indicators requiring little coding. The computational efficiency means that methods can be integrated in iterative computational tasks such as multi-scale analysis, optimization, sensitivity analysis and simulation modelling.     

A Hybrid Multi-scale Spatial Filtering and Minimum Spanning Forest for Spectral–Spatial Hyperspectral Image Classification

Integration of spatial and spectral information is an effective way in improving classification accuracy. In this article a new framework, based on multi-scale spatial weighted mean filtering (MSWMF) and minimum spanning forest, is proposed for the spectral–spatial classification of hyperspectral images. In the proposed framework, at first the image is smoothed by MSWMF and then the first eight principal components are extracted. Using support vector machine, at each scale of MSWMF, a classification map is produced in order to generate a marker map in the next step. Then, the minimum spanning forest is built on the marker map. Finally, in order to create a final classification map, all the classification maps of each scale are merged with a majority vote rule. The experimental results of the hyper-spectral images indicate that the suggested framework enhances the classification accuracy, in comparison with previously classification techniques. So, it is interesting for hyperspectral images classification.     

一种面向对象的4层空间数据模型

针对“空间数据是否要建立拓扑关系并在数据库中显式地存储记录”一直是G IS领域争论的问题,给出了解决方案:融合拓扑关系数据模型和面向实体数据模型,进而在分析和总结现有数据模型的基础上提出了一种面向对象的4层空间数据模型。对模型作了4个层次划分:几何对象、基本和复杂要素、分层与分区以及多尺度表达。模型具有3个特点,即多尺度描述地理空间;能描述不同要素层、不同区之间的关系;用户可根据实际情况自定义要素层拓扑关系。最后给出了模型在自主开发的地理数据库管理平台Geoinfo中的应用情况。     

空间信息全球惟一编码GeoID模型初探

为了解决由于不同数据模型中同一空间实体的编码不惟一而导致数据共享困难以及标识的静态性和无空间位置等问题,本文提出了基于全球剖分格网的空间信息全球惟一编码模型(GeoID),并设计了该编码模型的系统架构,试图实现全球连续的、多层次空间信息的惟一标识。通过对遥感影像中的空间实体进行了编码探讨,结果表明空间信息全球惟一编码模型将大大加快信息的查询与检索速度。     

Semi-automatic Process for Hybrid DTM Generalization based on Structural Elements Multi-analysis

Abstract

The generalization of digital terrain models (DTMs) is a tool of great potential for simultaneous cartographic and photogrammetry generation processes at different scales, the main object of which is to feed different geographic information systems (GIS). These GIS enable multi-scale analysis and visualization through different data bases. This research proposes a semi-automatic DTM generalization process conditioned by a series of predefined parameters resulting in the generation of hybrid DTMs at different scales starting from a single cloud of points obtained through large-scale massive data acquisition processes. The generalization results obtained, applied on different areas of different relief, offer specific application ranks for each parameter with great precision, in contrast with DTMs obtained directly in each scale.     

多尺度地表水动态模拟及应用

本文利用流水网模型分别基于多尺度地表模型建模和多尺度降雨源点模拟两种方式构建不同尺度的流水网模型,模拟从地表的任意降雨源点到河流出水口的水流路径,并通过曼宁公式计算任意时刻的流速和流量,从而实现多尺度地表水的动态模拟研究。通过与SWAT模型的对比试验表明,该模型的模拟精度有较大提高,Nash系数约提高了40%,相关系数和水量平衡系数也略有提高,较好地验证了该模型的可行性和有效性。     

A new geospatial overlay method for the analysis and visualization of spatial change patterns using object-oriented data modeling concepts

Traditional geographic information system (GIS)-overlay routines usually build on relatively simple data models. Topology is – if at all – calculated on the fly for very specific tasks only. If, for example, a change comparison is conducted between two or more polygon layers, the result leads mostly to a complete and also very complex from–to class intersection. A lot of additional processing steps need to be performed to arrive at aggregated and meaningful results. To overcome this problem a new, automated geospatial overlay method in a topologically enabled (multi-scale) framework is presented. The implementation works with polygon and raster layers and uses a multi-scale vector/raster data model developed in the object-based image analysis software eCognition (Trimble Geospatial Imaging, Munich, Germany). Advantages are the use of the software inherent topological relationships in an object-by-object comparison, addressing some of the basic concepts of object-oriented data modeling such as classification, generalization, and aggregation. Results can easily be aggregated to a change-detection layer; change dependencies and the definition of different change classes are interactively possible through the use of a class hierarchy and its inheritance (parent–child class relationships). Implementation is exemplarily shown for a change comparison of CORINE Land Cover data sets. The result is a flexible and transferable solution which is – if parameterized once – fully automated.