Numerical prediction methods for clock deviation based on two-way satellite time and frequency transfer data

Three functional models, polynomial, spectral analysis, and modified AR model, are studied and compared in fitting and predicting clock deviation based on the data sequence derived from two-way satellite time and frequency transfer. A robust equivalent weight is applied, which controls the significant influence of outlying observations. Some conclusions show that the prediction precision of robust estimation is better than that of LS. The prediction precision calculated from smoothed observations is higher than that calculated from sampling observations. As a count of the obvious period variations in the clock deviation sequence, the predicted values of polynomial model are implausible. The prediction precision of spectral analysis model is very low, but the principal periods can be determined. The prediction RMS of 6-hour extrapolation interval is Ins or so, when modified AR model is used.     

基于卫星双向时间频率传递进行钟差预报的方法研究

用多项式拟合、谱分析、改进的AR模型三种方法对由卫星双向时间频率传递得出的钟差时间序列进行了拟舍和预报分析。为了抵制钟差时间序列中异常值的影响，引入了“抗差等价权”，利用卫星双向时间频率传递得到的1d的钟差，按不问采样率、不同时间跨度进行计算分析。结果表明，抗差估计的预报精度明显高于最小二乘估计；平滑值的预报精度高于采样值；由于钟差时间序列中有明显的周期变化，多项式进行钟差预报的精度不可靠；用谱分析进行钟差预报的精度不高，但可以发现钟差时间序列中的主要周期变化；改进的AR模型预报精度最高，预报6h钟差的RMs在1ns左右。     

基于小波变换和神经网络的卫星钟差预报分析

目前IGS提供的实时钟差精度不够,事后精密钟差也有13d的延迟,有必要对钟差预报进行研究。文中利用小波神经网络模型进行钟差预报,首先利用小波对原始钟差序列进行分解、降噪,然后利用神经网络进行建模并预报,将得到的结果同灰色模型和二次多项式模型的结果进行对比分析,得出小波神经网络模型可以更好地进行钟差预报的结论。     

姿态模式切换期间QZSS卫星轨道及其钟差产品特性分析

导航卫星姿态控制模式切换对精密定轨解算得到的轨道和钟差均有较大影响。本文首先从理论上分析了卫星偏航姿态及其对精密定轨的影响,然后分别以卫星激光测距检核和钟差多项式拟合的方法对IGS MGEX分析中心的QZSS卫星轨道和钟差产品精度进行评价,最后以谱分析方法和改进阿伦方差揭示了卫星钟差的周期特性。基于2014年全年的QZSS卫星轨道和钟差产品的研究表明,一年内有两次长约20 d的地影季,太阳角呈现半年周期的波动;QZSS卫星在低太阳角时有零偏保护,其卫星轨道和钟差精度都与太阳角有显著相关性;卫星钟差具有与轨道周期相近的周期项,且周期项振幅与太阳角的大小也具有相关性,表明现有的定轨策略存在不足。考虑到QZSS与目前北斗星座中IGSO和MEO卫星姿态控制模式的相似性,该结论对于研究我国BDS姿态切换期间的精密定轨有一定参考价值。     

顾及卫星钟随机特性的抗差最小二乘配置钟差预报算法

为了更好地反映钟差特性并提高其预报精度,采用抗差最小二乘配置方法建立一种能够同时考虑星载原子钟物理特性、钟差周期性变化与随机性变化特点的钟差预报模型。首先使用附有周期项的二次多项式模型进行拟合提取卫星钟差的趋势项与周期项,然后针对剩余的随机项及其可能存在的粗差,采用抗差最小二乘配置的原理进行建模,其中最小二乘配置的协方差函数通过对比协方差拟合的方法并结合试验进行确定。使用IGS精密钟差数据进行预报试验,将本文方法与二次多项式模型、灰色模型进行对比,预报精度分别提高了0.457 ns和0.948 ns,而预报稳定性则分别提高了0.445 ns和1.233 ns,证明了本文方法能够更好地预报卫星钟差,同时说明本文的协方差函数确定方法的有效性。     

改进的多项式+周期项模型的卫星钟差预报

针对现有的超快速钟差产品IGU精度较低以及无法满足实时PPP技术的问题,提出了一种改进的多项式+周期项钟差预报模型。该模型采用多项式+周期项非线性函数对钟差数据进行滑动估计,结合迭代法对拟合模型的随机误差进行自然修正,以实现对卫星钟差的预报估计。通过与常见的多项式模型、灰色系统模型和多项式+周期项模型的对比分析,结果表明:改进的多项式+周期项模型更加适用于卫星钟差预报,在1天内,其预报精度RMS可以达到0.57 ns,最大偏离程度为1 ns,明显优于灰色系统模型和多项式+周期项模型;随着预报时间的增长,多项式模型、灰色系统模型和多项式+周期项模型的预报精度大幅降低,而改进的多项式+周期项模型没有大幅的变化,预报结果比较稳定。      

利用自适应TS-IPSO优化的灰色系统预报卫星钟差

在传统灰色系统预报模型的基础上,提出了一种自适应双子群改进粒子群算法（improved particle swarm optimization algorithm by two subgroups,TS-IPSO）和灰色系统相结合的预报模型。首先对钟差序列进行平滑性检验,对不满足平滑条件的序列作对数平滑处理;然后对灰色系统模型进行优化,为避免粒子群算法陷入局部最优,建立了主辅子群协同进化,惯性权重非线性递减机制。通过TS-IPSO优化发展灰数和内生控制灰数,增强了灰色系统模型的泛化能力。选取来自4种不同钟型的卫星钟差数据进行计算分析。结果表明,模型对6 h和24 h的预报精度和稳定性均优于传统模型,特别是对短期稳定性较差的铯钟,实现了6 h预报误差小于1.60 ns,24 h预报误差小于5.71 ns。     

An approach to GPS clock prediction for real-time PPP during outages of RTS stream

The international GNSS service (IGS) has been providing an open-access real-time service (RTS) since 2013, which allows users to carry out real-time precise point positioning (RT-PPP). As the availability of RTS products is vital for RT-PPP, a disruption in receiving RTS products will be a concern. Currently, the IGS Ultra-rapid (IGU) orbit is accurate enough to be used as an alternative orbit for RTS during RTS outages, while the precision of the IGU predicted clock offsets is far below that of the RTS clock product. The existing clock prediction methods based on received RTS clock data will not work well if the discontinuity arises shortly after the start of the RT-PPP processing due to the lack of RTS clock data to fit the prediction model or to predict clock offsets at a high precision. Even if there is a sufficient amount of RTS clock data available, saving large amounts of RTS clock data would also use processor memory. An alternate approach for GPS clock prediction is proposed. The prediction model, composed of linear polynomial and sinusoidal terms, is similar to those used by the precious methods. The main innovation is the determination of the model coefficients: coefficients of linear and sinusoidal terms are estimated with the epoch-differenced clock offsets from the IGU observed part, while the constant coefficient is computed with the latest RTS clock corrections. There is no need to save the received RTS clock corrections, and clock prediction can be carried out even with only one epoch of RTS data. Evaluation of the proposed method shows that the predicted clock offsets within a short period of prediction time, e.g., 5 min, are slightly worse than RTS clock data. Even when the predicted time reaches up to 1 h, the precision of the predicted clock offsets is still higher than that of IGU predicted clock offsets by about 50%.     

基于指数平滑法的GPS卫星钟差预报

提出了一种基于指数平滑法的GPS卫星钟差预报方法。该方法可采用少量数据建模,且计算过程简单、方便,尤其是在缺少相关历史数据或数据变化趋势不明显、不稳定的情况下,用该方法仍可取得较好的效果。通过与GPS卫星钟差预报中常用的二次多项式模型和灰色预测模型的对比分析,结果表明:指数平滑法适用于GPS卫星钟差的中、短期预报,其预报精度可达ns级;在利用小数据量建模的情况下,其预报效果优于二次多项式模型,与灰色模型的预报效果基本相当;该方法还可用于GPS卫星钟差的长期预报,其预报精度可达μs级,与灰色预测模型的精度相当。     

顾及周期项误差和起点偏差修正的北斗卫星钟差预报

根据北斗卫星导航系统星载原子钟自身的物理特性,采用武汉大学IGS数据中心发布的2016年1月1日至2016年11月1日共306天的事后钟差产品进行谱分析。分析结果表明:北斗卫星导航系统的3类卫星钟都存在一定的周期特性;其中GEO和IGSO卫星钟的主周期相对较为明显;GEO卫星钟的主周期依次为12、24、8和6h;IGSO的主周期为24、12、8和6h;而MEO的3个主周期为12.9、6.4和24h。依据各类原子钟的周期特性,同时对各天之间钟差的起始点偏差进行修正,并利用修正模型对北斗卫星钟差进行预报和精度分析。试验结果表明,改进的预报模型能显著提升北斗卫星的钟差预报精度,北斗卫星钟差24h、12h、6h的平均预报精度分别能达到6.55ns、3.17ns和1.76ns。     

Maintaining real-time precise point positioning during outages of orbit and clock corrections

The precise point positioning (PPP) is a popular positioning technique that is dependent on the use of precise orbits and clock corrections. One serious problem for real-time PPP applications such as natural hazard early warning systems and hydrographic surveying is when a sudden communication break takes place resulting in a discontinuity in receiving these orbit and clock corrections for a period that may extend from a few minutes to hours. A method is presented to maintain real-time PPP with 3D accuracy less than a decimeter when such a break takes place. We focus on the open-access International GNSS Service (IGS) real-time service (RTS) products and propose predicting the precise orbit and clock corrections as time series. For a short corrections outage of a few minutes, we predict the IGS-RTS orbits using a high-order polynomial, and for longer outages up to 3 h, the most recent IGS ultra-rapid orbits are used. The IGS-RTS clock corrections are predicted using a second-order polynomial and sinusoidal terms. The model parameters are estimated sequentially using a sliding time window such that they are available when needed. The prediction model of the clock correction is built based on the analysis of their properties, including their temporal behavior and stability. Evaluation of the proposed method in static and kinematic testing shows that positioning precision of less than 10 cm can be maintained for up to 2 h after the break. When PPP re-initialization is needed during the break, the solution convergence time increases; however, positioning precision remains less than a decimeter after convergence.     

利用BP神经网络改进电离层短期预报模型

电离层总电子含量TEC(Total Electron Content)是电离层的一个重要特征参数。对TEC的预报也已经成为电离层研究的一个热点。根据JS CORS中心提供的GPS观测数据,建立了区域实时多站多项式模型;并分别以模型计算得到的南京地区的电离层电子含量数据和苏州地区的电离层电子含量数据为样本,采用时间序列和BP神经网络融合模型进行了预报。结果表明,采用融合模型在短期预报中能够取得较好的效果,精度比时间序列模型提高20%左右。     

BDS星载原子钟长期性能分析

北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)于2012年底开始提供区域服务,进行BDS星载原子钟的长期性能分析,对于系统性能的评估、卫星钟差的确定与预报等具有重要的作用。本文基于3年的多星定轨联合解算的BDS精密卫星钟数据,利用改进的中位数方法进行数据预处理,分析了卫星钟差数据的特点,使用卫星钟差二次多项式拟合模型分析了卫星钟的相位、频率、频漂及钟差模型噪声的长期变化特性,根据频谱分析的方法分析了卫星钟差的周期特性,采用重叠哈达玛方差计算并讨论了卫星钟的频率稳定性。综合上述方法及其试验结果较为全面地分析和评估了BDS星载原子钟的长期性能,得到结论:在噪声特性和钟漂特性方面,MEO卫星钟的性能最好,其次是IGSO卫星钟,最差的是GEO卫星钟,所有卫星钟噪声水平和频漂的均值分别为0.677ns和1.922×10~(-18);多星定轨条件下的北斗卫星钟差存在显著的周期项,其主周期分别近似为对应卫星轨道周期的1/2倍或1倍;BDS星载原子钟频率稳定度的平均值为1.484×10~(-13)。     

基于GPS的多站实时时间传递算法

提出了一种基于GPS的多站实时时间传递算法,该算法将卫星钟差作为未知参数进行实时估计,利用测站间的共视卫星建立起各测站误差方程之间的联系,同时解算站间时间传递结果和卫星钟差。摆脱了对外部事后精密卫星钟差产品的依赖,不受卫星精密钟差产品精度和实时性的限制,只要站间有足够的共视卫星,即可实现时间传递。实验结果表明:该算法时间传递精度可以达到亚纳秒量级,能够应用于高精度实时时间传递。     

钟差预报模型的分析和比较

针对常用的几种钟差预报模型进行了研究,对其计算模型进行了详细的推导,并给出了模型参数的计算过程,以BLOCK IIR M卫星钟为例对几种钟差预报模型进行了比较分析,结果显示利用多项式模型、切比雪夫多项式模型进行预报时,随着采用的观测数据量的增大,无论短周期还是中、长周期预报,预报效果不一定会好,灰色系统模型只需要采用少量的观测数据来建模,减少了数据量,提高了建模速度,而且预报卫星钟差时精度有显著的提高,对于观测数据少,预报周期长的卫星具有明显优势。      

Improving prediction performance of GPS satellite clock bias based on wavelet neural network

As one of the IGS ultra-rapid predicted (IGU-P) products, the orbit precision has been remarkably improved since late 2007. However, because satellite atomic clocks in space show complicated time–frequency characteristics and are easily influenced by many external factors such as temperature and environment, the IGU-P clock products have not shown sufficient high-quality prediction performance. An improved prediction model is proposed in order to enhance the prediction performance of satellite clock bias (SCB) by employing a wavelet neural network (WNN) model based on the data characteristic of SCB. Specifically, two SCB values of adjacent epoch subtract each other to get the corresponding single difference sequence of SCB, and then, the sequence is preprocessed through using the preprocessing method designed for the single difference sequence. The subsequent step is to model the WNN based on the preprocessed sequence. After the WNN model is determined, the next single difference values at the back of the modeling sequence are predicted. Lastly, the predicted single difference values are restored to the corresponding predicted SCB values. The simulation results have shown that the proposed prediction principle based on the single difference sequence of SCB can make the WNN model simple in architecture and the predicting precision higher than that of the general SCB prediction modeling. The designed preprocessing method specific to the single difference of SCB is able to further improve the prediction performance of the WNN model by reducing the effect from outliers. The proposed SCB prediction model outperforms the IGU-P solutions at least on a daily basis. Specifically, the average prediction precisions for 6, 12 and 24 h based on the proposed model have improved by about 13.53, 31.56 and 49.46 % compared with the IGU-P clock products, and the corresponding average prediction stabilities for 12 and 24 h have increased by about 13.89 and 27.22 %, while the average prediction stability of 6 h is nearly equal.     

开窗分类因子抗差自适应序贯平差用于卫星钟差参数估计与预报

提出一种新的钟差算法--开窗分类因子抗差自适应序贯平差,即首先对一维钟差数据进行开窗处理,在窗口内利用抗差等价权削弱粗差影响,在窗口间构造自适应因子抵制钟跳异常,从而达到消除和削弱观测异常和状态异常的目的.针对不同星钟参数不符值描述不同的扰动特性,提出构造分类自适应因子来抵制钟差时间序列中的扰动异常.计算结果表明,新算...     

基于灰色系统模型的IGS精密钟差预报

钟差是精密单点定位中的重要误差源,IGS及其分析中心能够提供高精度卫星钟差改正信息,但其具有滞后性,一般要13d后才能获取。基于此,在讨论灰色系统建模的基础上,利用12d的IGS钟差文件进行GM(1,1)建模与预报,并将其结果与二次多项式的预报结果进行比较分析,同时对Rb钟和Cs钟的GM(1,1)模型预报效果进行讨论,得出一些有益的结论。     

卫星钟差预报的T-S模糊神经网络法

结合钟差数据的特点,提出了一种基于变化率的T-S模糊神经网络(TSFNN)钟差预报模型。首先计算相邻历元间钟差的变化率值并对其进行建模;然后利用TSFNN模型预报钟差变化率值,再将预报的变化率值还原,得到钟差预报值;最后,通过算例将本文所建模型与IGU-P产品、二次多项式模型(QP)及灰色模型(GM(1,1))进行试验对比。结果表明:在使用变化率方法后,TSFNN模型预报的精度和稳定性分别提高了69.8%和76.3%,而且与IGU-P钟差产品相比,预报的精度高出约10倍,同时模型预报的效果优于两种常用模型。因此,该模型可以实现卫星钟差较高精度的预报。     

卫星钟差单差的小波神网络预报

针对现有卫星钟差预报模型对非平稳过程预报的局限性,提出基于卫星钟差一次差值的小波神经网络预报模型。对在轨卫星钟差求取一次差值的基础上,运用小波神经网络模型预报GPS卫星钟差,同时与GM(1,1)模型预报的结果进行比较。得出BlockΠA Cs短期预报的精度能达到0.690ns,14d预报的精度最差时依然优于1ns;其余稳定性良好的卫星钟,一天预报的结果均要优于0.207ns,预报14d卫星钟差的平均精度优于0.183ns,部分卫星钟差预报精度可以达到0.050ns,预报得到的结果可以达到GPS对实时精密单点定位的要求。