紫色土的钾素形态转化

采用室内盆钵培养方法 ,研究侏罗纪蓬莱镇组 (J3P)、沙溪庙组 (J2 S)、遂宁组 (J3S)和白垩纪城墙岩群 (K1 C)紫色岩层发育土壤的钾素形态转化。结果表明 ,一年后 ,紫色土交换性钾增加 2 0mg.kg- 1 以上 ,非交换性钾增加 10 .5 8mg .kg- 1 ,结构钾减少了 31.5 6mg .kg- 1 。交换性钾、非交换性钾增加顺序分别为 :J3P >J3S >J2 S >K1 C及K1 C >J3P >J2 S >J3S ;结构钾降低的顺序为 :J3P >J3S >K1 C >J2 S。紫色土交换性钾、非交换性钾及结构钾互为消长有利于土壤源源不断地供给作物有效态钾素 ,一定程度弥补因作物带走的钾。     

Odd zonal harmonics in the geopotential, from analysis of 28 satellite orbits

Summary. The geopotential is usually expressed as an infinite series of spherical harmonics, and the odd zonal harmonics are the terms independent of longitude and antisymmetric about the equator: they define the 'pear-shape' effect. The coefficients J ₃, J ₅, J ₇, … of these harmonics have been evaluated by analysing the variations in eccentricity of 28 satellite orbits from near-equatorial to polar. Most of the orbits from our previous determination in 1974 are used again, but three new orbits are added, including two at inclinations between 62° and 63°, which have been specially observed for more than five years by the Hewitt cameras. With the help of the new orbits and revised theory, we have obtained sets of J -coefficients with standard deviations about 40 per cent lower than before. A 9-coefficient set is chosen as representative, and is as follows (all × 10⁹): J ₃=– 2530 ± 4, J ₅=–245 ± 5, J ₇=–336 ± 6, J ₉=–90 ± 7, J ₁₁= 159 ± 9, J ₁₃=–158 ± 15, J ₁₅=– 20 ± 15, J ₁₇=– 236 ± 14, J ₁₉=– 27 ± 19. With this set of values, the pear-shape asymmetry of the geoid (north polar minus south polar radius) amounts to 45.1 m instead of the previous 44.7 m. The accuracy of the longitude-averaged geoid profile is estimated as 50 cm, except at latitudes above 86°. The geoid profile and predicted amplitude of the oscillation in eccentricity are compared with those from other sources.     

Consequences of anthropogenic activity for two remote alpine lakes in NW Slovenia as tracked by sediment geochemistry

Several geological and geochemical parameters were determined in the sediments of the 5th (5 J) and 6th (6 J) Triglav Lakes, Julian Alps (NW Slovenia), in order to study the impact of natural catchment characteristics and anthropogenic activity. Fish were introduced into both lakes in 1991 and a mountain hut lies on the shore of 5 J. Sedimentary grain size (GS) was distinctly coarser in 5 J than 6 J, with arithmetic means ranging between 46 and 60 and 23–36 μm, respectively. In contrast, the mineralogical composition of the two sediments was similar. Calcite predominated strongly, comprising more than 77 % of total minerals, while dolomite and quartz were rare. Organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations were highest in surficial sediments, with levels of 14.4 and 1.8 %, and 19.3 and 2.4 % observed in 5 J and 6 J, respectively. C/N ratios (atomic) were lowest in the same surface sediments, with the two lakes characterized by similar values (9.6 vs. 9.4, respectively), suggesting a predominance of autochthonous organic matter (OM) in both lakes. Contemporary δ¹³C values were lower in 5 J (?21.0 ‰) than 6 J (?18.5 ‰) sediments. Considerable changes in these four parameters were observed in recently deposited material, reflecting a shift in the trophic status of both lakes that was likely induced by the introduction of fish. In addition, the smaller and shallower 6 J seemed to respond to changes faster than the larger and deeper 5 J, indicating the higher sensitivity of the former. δ¹⁵N values in surface sediments of 5 J and 6 J were ?2.9 and ?4.4 ‰, respectively, with levels increasing gradually with depth to approximately +1.0 ‰ in deeper sediments. The observed changes could most likely be attributed to the atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen. The mountain hut has seemingly not had a significant enough impact on the lakes to be recorded in their sediments.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
GEOGRAPHY, ITS SCOPE AND SPIRIT. By J. O. M. Broek
GEOGRAPHY AS HUMAN ECOLOGY: METHODOLOGY BY EXAMPLE. Edited by S. R. Eyre and G. R. J. Jones
A PREFACE TO ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY. By H. H. McCarty and J. B. Lindberg
A PROLOGUE TO POPULATION GEOGRAPHY. By W. Zelinsky     

盐度对北极海冰细菌生长的影响

从中国第二次北极科学考察采集的海冰样品中分离到8种细菌,研究了盐度对其生长的影响。结果表明,8株海冰细菌对盐度有着广泛的适应性,在盐度为30-90的范围内均可较快生长,其中菌株BJ2、BJ3和BJ7的盐耐受性较强。进一步的研究表明,BJ2、BJ3和BJ7在0-150 的盐度范围内均有不同程度的生长,盐度为0-30时,菌株的生长最快;盐度为180时,这三株菌株也均有短暂的生长。随着盐度的增加,三株菌株生长的延迟期增加,到达生长稳定期的时间也相应增加。温度对菌株BJ2、BJ3和BJ7的盐耐受性也有着一定的影响,随着温度的升高, 菌株的生长速度变慢,但盐耐受性有所增加。     

Reviews

WEATHER AND WEATHER MAPS. Edited by Gosta H. Liljequist
THE TIME OF DARKNESS. By R. J. Blong
BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS IN GEOGRAPHY REVISITED. Edited by Kevin R. Cox and Reginald G. Golledge
GOVERNMENT AND CAPITALISM: PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CHOICE IN TWENTIETH CENTURY AUSTRALIA. By N. G. Butlin, A. Barnard and J. J. Pincus.
CINDERELLAS OF THE EMPIRE. By Barrie Macdonald     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Allochthonous Terranes J. F. Dewey, I. G. Gass, G. B. Curry, N. B. W. Harris and A. M. C. Sengör.
Interior Cratonic Basins M. W. Leighton, D. R. Kolata, D. F. Oltz and, J. J. Eidel (eds)
Active Margin Basins K. T. Biddle (ed.)     

Reviews

The Knowledge Arena: Approaching agroforestry and competing knowledge systems - a challenge for agricultural extension. By P er H illbur .
Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture. By D. H eld .
Maps as Prints in the Italian Renaissance: Makers, Distributors and Consumers. By D avid W oodward .
Introduction to Geodesy: the History and Concepts of Modern Geodesy. By J ames R. S mith .
Framework for the World. By D avid R hind .
Maps and Mapping of Africa: a Resource Guide. By J ohn M cilwaine .
Maps and History: Constructing Images of the Past. By J eremy B lack .
Trading territories: mapping in the early modern world. By J erry B rotton .     

已建城市排水管网的排涝能力评估方法

以SWMM 模型为平台构建已建城市区域排涝模型,以广州市芳村高尔夫地块为研究区域,基于研究区域实测降雨、径流等资料对模型进行参数率定和验证,模拟在不同暴雨重现期下已建城市区域雨水管网的排涝能力。研究结果表明：该区域遭遇2 a 一遇暴雨时,J14、J15 和J31 等3 个排水节点出现积水;当遭遇5 a 一遇时,J15 片区和J31 节点出现较为严重的积水,其中J15 和J31 节点积水量分别达到1 674、546 m³;积水时间分别为0.5、0.4 h。针对研究区域排水管网排涝能力偏低的现状,建议结合LID（Low Impact Development）措施,削减暴雨洪峰流量,提高区域排涝能力。文章构建的已建城市排水管网排涝能力评估方法,可识别区域主要积水黑点及管道满流管段,提供了一种动态、定性和定量评估排水管网能力的方法。     

三种活跃火遥感产品(MODIS C6、VIIRS V1和VIIRS J1)一致性与差异性对比

MODIS C6、VIIRS V1和VIIRS J1是NASA火灾信息资源管理系统（FIRMS）2020年首次同步发布的三套全球活跃火遥感产品。鉴于卫星过赤道时间、空间分辨率、火情监测算法有别,分析MODIS和VIIRS不同活跃火产品监测结果一致性和差异性,对明确不同火产品的适用性至关重要。利用中南半岛同年活跃火矢量产品,通过GIS渔网（1 km）定量分析不同时间尺度（全年、旱/雨季和昼/夜）活跃火发生的频次与强度特征,横向对比了三套活跃火产品的一致性与差异。结果表明：① 中南半岛三套产品逐月发生频次一致性最高,逐日次之,逐时最低。全年“有火区”格网占比37.23%,其中VIIRS相应比重三倍于MODIS,且J1略高于V1。三套产品两两比较时,VIIRS V1/VIIRS J1组合总体一致性最高,VIIRS J1/MODIS C6组合一致性最低。② 三套产品旱季“有火区”占比、活跃火发生频次与强度均显著高于雨季,且VIIRS V1与J1活跃火发生强度空间分布一致性更高。旱季V1活跃火累积发生频次最高、发生强度更强;雨季J1相应频次最高,发生强度较强。③ 三套产品白天“有火区”占比、活跃火累积发生频次均高于夜间,发生强度空间分布一致性亦高于夜间,其中VIIRS V1与J1夜间一致性最高。且昼/夜V1活跃火累积发生频次和“有火区”占比均最高,但J1发生强度最强。④ VIIRS V1与J1监测精度更高,空间覆盖范围更广,且VIIRS V1更适用于旱季、白天和夜间活跃火相关研究,而VIIRS J1对雨季活跃火的探测水平更高,但MODIS C6的优势在于历史数据丰富。     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
THE MAKING OF RURAL AUSTRALIA. ENVIRONMENT, SOCIETY AND ECONOMY: GEOGRAPHICAL READINGS. Edited by J. M. Powell
URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL AUSTRALIA: READINGS IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. Edited by J. M. Powell     

Factors that contributed to recent eutrophication of two Slovenian mountain lakes

Increased eutrophication was recently observed in the 5th (5J) and 6th (6J) Triglav Lakes, two remote Slovenian mountain lakes. Sediment phosphorus (P) pools were analysed and potential external P sources affecting the lakes (atmospheric deposition, terrestrial export and nearby hut) evaluated, to assess the effects of internal and external changes on the lakes. A sequential extraction procedure was used to quantify five P fractions from the sediments: adsorbed (NH₄Cl–P), redox-sensitive (BD–P), aluminium- (NaOH–P) and calcium- (HCl–P) bound, and refractory organic (Res–P) P. Total phosphorus (TP) contents in surface sediment of 5J and 6J were 1430 and 641 µg P g^?1 dry weight sediment (dw), respectively. TP varied with depth in 5J sediments, but displayed no discernible pattern, whereas it decreased steadily downcore in 6J. Contents of all P forms were distinctly higher in 5J than 6J, but their rank order and relative abundances were similar in the two lakes. Res–P was the most abundant P fraction, followed by HCl–P. Together, the two P forms accounted for nearly 80 and 90% of TP in 5J and 6J sediments, respectively. BD–P and NaOH–P were less abundant, with each fraction accounting for 3 to 9% of TP, whereas NH₄Cl–P was least abundant. Atmospheric deposition and terrestrial export were substantial sources of P for the lakes. Delivery of the former was estimated to be at least 7.5 mg P m^?2 yr^?1 and the latter around 20 mg P m^?2 yr^?1. We concluded that P was not retained in the catchment effectively, likely because of only slightly acidic soil pH (5.9), relatively low aluminium content and high organic matter content (53%) in soils, resulting in higher vulnerability of the studied lakes to eutrophication. The mountain hut could also be a significant source of P for the lakes. Each year, it could potentially contribute ~12 kg of soluble P to the environment, but the true impact of the hut on lake trophic status remains unclear.     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: THE EVOLUTION OF POLYNESIAN CHIEFDOMS. Patrick Vinton Kirch. AN INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY OF JAPAN. Edited by K. Murata. THE NATURE OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By K. J. Gregory, Edward Arnold. SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY IN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE. Edited by J. Eyles. SILCON LANDSCAPES. Edited by P. Hall and A. Markusen. Allen and Unwin. GEOGRAPHY MATTERS! A READER. Edited by D. Massey and J. Allen. REGIONS IN QUESTION: SPACE, DEVELOPMENT THEORY AND REGIONAL POLICY, by C. Gore, Methuen. A GEOGRAPHICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR AMERICAN LIBRARIES. Edited by Chauncy D. Harris. DEVELOPMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS, RED OR GREEN ALTERNATIVES? By Michael Redclift, Methuen THE MAKING OF NEW ZEALAND: AN ECONOMIC HISTORY. By G. R. Hawke. GEOMORPHOLOGY. By R. J. Chorley, S. A. Schumm and D. E. Sugden.     

Review

Book reviewed in this article:
NASSELLA TUSSOCK ( Nassella trichotoma ): FIELD STUDIES AND THEIR AGRICULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE. By A. J. Healy
SOIL EROSION IN THE HIGH COUNTRY OF THE SOUTH ISLAND. By H. S. Gibbs, J. D. Raeside     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Geographic Software Reviewed in this article: THE DIFFUSION GAME . Christopher J. Lovelock and Charles B. Weinberg . MAPIT . Raymond J. Kalush , Jr . SIMODEL . Peter A. Williams and A. Stewart Fotheringham . WEATHER FRONTS . P. C. Moyer . WORLD DYNAMICS . Mark Lewis Baldwin     

RECENT PUBLICATIONS

Computer Programming for Spatial Problems. E. Bruce MacDougall. Quantitative Techniques in Geography: An Introduction. R. Hammond and P. S. Mc-Cullagh. Map Use: Reading, Analysis, and Interpretation. Phillip C. Muehrcke. The Food Crisis in Prehistory: Overpopulation and the Origins of Agriculture. Mark Nathan Cohen. (I) Contemporary Industrialization: Spatial Analysis and Regional Development. F. E. Ian Hamilton, editor. (II) Industrial Change: International Experience and Public Policy. F. E. Ian Hamilton, editor. Principles for Local hvironmental Management. P. G. Rowe, J. Mixon, B. A. Smith, J. B. Blackburn, G. L. Calaway, and J. L. Gevirtz. Ever the Land. R. L. Parson. Patterns of Disease & Hunger: A Study in Medical Geography. Andrew Learmonth. Environmental Systems. R. J. Bennett and R. J. Chorley. Science for Physical Cieographers. Donald A. Davidson. The PoliticaI Economy of Urban Transportation. James V. Cornehls and Delbert A. Taebel. Urbanization and Social Change in West Africa. Joseph Gugler and William G. Flanagan. Social Areas in Cities: Processes, Patterns and Problems. D. T. Herbert and R. J. Johnston, eds. Some Aspects of the Study and Teaching of Geography in the United States. R. H. Saveland and C. W. Pannell. Cities, Space, and Behavior: The Elements of Urban Geography. L. J. King and R. G. Golledge. Systems of Cities: Readings on Structure, Growth, and Policy. L. S. Bourne and J. W. Simmons, eds. Leaving London: Planned Mobility and the Inner City. Nicholas Deakin and Clare Ungerson.     

REVIEWS

T he I nterpretation of A erial P hotographs AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS: THEIR USE AND INTERPRETATION. By A. J. Eardley
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND THEIR APPLICATION. By H. T. U. Smith
THE USE OF AERIAL SURVEY IN FORESTRY AND AGRICULTURE. By J. W. B. Sisam     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The City in Cultural Context . John Agnew, John Mercer, David Sopher, eds. Soils and Geomorphology Peter W. Birkeland. Urbanization and Settlement Systems, International Perspectives . L. S. Bourne, R. Sinclair, and K. Dziewoński. eds. An Introduction to Urban Historical Geography . Harold Carter. Overshoot, The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change . William J. Catton, Jr. Rivers of the World . Eberhard Czaya. Jewish Communities in Frontier Societies: Argentina, Australia and South Africa . Daniel J. Elazar with Peter Medding. Color in Public Spaces: Toward a Communication-Based Theory of the Urban Built Environment. Kenneth E. Foote. Spatial Statistics and Models. Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, eds. Mega-Geomorphology. Rita Gardner and Helen Scoging, eds. Technological Change and Regional Development. Gillespie, ed. The Arid Lands: Their Use and Abuse. R. L. Heathcote. The Location of Industry in Britain. A. G. Hoare. Groundwater as a Geomorphic Agent . R. G. LaFleur, ed. Rural Public Services: International Comparisons. Richard E. Lonsdale and Gyorgy Enyedi, eds. Saving Water in a Desert City. William E. Martin, Helen M. Ingram, Nancy K. Laney, and Adrian H. Griffin. Water Resources: Distribution, Use and Management. John R. Mather. Transnationals and the Third World: The Struggle for Culture. Armand Mattelart. South Hadley, MA: USGS Digital Cartographic Data Standards. R. B. McEwen, R. E. Witmer, and B. S. Ramey, eds. The Ecosystem Concept in Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran, ed. Boulder, CO: Women, Men, and the International Division of Labor. June Nash and Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, eds. Nuclear Power: Assessing and Managing Hazardous Technology. Martin J. Pasqualetti and K. David Pijawka, eds. Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science 1815-1840. Elizabeth Chalmers Patterson. An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology. John Pethick. Late Quaternary Environments of the United States , Vol. 1, The Late Pleistocene. Stephen C. Porter, ed. Planning and Ecology. R. D. Roberts and T. M. Roberts, eds. Regionalism and the Pacific Northwest. William G. Robbins, Robert J. Frank, and Richard E. Ross, eds. Environment and Health. Anthony J. Rowland and Paul Cooper. Sunbelt/Snowbelt: Urban Development and Regional Restructuring. Larry Sawers and William K. Tabb, eds. The Bad Earth. Environmental Degradation in China. Vaclav Smil. Armonk, NY: Voyage into Substance: Art, Science, Nature, and the Illustrated Travel Account, 1760–1840. Barbara Maria Stafford. The Institute of British Geographers: The First Fifty Years. Robert W. Steel. Visions of the Past. Christopher Taylor and Richard Muir. Glacial Lake Agassiz. J. T. Teller and Lee Clayton, eds. The Tule Breakers: The Story of the California Dredge. John Thompson and Edward A. Dutra. The Balkan City 1400–1900. Nikolai Todorov. Explanation, Prediction and Planning: the Lowry model. Michael J. Webber. Mercedes Reales: Hispanic Land Grants of the Upper Rio Grande Region. Victor Westphall. The World Atlas of Revolutions. Andrew J. M. Wheatcroft. The West European City, A Social Geography. Paul White. Urban Elites and Mass Transportation. J. Allen Whitt. Princeton, NJ: Urban Life In Contemporary China. Martin King Whyte and William L. Parish. The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. David Wilson. London and Canberra: Rethinking Geographical Inquiry. J. David Wood, ed.     

RECENT PUBLICATIONS

Analytical Tools System Analysis in Geography. Richard Huggett . Multidimensional Spatial Data and Decision Analysis. Peter Nijkamp Behavioral Geography An lntroduction to Behavioural Geography. John R. Gold Cultural Geography and Ecology The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography. Terry Jordan and Lester Rowntree The Necessity for Ruins. J. B. Jackson Economic Geography Farmland, Food, and the Future. Max Schnepf Agricultural Growth in Japan, Taiwan, Korea, and the Philippines. Yujiro Hayami , Vernon W. Ruttan , and Herman M. Southwarth , eds. Planning Industrial Development. David F. Walker , ed. The Regional Theory of World Trade. Andreas Grotewald . Environmental Management and Resources Natural Hazards in Australia. R. L. Heathcote and B. G. Thom , eds. Marine and Shoreland Resources Management. Joseph M. Heikoff . Outdoor Recreation. Douglas M. Knudson Geography & Resource Analysis. Bruce Mitchell Historical Geography An Historical Geography of Europe 1500–1840. N. J. G. Pounds Human Geography (General) People, Pattern and Process: An Introduction to Human Geography. Keith Chapman Elements of Human Geography. Charles Whynne -Hammond Philosophy and Geographic Thought Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography Since 1945. R. J. Johnston The Medusa and the Snail, More Notes of a Biology Watcher. Lewis Thomas . Physical Geography An lntroduction to Climate. Glen T. Trewartha and Lyle H. Horn Process in Ceomorphology. C. Embleton and J. Thornes , eds. Geomorphological Processes. E. Derbyshire , K. J. Gregory , and J. R. Hails Political Geography Centre and Periphery: Spatial Variation in Politics. JEAN Gottmann , ed. Population and Migration Population Analysis in Geography. Robert Woods Regional Geography . South America. Arthur S. Morris Social Geography Landscapes of Fear. YI Fu Tuan Accessibility: The Rural Challenge. M. J. Moseley Teaching and Learning Curriculum Planning in Geography. Norman J. Graves Urban Geography and Settlements Interpreting the City: An Urban Geography. Truman A. Hartshorn Concepts and Techniques in Urban Analysis. Bola Ayeni Rural Communities: A Social Geography. G. J. Lewis     

RECENT PUBLICATIONS

REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY. African Survey. ALAN C. G. BEST and HARM J. DE BLIJ. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. The Earth in Profile: A Physical Geography. DAVID GREENLAND and HARM J. DE Buj. Physical Geography. JAMES S. GARDNER. Humid Landforms. IAN DOUGLAS. ENVIRONMENT AND MAN. Reconstruction Following Disaster. J. E. HAAS, R. W. KATES and M. BOWDEN (eds.). Reclamation and Use of Disturbed land in the Southwest. JOHN L. THOMAS (ed.). Human Ecology in the Tropics. J. P. GARLICK and R. W. J. KEAY (eds.). HUMAN GEOGRAPHY. Spatial Population Analysis. P. H. REES and A. G. WILSON. CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY. A Capital for Canada: Conflict and Compromise in the 19th Century. DAVID B. KNIGHT. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY. Domesday England, H. C. DARBY. Southern Africa (Studies in Historical Geography). ANTHONY J. CHRISTOPHER. Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge, Report Five, Northwest Cambridge. ARTHUR J. KRIM. URBAN GEOGRAPHY AND SETTLEMENT. Urbanization and Counter-Urbanization. BRIAN J. L. BERRY (ed.). The Suburban Environment: Sweden and the United States. DAVID POPENOE. ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY. Manufacturing: A Study of industrial Location. E. WILLARD MILLER. Ways to Move: The Geography of Networks and Accessibility. ROGER ROBINSON. Forecasting Transportation Impacts upon Land Use. PAUL F. WENDT (ed.). Oman: The Making of a Modern State. JOHN TOWNSEND. Gateway to Siberian Resources (The BAM). THEODORE SHABAD and VICTOR L. MOTE (eds.). Radical Agriculture. RICHARD MERRILL (ed.). Geography and Inequality. B. E. COATES, R. J. JOHNSTON and P. L. KNOX. Why Poor People Stay Poor: Urban Bias in World Development. MICHAEL LIPTON. REGIONAL AND URBAN PLANNING. Planning in Rural Environments. WILLIAM R. LASSEY. Rural Environmental Planning. F. O. SARGENT. Coastal Resources Management: Beyond Bureaucracy and the Market. ROBERT B. DITTON, JOHN L. SEYMOUR, GERALD C. SWANSON. Coastal Resources Management: Institutions and Programs. JOSEPH M. HEIKOFF. AIDS TO GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH. Computing for Geographers. JOHN A. DAWSON and DAVID J. UNWIN. Maps and Statistics. PETER LEWIS.