西沙群岛永乐环礁瀉湖沉积速率及地球化学特征

西沙群岛环礁海底沉积物的沉积速率及其地球化学特征是环礁沉积地貌环境演化研究的重要指标。为了探讨永乐环礁晚全新世以来沉积速率的变化和常量化学元素垂向分布与变化特征,我们在西沙群岛永乐环礁瀉湖内进行了详细的取样,开展了重力柱状样的AMS14 C同位素测年和沉积物地球化学分析。永乐环礁晚全新世海底沉积物沉积速率约0.778mm/a;根据沉积物常量地球化学含量测试,CaO含量最高,其次是MgO,其他元素含量均小于1%,可以将常量元素组分分为5类。CaCO3含量和MgO/Al2O3含量比值都非常高,说明本区沉积物的来源主要为生物成因,极少量来自其他物质输入;与晚全新世气候相比,总体上永乐环礁瀉湖沉积速率随SST增加而升高。     

南沙永暑礁表层珊瑚年代结构及其环境记录

南沙群岛永暑礁7个表层礁坪原生块状珊瑚的高精度TIMS U-Th和12个常规^14C测年结果表明,永暑礁表层礁坪形成于现代,与钻探研究结果吻合。全新世永暑礁系从约7300aBP开始,以现代礁坪面以下17m左右的晚更新世礁灰岩为基底连续发育至今,因此,与南海周边地区的珊瑚礁不同,南沙群岛珊瑚礁的表层块状珊瑚不能够提供全新世高海平面的证据。由于现代珊瑚礁的堆积速率大于地壳沉降速率,可能会形成更多的灰沙洲或灰沙岛。     

高原泥炭记录揭示的全新世季风快速变化

利用青藏高原东北缘的泥炭沉积记录,重建了该地区全新世冬、夏季风快速波动历史,清晰地识别出9次可与北大西洋浮冰碎屑事件及低纬海面降温事件相对比的气候干冷事件。总有机碳含量频谱分析揭示的1 428、512、2552、17 a气候准周期,表明中纬度地区百年至千年尺度气候韵律的存在,全新世气候快速变化具有全球性。     

赤道西太平洋末次盛冰期以来的浮游有孔虫氧碳稳定同位素记录

对西太平洋暖池核心区MD01—2386柱状样最上部5m进行了高分辨率的浮游有孔虫Globigerinoides ruber和Pulleniatina obliquiloculata的氧、碳稳定同位素分析,结合AMS^14C测年,研究表明其属于末次盛冰期-全新世的沉积。赤道西太平洋海区末次盛冰期以来δ^18O值显著降低,但有几次回返事件。表层浮游有孔虫G．ruber比次表层温跃层属种P．obliquiloculata对于环境变化的响应要快,但后者变化的幅度较大。这两个种的氧、碳同位素差值反映出温跃层深度自末次盛冰期以来逐渐加深,并存在周期性的回返事件,说明西太平洋暖池晚第四纪冰期旋回存在气候不稳定性。     

广西沿海全新世以来气候变化

本文根据孢粉分析，有孔虫氧同位素分析，历史记载及现代气温观测资料，综合资料广西沿海全新世以来的气候变化，经过研究，初步划分了本区全新世以来的７个气候期，在晚全新世内，进一步划分了７个气候亚期，早全新世，中全新的气候变化具有１５００－２０００ａ周期，晚全新世界的气候变化具有５００－１０００ａ周期，晚全新世中－晚期的气候变化具２００ａ周期，２００ａ来的气候变化呈冷，热交替出现，具有１０－２０ａ或３０－     

MIS3以来天山黄土沉积速率时空分布规律及其意义

风尘堆积沉积速率的变化对揭示大气环流与古气候变化具有重要意义。基于中亚东北部天山及其周边黄土剖面已有的释光和放射性14 C年代数据的分析筛选整理,初步获得了该区深海氧同位素MIS3以来黄土沉积速率的时空变化特征,并探讨了可能的原因。结果表明:(1)末次盛冰期(LGM)沉积速率总体上表现出天山西部低、伊犁盆地高的特征。这种空间变化特征可能与地形、大气环流以及伊犁盆地黄土的近源堆积有关。(2)LGM和MIS3b时期是MIS3阶段以来主要的粉尘沉积阶段。MIS3b时期沉积速率最高,LGM次之,而全新世沉积速率较低。MIS3b时期高的沉积速率可能与大规模的冰川发育有关。在全新世期间,中全新世的沉积速率相对较高,可能与中全新世气候湿润、地表捕获粉尘的能力强有关。     

珠江口盆地晚第四纪地层及环境初步研究

本文利用珠江口盆地四个工程钻井的古生物、古地磁、同位素及沉积物资料，对钻孔所揭露的地层进行划分，认为所钻遇的地层包括下更新统（上部）、中更新统、上更新统及全新统。依据古生物分异度及含量作出海平面变化曲线，识别出十个海侵期，利用钙质超微化石特征种的初现面和末现面资料，将本区海平面变化曲线与太平洋Ｖ＿（２８－２３９）氧同位素曲线对比，分析了本区晚第四纪以来的沉积环境和气候，认为早更新世晚期，中更新世中期，晚更新世早期及全新世本区气候温暖，沉积环境属陆架浅海环境。     

柴达木盆地尕海湖沉积物粒度特征及其古气候意义

以尕海湖DG02钻孔沉积物为研究对象,利用高分辨率的粒度数据,结合岩性、孢粉特征,分析其粒度特征及近11000aBP来的气候环境变化。研究发现,尕海湖沉积物记录了该区域湖泊水体逐渐上升又逐渐减少的过程,气候环境变化大致分为4个阶段:(1)冰消期晚期(11324～10290aBP)气候干旱,湖泊水位下降,面积收缩,水动力较强,沉积颗粒较粗;(2)早全新世(10290～8850aBP),气候转向湿润,湖泊水位上升,为浅水至深水的过渡阶段,颗粒由粗变细;(3)中全新世(8850～4400aBP),气候更加湿润,湖水水位达到最高,面积扩大,水动力达到最弱,沉积颗粒最细;(4)晚全新世(4400～200aBP),气候变干,湖泊强烈收缩,湖面下降,水动力达到最强,沉积颗粒最粗。尕海湖DG02钻孔沉积物粒度所记录的区域气候干湿变化及一些重要的干湿事件与国内外研究显示出较好的一致性。     

南海最近2 400年来的古海洋学变化与历史气候资料的比较

对南海南、北陆坡两个箱式柱状样中91个沉积物样品进行了高分辨率的稳定同位素和有机碳分析,获得最近2 400年以来上部海水温度和表层古生产力的记录,发现晚全新世南海的表层海水温度和温跃层呈现阶段性变化,且有小冰期等短期气候事件.有机碳分析南海北部近900年来古生产力呈上升趋势,南部则为下降趋势.结合历史气候变化,得到东亚古气候变化的海陆记录具有很好的可比性.频谱分析显示南海晚全新世温跃层具有～175、～210和～360 a等百年尺度的周期,与太阳活动周期一致,说明百年尺度的短期气候变化可能与太阳活动有关.     

云南宁蒗地区中全新世晚期气候变化的石笋记录

通过对云南宁蒗县永宁区仙人洞石笋进行α-U系测年和碳氧同位素分析,建立了4 500~2 000 aBP的古气候变化时间序列。研究结果表明,永宁地区在4 500~2 000 aBP间石笋记录的冷暖事件所反映出的气候变化,大致可分为6个气候阶段:4 500~4 000 aBP气候温暖干旱;4 000~3 400 aBP气候寒冷干旱,是中全新世晚期的一次重要的气候演变转折时期;3 400~3 100 aBP气候温暖湿润;3 100~2 650 aBP气候寒冷干旱;2 650~2 400aBP气候温暖湿润;2 400~2 000 aBP气候冷凉湿润。中全新世晚期以来,石笋记录的这些短时间尺度的气候事件,明显受中—低纬度太阳辐射强度以及北半球大气环流的影响,太阳辐射强度的变化是控制印度季风演变的主要动因。石笋记录揭示印度季风的快速推进或退出(萎缩)以及百年尺度上的气候波动是太阳辐射量变化造成的结果。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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