三峡水电工程船闸边坡位移反分析研究

为了确定有关岩体的弹性模量和重要初始应力分量，利用试验洞进行位移分析。在方法上发展了一种以三维有限元图谱和反分析相结合为基础的反演方法。实际应用表明，该法设计来说十分有用。     

昆明汇都国际基坑支护设计、施工与变形监测

通过理论计算值与实际监测值的对比，分析昆明汇都国际基坑支护地面沉降超差的原因，提出改进措施。     

清江水布垭水利枢纽地下厂房围岩变形特性研究

通过在水布垭水利枢纽地下厂房中进行变形试验,研究了厂房区岩体的变形特性,采用反分析法进行粘弹性反分析,反演出地应力、弹性模量及粘性参数,并与现场试验结果进行比较,对反算值进行评价。     

德兴铜矿大山村选矿厂东部场地岩体位移监测资料分析

本文以德兴铜矿厂东部场地岩体位移监测为背景，采用ＳＸ－２０型钻孔倾斜仪进行地下岩体水平位移的监测，利用两个水文年的监测资料分析，提出累计位移－深度曲线可划分为３种类型：１稳定型曲线；２基本稳定曲线；３不稳定型曲线。这对今后钻孔倾斜仪的资料整理与分析有一定的实用意义。     

链子崖危岩体相对位移监测温度效应

本文从实测资料分析预报需要角出发,提出了温度对岩体相对位移监测结果产生的异变影响和次生影响问题。分析了引起这些影响的原因,并提出了进行校正的具体方法,通过实例验证了校正效果。     

现场量测位移反分析法及在地下工程中的应用

现场量测位移的分析法是通过测量开挖硐室、隧道、井巷等地下工程的周边和围岩内的相对位移和绝对位移值来反推岩体的原始地应力场及岩体参力参数，利用线弹性有限元位移反析程序计算出某石棉矿区的初始地应力场值，并得出圈套的水平应力，这正是该矿地压严重显现原因之一。     

浅埋隧道开挖引起的土体水平位移分析

对于浅埋隧道开挖引起的土体位移规律很多学者进行了研究,但对于其水平位移规律的研究却不多。在总结比较现有3种地层沉降公式的基础上,结合其中一种地层沉降理论以及土体不可压缩的假设推导出了浅埋隧道上方土体的水平位移公式,使用该公式对相关文献中的实测数据以及有限元模拟结果进行了拟合对比,证明提出的公式能够较好地预测和描述浅埋隧道开挖引起的土体水平位移规律;另外,基于所推导的地层水平位移公式以及地层沉降理论公式,得出了该方法下的土体位移矢量角公式,并与O’Reilly 和New提出的方法进行了比较,所得结果与相关学者的研究结论一致,证明了该土体位移矢量公式的适用性。此研究成果可为相关实际工程中土体水平位移的计算和控制提供理论参考。     

岩体结构效应的综合反演分析

本文根据多点位移计现场测量的位移值，结合洞室开挖时一般性的变形规律和基本地质知识，探讨了反演推断洞室周围岩体结构的理论和方法，并且利用某一实际工程进行了验证。     

基于深部监测的滑坡动态特征分析

滑坡监测的目的是获取滑坡变形特征和演变过程。对于一些重要场地,判断其是否存在潜在滑坡时,深部位移监测是最直接和最有成效一种手段。通过在某厂房后坡两个监测断面设置5个深部位移监测孔,根据监测结果对滑坡体的范围、整体活动性、滑动方向、滑动面进行以及滑坡类型进行探讨和分析。监测结果表明:厂房后坡具有牵引式滑动特征,活动性明显; 坡体位移速度较大,雨季有加速变形的特征; 坡体前缘滑面已局部贯通,中、后部滑带也处于蠕动变形状态。     

轻量土-支挡结构联体模型在陡坡回填路基中的模拟应用研究

在陡坡上修筑回填路基过程中,由于普通回填土具有高压缩性、自重大等特点,用其作为回填路基会对陡坡稳定性带来较大不良影响。以深圳龙岗某公路边坡为实例,采用Abaqus软件对陡坡路基及挡土墙进行受力数值模拟计算,探究陡坡路基分别为回填轻量土及普通回填土两种工况下路基受力变形对其边坡土体及挡土墙稳定性的影响,分析比较其墙体应力-应变及位移变化。模拟结果表明,边坡的坡脚土层一与土层二交界处以及挡土墙与土体接触部位的土体,在普通回填土状态下,这两处土体出现破坏;而在轻量回填土状态下,其塑性应变区域没有贯穿整个滑动面;陡坡路基挡土墙在普通填土状态下最大应力为165kPa,其墙体位移为100.3mm,抗滑稳定系数与抗倾覆稳定系数分别为1.45和2.51;回填路基换填为轻量土体后,土体最大应力为133kPa,整体位移约减小了87mm,其抗滑稳定系数与抗倾覆稳定系数分别为1.64和3.01。通过两种工况下模拟结果的对比分析,表明轻量土应用在陡坡路基回填中,和常规填土相比,既可以提高斜坡安全性,也可以显著降低支挡结构压力,具有较高的工程应用价值。     

用现代地层学方法判别冈瓦纳大陆的北界

在深入研究1:100万“改则幅”和“日土幅”区调中大量原始资料和青藏高原生物地理区系与地壳演化的基础上,用现代地层学方法,重点研究羌塘地块和唐古拉地块的属性及冈瓦纳大陆的北界。笔者首先排除了推覆构造对建立古大陆边缘造山带原地岩系地层层序的严重干扰,对羌塘地块和唐古拉地块的地层层序进行了重建,提出了羌塘地块古大陆边缘现代地层学格架的演化模式。羌塘地块古大陆边缘有两个不同属性而又相互关联的地层体,现今呈一西一东的分布格局,向洋(古特提斯洋)一侧为以深水砂泥复理石和放射虫硅质岩为主的沉积组合类型,向陆一侧为以浅水碎屑、碳酸盐为主的沉积组合类型。从而证实了古特提斯洋存在一个向羌塘地块古大陆边缘倾斜的俯冲消减带。它导致羌塘地块古大陆边缘活化造山运动,并于中二叠世末期与唐古拉地块碰撞,形成晚海西褶皱带。探讨了不同时期不同地块骨骼同位素的演变特征及其成因解释。论述了羌塘地块生物地理区系的发生、发展、消亡与羌塘地块同冈瓦纳大陆分裂、向北漂移(导致新特提斯洋形成)及同唐古拉地块碰撞(导致古特提斯洋消亡)的板块活动关系。     

West Pacific and North Indian Ocean Seafloor and Their Ocean-Continent Connection Zones: Evolution and Debates

The Indian Ocean and the West Pacific Ocean and their ocean-continent connection zones are the core area of "the Belt and Road". Scientific and in-depth recognition to the natural environment, disaster distribution, resources, energy potential of “the Belt and Road” development, is the cut-in point of the current Earth science community to serve urgent national needs. This paper mainly discusses the following key tectonic problems in the West Pacific and North Indian oceans and their ocean-continent connection zones (OCCZs): 1. modern marine geodynamic problems related to the two oceans. Based on the research and development needs to the two oceans and the ocean-continent transition zones, this item includes the following questions. (1) Plate origin, growth, death and evolution in the two oceans, for example, 1) The initial origin and process of the triangle Pacific Plate including causes and difference of the Galapagos and West Shatsky microplates; 2) spatial and temporal process, present status and trends of the plates within the Paleo- or Present-day Pacific Ocean to the evolution of the East Asian Continental Domain; 3) origin and evolution of the Indian Ocean and assembly and dispersal of supercontinents. (2) Latest research progress and problems of mid-oceanic ridges: 1) the ridge-hot spot interaction and ridge accretion, how to think about the relationship between vertical accretion behavior of thousands years or tens of thousands years and lateral spreading of millions years at 0 Ma mid-oceanic ridges; 2) the difference of formation mechanisms between the back-arc basin extension and the normal mid-oceanic ridge spreading; 3) the differentials between ultra-slow dian Ocean and the rapid Pacific spreading, whether there are active and passive spreading, and a push force in the mid-oceanic ridge; 4) mid-oceanic ridge jumping and termination: causes of the intra-oceanic plate reorganization, termination, and spatial jumps; 5) interaction of mantle plume and mid-oceanic ridge. (3) On the intra-oceanic subduction and tectonics: 1) the origin of intra-oceanic arc and subduction, ridge subduction and slab window on continental margins, transform faults and transform-type continental margin; 2) causes of the large igneous provinces, oceanic plateaus and seamount chains. (4) The oceanic core complex and rheology of oceanic crust in the Indian Ocean. (5) Advances on the driving force within oceanic plates, including mantle convection, negative buoyancy, trench suction and mid-oceanic ridge push, is reviewed and discussed. 2. The ocean-continent connection zones near the two oceans, including: (1) Property of continental margin basement: the crusts of the Okinawa Trough, the Okhotsk Sea, and east of New Zealand are the continental crusts or oceanic crusts, and origin of micro-continent within the oceans; (2) the ocean-continent transition and coupling process, revealing from the comparison of the major events between the West Pacific Ocean seamount chains and the continental margins, mantle exhumation and the ocean-continent transition zones, causes of transform fault within back-arc basin, formation and subduction of transform-type continental margin; (3) strike-slip faulting between the West Pacific Ocean and the East Asian Continent and its temporal and spatial range and scale; (4) connection between deep and surface processes within the two ocean and their connection zones, namely the assembly among the Eurasian, Pacific and India-Australia plates and the related effect from the deep mantle, lithosphere, to crust and surface Earth system, and some related issues within the connection zones of the two oceans under the super-convergent background. 3. On the relationship, especially their present relations and evolutionary trends, between the Paleo- or Present-day Pacific plates and the Tethyan Belt, the Eurasian Plate or the plates within the Indian Ocean. At last, this paper makes a perspective of the related marine geology, ocean-continent connection zone and in-depth geology for the two oceans and one zone.     

The paleotectonic and paleogeography reconstructions of the Tarim Basin and its adjacent areas (NW China) during the late Early and Middle Paleozoic

Tarim Basin is the large, very complex, oil-bearing basin in China, surrounded by the Tianshan–Beishan, West Kunlun and Altyn Tagh mountain belts to the north, south, and southeast, respectively. Understanding the processes and evolution of this complex superimposed basin, especially with respect to the effects of single tectonic movements, is a difficult challenge, which concerns the tectonic and dynamic interrelationships between the basin and the orogenic belts during the different stages of the Paleozoic in the Paleo-Asian and Tethyan tectonic systems and for the evaluation of the resource potentials in Tarim Basin. In this study, we focused on 3-dimensional, basin-scale structural architecture and the properties of two regional unconformities that occur within the basin and its adjacent areas. Here, we outline the structural deformations underlying the unconformity, the structural architecture styles and the distributions of the unconformity, and the stratigraphic sequence and nature of the sedimentary rocks immediately overlying the unconformity. During the late Early and Middle Paleozoic tectonic movements, disconformities developed mainly in the northern and the central parts of the basin, and angular unconformities which beneath layers were monocline and faulted-fold deformations developed in the southern, or the southern and northern parts of the basin, respectively. Before the Silurian, the Low Hotian Uplift, the NE-trending faulted-folded belts of the Tangguzibas Depression and the southern Tazhong Uplift underwent intense deformation related to SE–NW-directed tectonic compression. In addition, the NE-trending faults in the Tangguzibas Depression developed during periods of activity on the South Altyn Tagh Fault. The structural deformation, as well as the depositional facies, formed in response to the subduction and closure of the South Altun Ocean and West Kunlun–Kudi Ocean, and the resulting collisional orogeny. Prior to deposition of Upper Devonian sediments, structural deformation and erosion occurred in two marginal parts of the basin. The extent and intensity of deformation on the NE-trending faults in the Tangguzibas Depression were also reduced, whereas the NE-trending folds developed in the Manjiaer Depression. The Tabei Uplift experienced uplift and deformation. The closure of the North Altun Ocean and the eastern part of the South Tianshan Ocean with south-subduction may be the main driving forces for the tectonic activity. Extensive areas in the northern and southern margins of the basin were uplifted and denudated by orogenic activity as a prelude to the molasse basin that developed in the early Late Devonian in the northeastern and southeastern parts of the basin. The structural architecture of the unconformities reveals the geometry and dynamics of the basin–orogen system in single tectonic movements.     

我国凹凸棒石黏土开发利用研究中实行循环经济的途径

针对我国凹凸棒石黏土开发利用现状、存在的主要问题和循环经济的要求,分析探讨了我国凹凸棒石黏土开发利用研究中实行循环经济的途径。结果表明,重视凹凸棒石黏土物化性能和有益有害元素的检测、表征与评价,实行绿色设计、清洁生产,提高科技含量,开发环境友好产品,加强和重视矿山综合性开采与资源的合理化利用技术、环境无害化技术、废弃物综合利用技术、矿山复垦生态环境技术等是实行循环经济的重要途径。     

Tectonic and Environmental Evolutions of the Northern Tibetan Plateau Prior to the Collision of India with Asia

Tectonic and environmental patterns and evolution of the present North Tibetan Plateau(NTP) prior to the India collision with Asia is significant to understand the formation of the Tibetan Plateau and its influence on the environment. In this study, we integrated and analyzed the tectonostratigraphy and the special sedimentary layers whose climatic implications are clear in the NTP. Additionally, we stressed the tectonic and environmental events and their evolutions from the Mesozoic to the Early Cenozoic. Our results show that four tectonic phases, which sequentially took place during the Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene, played an important role on the formation of the North Tibet. The climate was basically dry and hot from the Triassic to the Eocene and became dry and cool since the Oligocene in this region. The climatic evolution was characterized by a transition from a wet and hot phase during the Triassic- Middle Jurassic, to a dry and hot phase during the Late Jurassic- Eocene. Both phases encompassed 5 wet and hot periods followed by 5 dry and hot climate events, respectively. In addition, we found that the tectonic deformation and the climatic conditions were spatially and temporally different. In detail, in the regions north of the PaleoTian Shan and Paleo-Qilian Mts. the tectonic deformation and climatic condition were stronger and wetter than in regions south of the Paleo-Tian Shan and Paleo-Qilian Mts. during the Late Triassic – Jurassic. Whereas in the Cretaceous, the tectonic movement was intensive in the west but steady in the east, and climate was dry in the south but wet in the north of NTP. The formation of the tectonic and climatic patterns in NTP were the consequence of either global climate change or regional tectonics, including the Paleo-Asian Ocean closure and the Qiangtang block, Lhasa block and India plate collision subsequently to Asia. Furthermore, the regional tectonic events occurred before any global climate change and drove the climatic change in the NTP.     

北京平原区中更新世以来的孢粉组合及其古气候意义

通过对北京平原区3个孔（顺义高丽营GZK1孔、昌平马池口CHZK1孔及大兴DZK1孔）的孢粉资料进行研究和对比,分析了北京平原区中更新世以来的气候变化,并将其划分为8个阶段：第1阶段气候较寒冷干旱,第2阶段气候温暖湿润,第3阶段气候温凉较湿,第4阶段气候温暖较干旱,第5阶段气候较寒冷干旱,第6阶段气候特征为早期暖湿,晚期温凉干旱,第7阶段气候较寒冷干旱,第8阶段气候温和湿润。     

基于生态保护的宁夏天然绿洲生态需水研究

以适宜的生态目标与生态建设规模为目标,以水资源合理利用为核心,利用遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)等技术,研究了宁夏绿洲的生态演变和生态需水问题。在分析宁夏绿洲的生态意义、生态现状及流域水资源状况后,探讨了生态演变和生态需水的相关理论,提出了宁夏绿洲生态演变研究的总思路、绿洲生态需水的概念、界定绿洲可持续发展规模,对宁夏生态需水计算提出现状思路和方法。     

中国地球深部结构和深层动力过程与主体发展方向

地球深部结构、构造与大陆动力学研究在地球科学领域中占有重要地位。地球深既是资源、能源形成和演化的场所,又是地震灾害的策源地。它涉及了当今众多相邻学科的发展与成就,故对地球本体的认识在不断深化,特别是地球深部物质与能量的交换的深层动力过程。本文在阐述我国20世纪,主要是20世纪下半叶以来地球深部结构与构造研究主体成就的基础上,依据当今该领域在全球范围内的发展趋势,探讨了21世纪初、中吉的发展导向,并提出了某些战略重点。基于这样的前提,文中着重讨论了以下6个问题：①地球深部结构与大型动力学研究的意义、主题与目标;②地球物理深部地震探测揭示的地壳和上地幔的复杂性;③岩石圈内的大型滑脱构造和地震“孕育”的深部环境;④地球内部地震波传播速度分布与各向异性;⑤地球深部结构、构造与大陆动力学;⑥21世纪初,中叶地球深部与大陆动力学研究的发展战略重点。     

云南德钦日因卡滑坡孕灾背景及形成机理

云南德钦地区位于青藏高原南延部位横断山纵谷地带,多数村镇海拔在3000 m以上,地质构造复杂,岩体破碎,滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害频发、易发,属于"三区三州"内典型的高海拔贫困区。通过在该区域内开展地质灾害调查与监测,查明了高海拔贫困山区的地质灾害分布特征和成灾机理。以日因卡滑坡为例,采用"空-天-地"一体化技术,结合滑坡研究区的工程地质条件,现场调查分析滑坡潜在失稳机理与滑坡运动特征,围绕地质灾害调查评价、监测预警、应急防治等体系开展工作,得到几点认识：①滑坡失稳与地表降水、冰雪融水、冻融循环作用及切坡建房等人类工程活动密切相关;②根据滑坡变形特征,概化其孕灾失稳过程,即前缘局部滑动阶段→蠕滑-拉裂阶段→整体滑动阶段→铲刮覆盖阶段;③基于分析澜沧江流域滑坡灾害的发育特征,总结了此类滑坡的成灾模式,并针对性地提出了"三区三州"高海拔贫困区内地质灾害的防治措施和建议,为贫困区科学防灾减灾提供了技术支撑和科学依据,切实保障了贫困群众的生命财产安全。