舟山海域赤潮气象因子特征分析

根据舟山赤潮监控区监测资料,在海水富营养化和水文条件已经具备的条件下,气象条件变化是诱发赤潮重要的原因。分析表明,舟山海域赤潮的发生具有明显的气候特征和区域性气象条件,不同规模的赤潮发生前6d和发生后4d在气压、温度、湿度、降水量、日照、云量、蒸发量、风速、风向等方面有明显变化。并依此来判别赤潮发生的可能性,结果令人满意。     

Cobalt content in the shallow sea sediments

Cobalt contained in the sediments from Maizuru Bay and Wakasa Bay was determined by the atomic absorption method. Cobalt content in the surface layer of the bottom sediments averaged 15.2 and 6.7g/g dry matter in Maizuru Bay and in Wakasa Bay, respectively. The vertical distribution of cobalt was almost uniform in the column of bottom sediments. Geographically, the cobalt content in sediments tended to be inverse proportion to the distance from the coast in Wakasa Bay. Considering the distribution of cobalt, it is reasonably concluded that cobalt is not a limiting factor to the production of vitamin B₁₂ by microorganisms in these regions.     

Spectral evolution of surface waves in a deep sea due to the effect of wave-wave interactions

The wave-wave kinetic equation for surface gravity waves in a deep sea is solved numerically, using the Runge-Kutta technique. Spectral evolution of waves resulted only from their being non-linear, with no wave generation and decaying taking place. To perform computations the JONSWAP-type frequency spectra and a variety of angular wave spectra were used. The angular spectrum of waves turned out to be stable. The frequency spectrum differed from the JONSWAP spectrum in that it had a high-frequency part, which was not similar to the Phillips spectrum. The form of the high-frequency spectral slope was determined as a result of spectral evolution and proved to have the form of the ‘−6’ law. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

A numerical experiment of the M2 tide in the Yellow sea

Semi-diurnal tides in the Yellow Sea are calculated by integrating the shallow water wave equations with frictional and inertial terms.It is found that the results depend on the bottom friction. In the frictionless case the tidal range is unstably amplified because of the occurrence of resonance of the semi-diurnal tidal component in Inchon Bay. When the bottom friction is in the form of the square of velocity, the results agree fairly well with the observations.The following results are obtained. First, the tidal range is larger at the coast of the Korean Peninsula than at the China Coast. Second, resonance of the semi-diurnal tide occurs in Inchon Bay. Third, bottom friction is very important in the shallow ocean,i.e., when the bottom friction become large, the phase lag is retarded and the tidal range decreases.The amplitude and the phase lag calculated in this study agree well with the observations in the case of _b =_b ² V¦V¦, _b ²=0.0026, especially in the coast of the Korean Peninsula.     

不正规半日潮海区高(低)潮选取的探讨

高(低)潮是潮汐观测的重要要素,在防灾减灾中起到重要的作用.由于不正规半日潮海区在1个朔望月期间,当月赤纬较大时的1个太阴日内,第2次高潮很小,半日潮特征不显著,潮差较小,导致目前在不正规半日潮海区潮差较小时如何挑取高低潮存在不同观点.本文对不正规半日潮海区高低潮的选取,从理论和实测资料方面做了讨论,提出在不正规半日潮...     

浅海沉积物分类方法研讨

浅海沉积物分类方法已比较成熟,国内外目前普遍采用的是谢帕德分类和福克分类两种方案.然而,通过对大量调查数据分析发现,国内浅海沉积物分类定名方法和方式并不完全一致.结合前人的研究,文章对两种分类方案进行了评述,深入探讨了目前沉积物定名不统一的原因主要是由于分类方案引用不完整,缺少对含砾沉积物的分类以及分类手段多样,缺乏规...     

Two-dimensional analysis of the semidiurnal tide in some regions of the white sea

An improved method of two-dimensional kinematical structural analysis of tides (the “method of the orbits”) is presented. This method allows us to determine the parameters of the primary tidal waves shaping the observed tidal structure. The construction of the vertical orbits for the individual tidal harmonics is performed along the horizontal coordinate axes; one of them is oriented along the so-called “reactive azimuth,” which coincides with the direction of the tidal current at the instant of the zero tidal level. In this case, the orbit parameters include information on the amplitude-phase relations of the interfering waves and allow us to determine the angle of the waves crossing. The suggested method enables us to quantitatively describe the mechanism of the tidal formation with oblique interference both close to the shore and in the open sea. We tested the new method in two local zones of the White Sea (Morzhovets Island and in the vicinity of the entrance to Kandalaksha Gulf) where the presence of rotating semidiurnal tidal currents evidences the significant role of oblique interference of tidal waves. In these zones, the developed method made it possible to perform a detailed quantitative analysis of the local tide structure caused by the M₂ tidal wave, which plays the dominant role in the White Sea. The result describes the structure of the propagation of the primary tidal waves better than the field of “pure” energy fluxes that was used earlier.     

Vertical variations of the chlorophyll maximum during a red tide in a shallow lagoon

The results of eight sets of repeated observations on the vertical variations of the chlorophyll maximum layer in a shallow lagoon during a red tide show that these were more frequently hydrologically induced, rather than due to active vertical migrations of the red tide-forming organism. These results are discussed and compared to those existing in the literature, with special regard to the role of light and nitrogen in conditioning vertical migrations in red tide-forming dinoflagellates.     

Numerical study of the influence of Kuroshio Current on the thermocline in the sea area around Taiwan Island

1 INTsoDUcrIONTemperature is one of the most impoFtant essential factors of ocean, and its verticalstructure, especially the phenomenon ofthermocline, is concerned by military and manufacturepractices at all times. There are two classes of research methods for thermocIine, statisticmethod and numerical method. In recent years, more attention has been paid to the latterwhich becomes the primary development direction. Since Munk et al (1948) pot forward1-D model of thermocline at steady sta…     

考虑潮流影响的航道乘潮水位计算方法研究与应用

乘潮水位是沿海航道设计的重要参数之一,然而现有乘潮水位的计算方法只考虑了潮汐这一因素,往往忽视潮流因素。随着船舶大型化和航道建设条件复杂化,潮流也成为部分航道乘潮水位计算必须考虑的要素之一。在分析潮位、流速相关关系的基础上,基于乘潮水位计算的典型潮曲线法,提出了考虑"潮流窗口"后乘潮水位的计算方法,以舟山岛礁海域的鱼山10万吨级进港航道为例进行了实例分析,进一步说明了本方法的实用可行。     

Hydrogeological changes in coastal aquifers due to sea level rise

Global warming and climatic changes can lead to sea level rise (SLR) of dozens of cms over up-coming decades, along with groundwater permanent reserve losses (PRL). This study focuses on understanding the processes and estimating groundwater losses. A case study for such phenomena is Israel's Coastal aquifer. PRL estimation methodology is based upon a simple hydrogeological conceptual model. The results lead to estimation of two main components of an aquifer's PRL, and to key factors that can enhance or mitigate these losses. Such recommended measures as high-resolution topographic mapping and improved monitoring of sea level have been noted.     

2013年南沙群岛海域温跃层的季节变化及形成机理

利用调查数据及遥感数据揭示了2013年南沙群岛海域温跃层的季节变化特征,温跃层上界深度平均值春、夏、冬季基本一致,介于45~47 m之间,秋季最大,达60 m;温跃层厚度平均值夏、秋、冬季基本一致,介于85~87 m之间,春季相对较小,为78 m。温跃层强度平均值春、夏、秋、冬季几乎一致,介于0.13~0.15℃/m之间。调查海域温跃层上界深度季节变化的形成机理为:春季西深东浅的原因是西部受净热通量较小、大风速、负的风应力旋度以及中南半岛东部外海的中尺度暖涡和反气旋环流共同作用,东部近岸海域净热通量高值、风速相对较小及风应力旋度引起的Ekman抽吸效应共同控制;夏季深度分布较均匀的原因是10°N以北风致涡动混合强但受Ekman抽吸影响,10°N以南风致涡动混合弱但风应力旋度为负值;秋季深度较其他季节平均加深15 m的原因是南沙群岛海域被暖涡占据,暖涡引起的反气旋式环流使得温跃层上界深度被海水辐聚下压;冬季正的风应力旋度产生的Ekman抽吸和冷涡引起的气旋式环流共同作用,使得温跃层上界深度较秋季平均抬升15 m。     

The calculation of turbulent characteristics in a shallow sea

Turbulent characteristics and current velocity are calculated in the framework of a quasistationary model for a shallow sea, using the equations for Reynolds stress transport and for the rate of dissipation. The paper shows that the ‘negative viscosity’ effect manifests itself in the near-bottom layer, related to energy transfer from pulse motions of turbulent flow to the mean ones. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

Eddy viscosity and tidal cycles in a shallow sea

The very pronounced spring-neap tidal cycle in the South Australian Gulfs leads to an unusually large variation in the magnitude of the tidal currents. Measurements of the currents in these Gulfs show that the non-tidal circulation depends on the strength of the tidal currents and hence on the spring-neap cycle. A simple model is produced in which the vertical eddy viscosity is a function of both wind strength and tidal currents. Results from the model agree with the observations and suggest a means whereby variations in tidal mixing may be accounted for in hydrodynamic modelling of the circulation in shallow seas.     

Inferring the global mean sea level from a global tide gauge network

An attempt is made to infer the global mean sea level(GMSL) from a global tide gauge network and frame the problem in terms of the limitations of the network. The network,owing to its limited number of gauges and poor geographical distribution complicated further by unknown vertical land movements,is ill suited for measuring the GMSL. Yet it remains the only available source for deciphering the sea level rise over the last 100 a. The poor sampling characteristics of the tide gauge network have necessitated the usage of statistical inference. A linear optimal estimator based on the Gauss-Markov theorem seems well suited for the job. This still leaves a great deal of freedom in choosing the estimator. GMSL is poorly correlated with tide gauge measurements because the small uniform rise and fall of sea level are masked by the far larger regional signals. On the other hand,a regional mean sea level(RMSL) is much better correlated with the corresponding regional tide gauge measurements. Since the GMSL is simply the sum of RMSLs,the problem is transformed to one of estimating the RMSLs from regional tide gauge measurements. Specifically for the annual heating and cooling cycle,we separate the global ocean into 10-latitude bands and compute for each 10-latitude band the estimator that predicts its RMSL from tide gauges within. In the future,the statistical correlations are to be computed using satellite altimetry. However,as a first attempt,we have used numerical model outputs instead to isolate the problem so as not to get distracted by altimetry or tide gauge errors. That is,model outputs for sea level at tide gauge locations of the GLOSS network are taken as tide gauge measurements,and the RMSLs are computed from the model outputs. The results show an estimation error of approximately 2 mm versus an error of 2.7 cm if we simply average the tide gauge measurements to estimate the GMSL,caused by the much larger regional seasonal cycle and mesoscale variation plaguing the individual tide gauges. The numerical model,Los Alamos POP model Run 11 lasting 3 1/4 a,is one of the best eddy-resolving models and does a good job simulating the annual heating and cooling cycle,but it has no global or regional trend. Thus it has basically succeeded in estimating the seasonal cycle of the GMSL. This is still going to be the case even if we use the altimetry data because the RMSLs are dominated by the seasonal cycle in relatively short periods. For estimating the GMSL trend,longer records and low-pass filtering to isolate the statistical relations that are of interest. Here we have managed to avoid the much larger regional seasonal cycle plaguing individual tide gauges to get a fairly accurate estimate of the much smaller seasonal cycle in the GMSL so as to enhance the prospect of an accurate estimate of GMSL trend in short periods. One should reasonably expect to be able to do the same for longer periods during which tide gauges are plagued by much larger regional interannual(e. g.,ENSO events) and decadal sea level variations. In the future,with the availability of the satellite altimeter data,we could use the same approach adopted here to estimate the seasonal variations of GMSL and RMSL accurately and remove these seasonal variations accordingly so as to get a more accurate statistical inference between the tide gauge data and the RMSLs(therefore the GMSL) at periods longer than 1 a,i. e.,the long-term trend.     

浅海圆柱形人工岛结构地震响应

根据能量守恒原理导出计算人工岛自振频率的能量公式,浅海人工岛可按剪切型结构进行动力计算,动水压力和动土压力对结构振型参与系数的影响很小,可以忽略。地震时人工岛内回填土只有一部分有效质量参与地震响应,通过模型试验,高径比小于1/3的人工岛回填土有效质量系数在0.2左右。有效质量系数随土壤粘结力的增大而提高,随高径比的增大而增大。一般圆柱形人工岛结构的振型参与系数可采用1.2。     

江苏重点海域绿潮漂移扩散数值模拟

江苏海域是绿潮灾害的多发海域,本文利用MIKE3模型建立了江苏辐射沙洲重点海域三维水动力模型,并采用实测资料对模型进行验证和率定;在水动力模型的基础上建立绿潮漂移扩散模型,对江苏海域绿潮漂移路径进行了模拟并与卫星遥感监测的结果进行对比。对比结果表明,模型24 h和48 h模拟结果与卫星遥感图像分析结果较吻合,模型能为江苏海域绿潮的预警预报提供一定参考。     

龟山岛附近海域热液活动流体的来源

台湾东北部龟山岛附近热液活动区流体的来源较为复杂,判断流体来源同时探讨该地区岩浆活动的程度对于龟山岛热液活动研究具有至关重要的意义。通过测定热液流体中的元素浓度和氢氧同位素特征显示:热液流体的微量元素浓度总体上接近海水值,但是通过Mg浓度为0回推得出热液流体的端员组分较为简单,而且有低Cl-浓度的组分(如地下水)加入,所测定热液流体中海水特征是由于取样过程中海水混入所致,氢氧同位素的对应曲线表明热液流体与该地区海水的同位素特征值不一致,并且不是单一龟山岛上地下淡水来源。龟山岛附近热液流体在氢氧同位素值分布特征上与南胡安得富卡洋脊的深水热液活动流体较为一致。可以初步判断龟山岛附近热液活动流体来源主要由两部分组成:深部物质和龟山岛上的大气降水,深部的岩浆物质在上升过程中,发生相分离,分离相在继续上升的过程中遇到下渗的淡水,两者混合构成了热液流体的端员组分。因此龟山岛热液活动的出现是由于深部物质活动造成的,表明目前该地区地壳活动较为活跃。