ON THE PROCESS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER EAST ASIA

Using daily observational rainfall data covered 194 stations of China from 1961 to 1995 andNCEP model analyzed pentad precipitation data of global grid point from 1979 to 1997,thedistribution of onset date of rainy season over Asian area from spring to summer is studied in thispaper.The analyzed results show that there exist two stages of rainy season onset over East Asianregion from spring to summer rainy season onset accompanying subtropical monsoon and tropicalmonsoon respectively.The former rain belt is mainly formed by the convergence of cold air and therecurred southwesterly flow from western part of subtropical high and westerly flow from the so-called western trough of subtropical region occurring during winter to spring over South Asia.Thelatter is formed in the process of subtropical monsoon rain belt over inshore regions of South ChinaSea originally coming from south of Changjiang (Yangtze) River Basin advancing with northwardshift of subtropical high after the onset of tropical monsoon over South China Sea.The pre-floodrainy season over South China region then came into mature period and the second peak of rainfallappeared.Meiyu,the rainy season over Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin and North China thenformed consequently.The process of summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea in 1998is also discussed in this paper.It indicated that the monsoon during summer tropical monsoononset over South China Sea is the result of the westerly flow over middle part of South China Sea,which is from the new generated cyclone formed in north subtropical high entering into SouthChina Sea,converged with the tropical southwesterly flow recurred by the intensified cross-equatorial flow.     

DETERMINATION OF SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON ONSET AND EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON INDEX

Results of the definition of South China Sea summer monsoon onset date and East Asian summer monsoon index in recent years are summarized in this paper. And more questions to be resolved are introduced later.     

南海夏季风建立日期的确定和东亚夏季风强度指数的选取

对近几年来南海夏季风建立日期的确定和东亚夏季风强度指数的选取方面的研究成果进行比较全面的概述，并提出了有待进一步解决的问题。     

中国春季土壤湿度与东亚夏季风的关系

利用1981～2002年全国土壤湿度资料,利用相关分析发现东亚夏季风和河套地区及西南地区春季土壤湿度之间存在较大的正相关,利用这两个区域的春季土壤湿度定义了一个标准化春季土壤湿度指数（SMI）,结果发现：（1）SMI和东亚夏季风的强弱相关较好。高指数年东亚季风区低空西南夏季风气流和高层东风气流明显偏强,表明这一年夏季风偏强,低指数年则相反;（2）强SMI年,西太平洋副热带高压位置偏北,强度偏弱,西风扰动带偏北,有利于夏季风北推,不利于北方冷空气南下与之交汇,使得锋区偏北,位于华北、东北地区。弱SMI年则反之;（3）SMI能够较好地反映东部地区夏季降水,在强SMI年,长江流域降水明显偏少,而华北和河套地区的降水明显增多,而弱SMI年正好相反,这与东亚夏季风降水的环流形势也较为吻合（;4）SMI指数存在明显的4～6年和准2年的周期振荡,但其振幅和周期又有明显的周期变化。在对东亚夏季风强度的预报能力上,负的SMI对弱东亚夏季风的预报能力要强于正SMI对强东亚夏季风的预报能力。     

THE INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY OF EAST ASIA MONSOON AND ITS EFFECT ON THE RAINFALL OVER CHINA

1 INTRODUCTION It is known early on that the intensity of East Asia monsoon affects the climate change in China and prompts much research in this aspect[1, 2]. The research also shows that the East Asia monsoon plays a more important role than the Indian …     

A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPRING SOIL MOISTURE OVER CHINA AND EAST ASIA SUMMER MONSOON

The correlation analysis has been used to study the relationship between spring soil moisture over China and East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). It is shown that EASM has a strong positive correlation with spring soil moisture over southwest China and the Great Bend region of the Yellow River. A standard soil moisture index (SMI) has been defined using the observed soil moisture of the two regions. The results show that SMI has a strong correlation with EASM. The years of strong (weak) SMI are associated with stronger (weaker) summer monsoon circulation. In the years of strong SMI, the west Pacific subtropical high is much northward in position and weaker in intensity; the westerlies zone is also more to the north. All of these make EASM circulation move northward and cause the rainfall belt to relocate to North China and Northeast China. SMI can reflect the variation of the summer rainfall anomaly over eastern China. In the years of strong SMI, the rainfall belt is mainly located over the northem part of China.However, during the weak years, the summer rainfall belt is largely located over the mid- and lower- reaches of the Yangtze River. Additionally, the SMI has obvious oscillations of quasi 4-6 years and quasi 2 years. Moreover, negative SMI predicts EASM better than positive SMI.     

ON THE PROCESS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER EAST ASIA*

Using daily observational rainfall data covered 194 stations of China from 1961 to 1995 and NCEP model analyzed pentad precipitation data of global grid point from 1979 to 1997,the distribution of onset date of rainy season over Asian area from spring to summer is studied in this paper.The analyzed results show that there exist two stages of rainy season onset over East Asian region from spring to summer rainy season onset accompanying subtropical monsoon and tropical monsoon respectively.The former rain belt is mainly formed by the convergence of cold air and the recurred southwesterly flow from western part of subtropical high and westerly flow from the so-called western trough of subtropical region occurring during winter to spring over South Asia.The latter is formed in the process of subtropical monsoon rain belt over inshore regions of South China Sea originally coming from south of Changjiang (Yangtze) River Basin advancing with northward shift of subtropical high after the onset of tropical monsoon over South China Sea.The pre-flood rainy season over South China region then came into mature period and the second peak of rainfall appeared.Meiyu,the rainy season over Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin and North China then formed consequently.The process of summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea in 1998 is also discussed in this paper.It indicated that the monsoon during summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea is the result of the westerly flow over middle part of South China Sea,which is from the new generated cyclone formed in north subtropical high entering into South China Sea,converged with the tropical southwesterly flow recurred by the intensified cross-equatorial flow.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF MIDDLE EAST JET STREAM DURING SEASONAL TRANSITION AND ITS RELATION WITH INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON ONSET?

By using the NCEP/NCAR pentad reanalysis data from 1968 to 2009, the variation characteristics of Middle East jet stream(MEJS) and its thermal mechanism during seasonal transition are studied. Results show that the intensity and south-north location of MEJS center exhibit obvious seasonal variation characteristics. When MEJS is strong, it is at 27.5°N from the 67 th pentad to the 24 th pentad the following year; when MEJS is weak, it is at 45°N from the 38 th pentad to the 44 th pentad. The first Empirical Orthogonal Function(EOF) mode of 200-hPa zonal wind field shows that MEJS is mainly over Egypt and Saudi Arabia in winter and over the eastern Black Sea and the eastern Aral Sea in summer. MEJS intensity markedly weakens in summer in comparison with that in winter. The 26th-31 st pentad is the spring-summer transition of MEJS, and the 54th-61 st pentad the autumn-winter transition. During the two seasonal transitions, the temporal variations of the 500-200 hPa south-north temperature difference(SNTD) well match with 200-hPa zonal wind velocity, indicating that the former leads to the latter following the principle of thermal wind. A case analysis shows that there is a close relation between the onset date of Indian summer monsoon and the transition date of MEJS seasonal transition. When the outbreak date of Indian summer monsoon is earlier than normal, MEJS moves northward earlier because the larger SNTD between 500-200 hPa moves northward earlier, with the westerly jet in the lower troposphere over 40°-90°E appearing earlier than normal, and vice versa.     

夏季北大西洋涛动与我国天气气候的关系

利用1873-1995年北半球月平均海平面气压（SLP）资料，计算了夏季北大西洋涛动指数（NAOI）。通过NAOI与我国降水、气温和北半球球流5的相关计算以及强、弱小涛动年北半球环流异常的合成分析，发现，夏季强NAOI年，副高偏强，我国西南地区降水偏少，易出现一类和二类雨型；我国大部分地区气温明显偏高，此外，还研究了多时间尺度上，NAOI与东亚夏季风的关系，结果表明，夏季NAOI与东亚夏季风在年际、年代际、基本态尺度上都存在显著相关，强NAOI年，对应是强东亚夏季风特征，当NAOI处高（低）基本态时，夏季风处于高（低）基本态。     

东亚季风El Niño与中国松辽平原夏季低温关系初探

分析了１９５１～１９９５年东亚夏季风、ＥｌＮｉｎｏ与中国松辽平原的代表站长春站夏季农作物生长期（５～９月）气温关系,结果表明：２０世纪５０～７０年代,东亚夏季风偏弱,ＥｌＮｉｎｏ增温始于上半年,长春夏季多气温偏低或有低温冷害发生;１９８０～１９９５年,东亚夏季风偏强,即使ＥｌＮｉｎｏ增温始于上半年,当年长春夏季气温多为稍高到偏高,次年夏季气温稍低,但不致出现偏低和低温冷害。初步分析了典型ＥｌＮｉｎｏ年ＯＬＲ季内振荡特征,研究了ＥｌＮｉｎｏ,ＯＬＲ季内振荡、东亚夏季和冬季风对松辽平原夏季低温影响的某些成因。     

南海季风爆发的年代际转折与东亚副热带夏季降水的关系

利用1979—2016年NCEP再分析资料, 分析了南海季风爆发的年代际转折与东亚副热带夏季降水的关系。结果表明:南海夏季风爆发时间在1993/1994年出现年代际转变, 1979—1993年爆发时间相对偏晚, 夏季华南降水偏少, 长江中下游至日本南部降水偏多; 1994—2016年爆发时间偏早, 夏季华南降水偏多, 长江中下游到日本南部降水偏少。南海季风爆发时间年代际转折与夏季东亚副热带降水关系可能受到菲律宾越赤道气流强度的调控, 季风爆发时间与菲律宾越赤道气流有显著正相关, 且均在1993/1994年间存在年代际转变。在1994—2016(1979—1993)年南海夏季风爆发偏早(晚), 菲律宾越赤道气流偏弱(强), 澳大利亚北部有偏北(南)风异常, 将暖池的热量往赤道输送, 使得赤道对流增强(减弱), 产生异常上升(下沉)运动汇入Hadley环流上升支, 增强(减弱)的Hadley环流导致下沉主体偏北(南), 促使副高脊线偏北(南), 从西北太平洋(孟加拉湾)往华南地区(江淮到日本南部)输送水汽增强, 所以华南(江淮到日本南部)夏季降水偏多。      

THE EARLY SUMMER FLOOD PERIODS OF SOUTHERN CHINA AND THE SUMMER MONSOON CIRCULATION OF EAST ASIA

Based on the thermodynamic characteristics of the summer monsoon and foe change of the lower layer wind fields, the relation between the early summer flood periods of southern China, Including the first flood period of South China and the plum rains period of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the activities of the summer monsoon is analysed.The establishment processes of the summer monsoon circulation of East Asia are investigated.It is shown that the beginning and ending of the flood periods are exactly in accordance with the arrival and departure of the fore boundary of the summer monsoon.The establishment process of the circulation from the very beginning of the arrival of the monsoon to the time of great prosperity of development are not the same for each year.They can be classified into four categories.Each category may have four or three stages.Besides, the structure of the summer monsoon regime of East Asia is not unitary.There exist four types of structure model of the monsoon regime of East Asia.     

东亚夏季风南北进退的年代际变化对我国区域降水的影响

利用1958-2001年的中国740站逐日降水资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF) ERA40再分析资料,综合动力因子和热力因子定义了东亚夏季风指数,并利用该指数的变化定义了东亚夏季风前沿,客观、详尽地描述了季风的移动特征.结果表明,在1958-2001年期间,东亚夏季风活动在1965、1980和1994年出现3次明显转变.1958-1964年东亚夏季风前沿在华南和华北地区停留时间异常偏长,而在长江中下游地区停留时间异常偏短；1965-1979年季风前沿在华南和黄河下游地区停留时间稍长；1980-1993年季风前沿集中在长江中下游地区时间异常偏长,而在华北地区停留时间异常偏短；1994-2001年东亚夏季风在长江以南停留时间偏长,从而导致了我国东部区域降水的异常分布、旱涝灾害频繁发生.     

关于确定东亚夏季风强度指数的探讨

文中利用作者曾定义的东亚夏季风在中国东北地区 (12 2 .5°E ,4 0°N)的建立标准 ,根据相同的方法 ,分别计算了沿 112 .5 ,117.5 ,和 12 2 .5°E上 ,2 0°N及以北每隔 5个纬度东亚夏季风建立、持续和撤退时间 (候 ) ,将某年持续和多年平均持续候数相比的标准化值 ,定义为一种沿某一经圈上某一纬度的东亚夏季风强度指数ISMΦ,还分析了该指数与中国夏季降水量场和 5 0 0hPa高度场的相关。结果表明 :(1)沿 117.5°E经度上 ,东亚夏季风在 2 0 ,2 5 ,30 ,35 ,和 4 0°N建立的平均日期分别为 2 7.2 6 ,2 8.5 4 ,34.4 3,37.12和 37.6 5 (候 ) ,撤退平均日期分别为 5 4 .4 4 ,5 3.6 9,5 1.85 ,4 8和 4 6 .76 (候 ) ,其中 117.5°E ,2 0°N代表南海的中北部 ,文中确定的该区夏季风建立、撤退日期分别为 2 7.2 6 (候 )和 5 4 .4 4 (候 ) ,与国内学者公认的 5月 4候 (2 8候 )和 10月 1候 (5 5候 )相当吻合 ;(2 )沿 112 .5°E、117.5°E和12 2 .5°E的同一纬度上 ,东亚夏季风建立的平均日期并不相同 ,西边先于东边建立 ,每隔 5个经度 ,相差约 1～ 2候 ,而撤退的平均日期 (30°N及以北 )分布则相反 ,东边先撤退 ;(3)沿 117.5°E ,30°N和 35°N的ISMΦ和沿 12 2 .5°E ,4 0°N的ISMΦ均与中国华北和东北地区大部 7～     

HIRS-Tb12揭示的亚洲夏季风建立的气候学特征及与华东旱涝

HIRS－Tb12资料和常规资料对比分析表明：南、北半球副热带高压区域具有不同的温度、湿度和垂直运动的结构特征，HIRS－Tb12资料能很好地表征出这些特征。当南海地区、阿拉伯海地区高压迅速减弱，且HIRS－Tb12小于200W/m^2时，分别对应于南海季风、阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾季风爆发。华东地区显著干旱年和显著雨涝年两半球副热带高压下沉区演变趋势具有显著的差异。     

THE ANALYSIS OF MECHANISM OF IMPACT OF AEROSOLS ON EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON INDEX AND ONSET

RegCM4.3, a high-resolution regional climate model, which includes five kinds of aerosols(dust, sea salt,sulfate, black carbon and organic carbon), is employed to simulate the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) from 1995 to 2010 and the simulation data are used to study the possible impact of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on EASM.The results show that the regional climate model can well simulate the EASM and the spatial and temporal distribution of aerosols. The EASM index is reduced by about 5% by the natural and anthropogenic aerosols and the monsoon onset time is also delayed by about a pentad except for Southeast China. The aerosols heat the middle atmosphere through absorbing solar radiation and the air column expands in Southeast China and its offshore areas. As a result, the geopotential height decreases and a cyclonic circulation anomaly is generated in the lower atmosphere. Northerly wind located in the west of cyclonic circulation weakens the low-level southerly wind in the EASM region. Negative surface radiative forcing due to aerosols causes downward motion and an indirect meridional circulation is formed with the low-level northerly wind and high-level southerly wind anomaly in the north of 25° N in the monsoon area, which weakens the vertical circulation of EASM. The summer precipitation of the monsoon region is significantly reduced,especially in North and Southwest China where the value of moisture flux divergence increases.     

我国南方初夏汛期和东亚夏季风环流

主要根据低层夏季风热力学性质与流场演变特点深入讨论我国南方初夏汛期包括华南前汛期和长江中下游梅雨期同夏季风活动的联系，分析了东亚夏季风环流建立过程的阶段性和类型，指出汛期的开始与结束同夏季风前沿位置变动一致。我国夏季风从开始到发展鼎盛时期低纬大气环流的演变过程各年不完全相同，主要可归纳为４类，每类包括４个或３个不同阶段，从而可认识到东亚夏季风体系结构的非单一性，它可有４种结构模型，即仅是东南季风Ｐ的单气流型、强东南季风Ｐ与弱西南季风Ａ的双气流型、强东南季风Ｐ和弱西南季风Ｍ的双气流型、强东南季风Ｐ和强（或弱）西南季风Ｍ以及弱西南季风Ａ的３气流型。     

利用大尺度环流确定2006年南海夏季风爆发日期

南海夏季风爆发最显著的特征就是南海地区西南风的突然增强和降水的明显增多,往往采用南海地区低层平均风场和(或)对流强度来判别南海夏季风的爆发日期。这种方法在大多数的年份是适用的,但是2006年由于0601号台风“珍珠”的介入,利用南海地区的区域指标来确定南海夏季风的爆发日期就略显不足。要解决以上的问题,必须从更大尺度上去想办法。利用经圈和纬圈环流可以较好地确定2006年南海夏季风的爆发日期。分析结果表明2006年南海夏季风爆发于5月16日(第4候)。     

亚洲夏季风建立格局和南海季风爆发特征及其成因初探

使用１９８０￣１９８６年欧洲中期预报中心（ＥＣＭＷＦ）格点资料和１９８０￣１９９２年日本地球静止气象卫星（ＧＭＳ）观测到的黑体辐射（ＴＢＢ）资料，分析了南海季风爆发和亚洲夏季风建立格局及其可能机制。发现亚洲夏季风建立征兆最早出现在中南半岛－南海地区，随后自该地区分别向西、向东扩展；中南半岛地区是东亚季风和印度季风的天然分界线，其两侧夏季风的建立特征和形成机制迥然不同。亚洲夏季风自东向西逐渐建立的格     

IMPACT OF ENSO ON VARIABILITY OF SUMMER MONSOON OVER ASIA AND SUMMER RAINFALL IN CHINA

In this paper, the variability of the Asian summer monsoon circulation during the ENSO period is diagnostically analyzed. Evidence suggests that every member of the Asian summer monsoon system change in varying degrees, even, oppositely, during El Nino and La Nina events. Then, the basis of the summer rainfall in east China analyzed using EOF, both region and extent of impact of the eastern tropical Pacific SSTA on the summer rainfall in East China are analyzed. This impact is closely related with development phase of the ENSO cycle, being most notable in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze and south of China.