平移分形分析和预测月平均海面水温

本文给出平移分形的概念，即对某一区段内的数据点的ｒ坐标进行平移处理，使这些数据点位于双对数坐标上的一条直线上。应用平移分形分析了西北太平洋３０°Ｎ、１２５°Ｅ坐标点的月平均海面水温资料，并根据该点某年４－８月的月平均海面水温预测该点该年９－１２月的月平均海面水温。     

海面水温与台风关系的分形分析

本文用分形方法分析了西北太平洋５３个坐标点１９４９－１９７５年多年逐月平均海面水温资料，结果表明西北太平洋逐月平均海面水温呈分形分布，而且其分维数Ｄ与台风总数有关，即Ｄ值高的月份台风总数也多。     

南海北部海面水温场的分析

本文根据南海北部10～26年的月平均海面水温资料,对108°～123°E,18°～26°N范围内的常年海面水温场、水温场的年变化及时间序列结构、异常水温场的特征及其分析的可靠性进行了分析。阐述了水温场的时空结构的统计特征和现象,对其成因做了初步解释,并给出了若干统计结果,为南海北部海面水温实况分析及了解该海域的水文状况,提供了重要依据和参考。     

黑潮地区表层水温的月趋势预报

表层水温长期预报问题的研究已有多年历史。早期的学者主要用相关分析和水温长期变化的规律来制作月、季或更长期的预报,如Hatanka(1948),Watanabe和Hirao(1955), Kolesnikov(1947,1953)以及Milar(1952)等。六十年代以来,不少学者采用数值计算方法,预报北太平洋及全球范围内的月际温度变异,如Adem(1969,1970),J.Jacobs(1967)和Shigeo Moriyasu (1969,1970)等,他们在数值模式中,考虑了海洋与大气之间的热量交换,洋流与风海流的热量输送及其搅拌作用,以及水平与垂直方向上的涡动扩散;从大范围看,得到了较好的预报效果。Namias(1972)在分析北太平洋海面温度的时空分布及其与海平面气压场的关系时,发现可以根据水温变化的时间持续性和空间相关性及其与海平面气压场的关系,预报月平均水温及相应的海平面气压。以上所述及其他许多研究成果,目前能用于常规预报的,主要仍然是经验方法。本文通过分析黑潮地区表层水温与前期大气环流的相关,选取相关系数高的站点,用阶段回归方法,建立了本海区各月的水温月趋势预报方程。 文中采用的水温资料(1951-1974年)取自日本及美国发表的北太平洋海面水温资料,计算过程中对前后12年资料的系统误差进行了校正,500亳巴高度场资料取自上海中心气象台。黑潮地区的表层水温用20°N,125°E;20°N,130°E;25°N,125°E;25°N,130°E;30°N,130°E;30°N,135°E等六个站的平均资料来代表。     

南海表层水温的长周期振荡及其与埃尔尼诺的关系

本文对南海西沙海洋站(16°50'N、122°20'E)1961～1987年间的表层水温月平均资料、秘鲁与厄瓜多尔外海(5°N、80°～90°W)的表层水温月平均资料,进行水温功率谱分析,并计算了其表层水温异常的强度和指数.计算结果表明,南海、秘鲁与厄瓜多尔外海的表层水温存在着3.3年的长周期变化,且秘鲁与厄瓜多尔外海的表层水温比南海提前变化约5个月,变化是同相的.在1960～1987年间,每当东太平洋沿岸海区发生一次正、反埃尔尼诺现象,南海也相应出现一次强度相当的暧、冷事件.     

南海及其邻近海域海面水温实况分析

为了满足海洋渔业生产、油气开发、交通运输和科研等部门对南海海面水温实时情报分析的需要,国家海洋局广州海洋环境预报区台自1984年10月开始正式发布基于常规海温观测数据的“南海北部月平均海面水温实况分析”及其“距平分析”,并于1986年1月扩展为“南海及其邻近海域(0°-30°N,98°-130°E)海面水温实况分析”。文中阐述了本业务的实施方法,即实时数据的来源与获取;实况分析所使用的“计算机与人工结合”的分析制作方法与技术。     

我国首次开展南海北部海面水温分析业务

国家海洋局南海水文气象中心,为适应科研、生产等部门的需要、配合海洋水文气象部门的预报工作,于1984年10月份开始,向广东省及全国三十多个有关部门发布南海北部月平均海面水温实况分析图及其距平分析图。 分析范围: 110°-123°E, 17°-26°N 一、海面水温实况分析图 根据国家海洋局南海分局的海洋监测调查资料、国际、国内商船测报资料、海洋站资料及其他资料综合分析制作。温度等值线的单位为摄氏度。     

南黄海春季水温分布特征的分析

利用美国海军的空间分辩率为10′×10′月平均的GDEM三维水温资料,研究了南黄海春季水温的分布特征及其演变过程。分析结果较清晰地显示了春季南黄海的水温分布如何从冬季的垂直均匀型过渡到夏季的层化结构。分析还表明:春季南黄海水温的水平和垂直结构皆比冬季更为复杂,并出现若干个较特殊的水文现象,例如,在34°40′~36°20′N的南黄海西侧出现了“青岛冷水团”,而在35°30′~37°20′N的南黄海东侧,初次发现存在着一个类似性质的冷水团,称其为“仁川外海冷水团”。此外,在冷水团的邻近海域还存在着中层冷水。     

北太平洋150°E～165°E海域柔鱼渔场与表温及水温垂直结构的关系

根据 1998～ 2 0 0 1年 8～ 10月 38°N～ 4 4°N各站点水温和生产数据 ,对 15 4°E～ 15 7°E海域柔鱼作业渔场与表温及水温垂直结构的关系进行了分析。结果认为 ,38°N～ 4 4°N各站点水温结构随时间有较大差异。 8～ 9月 38°N～ 4 4°N各站点在 10 0m以内均形成明显的温跃层 ,10月份随着亲潮势力加强 ,跃层强度有所减弱 ,表层混合水可达 5 0m深 ,其温跃层基本上在 5 0～10 0m间。在 15 0°E～ 16 5°E海域 ,渔获产量主要集中在 4 2°N～ 4 4°N ,盛渔期为 8～ 9月。 8月在4 0°N～ 4 1°N海域温场最适表温为 2 0～ 2 2℃ ,在 4 2°N - 43°N海域为 16～ 19℃ ,在 4 4°N附近海域为 14～ 16℃ ,0～ 5 0m、0～ 10 0m温度梯度为 0 .16～ 0 .2 3℃ /m和 0 .11～ 0 .13℃ /m ;9月渔场最适表温、0～ 5 0m和 0～ 10 0m温度梯度为 15～ 2 0℃、0 .15～ 0 .18℃ /m和 0 .12～ 0 .14℃ /m ;10月为12～ 17℃、0 .11～ 0 .2 0℃ /m和 0 .0 9～ 0 .11℃ /m。灰色关联度表明 ,对作业渔场影响最大的是表温、0～ 5 0m温度梯度、0～ 10 0m温度梯度和纬度 ,其关联度均在 0 .8以上。渔获产量受到众多因素的影响 ,其中捕捞努力量、资源丰度、0～ 10 0m温度梯度和纬度是影响渔获量主要因子。     

南海上层水温分布的季节特征

为对南海上层水温分布特征有一总体认识,利用气候平均的1°×1°网格的Levitus资料,分析了南海0－200m层共10个等深面上的季平均温度分布状况。结果表明,南海上层水温分布的季节变化明显,季风和太阳辐射对水温分布有显著影响,四季平均水温分布与平均环流状况对应较好。冬、春两季在吕宋岛西北海域有一冷涡（即吕宋冷涡）,夏、秋季在越南沿岸出现另一冷涡（即越南冷涡）。这两个冷涡均对应着本海区尺度较小的气旋式环流和正的风应力旋度。吕宋冷涡还与黑潮在吕宋海峡的形变有关,越南冷涡则与局地强上升流有联系。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.