Landscape and Coast Development of A Lowland Fjord Margin Following Deglaciation, East Greenland

The landscapes of western Jameson Land bordering Hall Bredning fjord comprise upper river basins, glacial landscapes, lower river basins and a near‐shore zone. The upper river basins are incised into bedrock and display no cover of young sediments whilst the glacial landscapes, located closer to the coast, are dominated by Pleistocene deposits and an irregular topography with hills and ridges. The lower river basins, dissecting the glacial landscapes, are connected to the upper river basins and contain well‐defined Holocene delta terraces. The near‐shore zone, which includes the present coast, displays a few raised shorelines. Geomorphological observations combined with stratigraphic work and ¹⁴C dates provide a chronological framework for the development of landscape and shoreline, as presented by a four‐stage reconstruction. The first stage covers the deglaciation of western Jameson Land at the Weichselian‐Holocene transition after a collapse of the main fjord glacier in Hall Bredning. The sea inundated the low‐lying areas on Jameson Land forming small side‐entry fjord basins that possibly follow the track of older valleys. This was followed by a second stage, the paraglacial period, when large meltwater production and sediment transport resulted in a fast infilling of the side‐entry fjord basins by deltas. These are now exposed in terraces in the lower river basins at 70–80 m a.s.l. During a third stage, the relaxation period, fluvial activity decreased and the land surface was increasingly occupied by a cover of tundra vegetation. A glacio‐isostatic rebound resulted in a relative sea level fall and fluvial incision. During stages two and three the coast was exposed to shallow marine processes that aided the alignment of the coast. Stages one to three presumably lasted for less than 2000 years. During stage four, the stable period, lasting for several thousand years till the present, there were minor adjustments of shoreline and landscape. The four‐step reconstruction describes the sedimentary response of a lowland fjord margin to dramatic changes in climate and sea level. The distribution of erosion and sedimentation during this development was mainly controlled by topography. The reconstruction of the latest environmental development of Jameson Land puts new light on Jameson Land's long and complex Quaternary stratigraphic record. The reconstruction may also be used as a model for the interpretation of deposits in similar areas elsewhere.     

基于模糊数学的广东沿海陆地地质环境区划

针对广东沿海地震、水土流失、崩塌、滑坡、地裂缝、地面沉降、岩溶塌陷、软土地基形变等地质灾害发育历史与现状 ,从土地开发利用的风险与费用出发 ,构建了一套地质环境评价的指标体系 ,包括活动断裂、历史地震、地形起伏度、地形坡度、沟谷密度、水土流失程度、崩滑密度、地裂缝密度、土体承载力等。通过指标量化分级、指标赋权和构造隶属函数 ,构建了模糊数学综合评价模型 ,对广东沿海 190单元进行了运算 ,将广东沿海陆地地质环境划分五级 17个亚区 ,为广东沿海2 1世纪土地开发利用和防灾减灾等提供了决策依据。     

Archaeological Survey in the Foulke Fjord Region,Inglefield Land,Northwestern Greenland

Geografisk Tidsskrift—Danish Journal of Geography 110(2):297–314, 2010

The Inglefield Land Archaeology Project undertook archaeological survey of three areas of Foulke Fjord in 2006, during which 639 archaeological features were recorded, exclusive of the large Reindeer Point Longhouse site (Darwent et al., 2008). Basedon comparisons with surveys completed in Eastern Inglefield Land (Darwent et al., 2007), the density of features in Foulke Fjord substantially exceeded those from other regions of Inglefield Land. The most parsimonious explanation for the higher occurrence of features in this region is the presence of little auk colonies on the scree slopes of the inner fjords. These birds, which roost in the millions, served as a reliable summer food source, but their feces likely provided enrichment for the local ecosystem, increasing the numbers of terrestrial and marine fauna in the region. Based on excavations at Iita (Etah) and densities of features in the fiord, Foulke Fjord appears to have been continually occupied throughout the Thule-historic period (A.D. 1250–1953), and during the previous Late Dorset period (ca. A.D. 800–1250). However, features associated with the early Paleoeskimo period (2500–500 B.C.) are located only at the outer margins of the fjord.     

A Soil Chronosequence from Neoglacial Moraines in Western Norway

A soil chronosequence is presented based upon podzols developed on Holocene moraine crests in the Jardalen cirque complex, western Norway. Simple and inexpensive field and laboratory tests provide information on soil depth development, pH changes, silt/clay translocation and B-horizon reddening and thickness with age. Chronological control on historical moraine ages is provided by lichenometric dates, which support a 5 cm/100 year soil development rate for the first 700 years of pedogenesis. This initial rapid depth development tails off to a maximum rate of 0.06 cm/100 years between c . 1.5 ka and 10 ka BP based upon a Preboreal/Younger Dryas age for the oldest moraines and associated soils in the Jardalen cirque.     

广东沿海陆地地质灾害及其防治对策

通过典型地质灾害的调查以及对其控制条件和诱发因素的分析表明 ,广东沿海的强震多出现于NEE活动断裂与NNW、NW向活动断裂交汇部位附近。在工程和经济活动剧烈的丘陵、河流沿岸、交通线和城镇区为水土流失、崩塌和滑坡斜坡灾变的多发区 ,降雨制约斜坡灾变的机率。地裂缝与胀缩土活动相关 ,雨季与旱雨季的交替变化是地裂缝发生的主要原因。岩溶塌陷和地面沉降均与超采地下水有关。三角洲和滨海平原软土区构成了工程建筑非稳定地基。地质灾害防治应以保护自然生态环境为主。丘陵区应进行植树种草 ,涵养水土 ,防止或抑制坡面侵蚀 ;沿海平原区 ,应合理开发利用地下水资源 ,保持地下水动态平衡。同时 ,应合理制定城镇规划 ,对重大工程建设场应开展地质灾害风险评估和地质灾害监测、预报工作。     

海南昌江县海滨土地风沙化及其环境整治

昌江县海滨土地风沙化主要是由于昌化江、珠碧江两大河流及研究区其它西流水系源头及沿岸森林植被遭到严重破坏,水土流失日趋严重,生态环境恶化;恶劣的气候条件;盲目开发等原因所致。针对上述原因和研究区土地风沙化状况,海南省和昌江县林业部门开展了一系列治沙造林试验研究,主要技术措施是:①先固沙,后造林,为造林幼苗生长创造有利条件;②用木麻黄大苗、壮苗带营养袋深栽造林;③采用"旱天造林"新技术,确保造林质量。该试验研究已取得成功,但还是存在一些问题,如木麻黄枯梢较为严重;垂直于主风方向的露兜行成活率较低;治沙林树种单调;后期管理差等。为此,本文提出了有关解决问题的建议:①造林过程中施加稀土微肥,以增强治沙林的抗逆性等;②增加与主风方向垂直的露兜行行数,提高网格固沙露兜的成活率;③扩大藤本植物种植面积,以增强固沙能力;④尝试引进其它地区固沙效果较好的物种,以增强抵御自然灾害的能力;⑤在防风林中立体套种适于生长的经济作物,以林养林;⑥加大投入,加强管理,加强环保教育,以确保治沙造林任务的顺利进行和环岛海防林的早日保质保量合拢。     

海峡西岸经济区城镇体系空间结构特征研究

在经济全球化背景下,福建省正处于全面发展的工业化阶段,面对外界各种流体的汇集和离散,机遇与挑战并存。如何构建福建省区域城镇体系的等级、功能和空间结构,协调区域发展,实现海峡西岸经济区的成功崛起乃是福建省在今后区域规划中的重要任务。立足海峡西岸经济区主体福建省城镇体系空间结构现状,从节点、轴线、网络、域面四个维度分析其结构特征,得到以下结论:①福建省城镇经济发展目前已形成2个主中心(厦门市、福州市辖区)、1个次中心(泉州市辖区)、6个地方中心和一批较大生产规模城镇;②闽东南地区城镇整体水平高于闽西北地区,中部地区城镇沿线发展程度仅次于沿海地区城镇密集带;③福建省城镇体系空间分布较为适中;④福建省城镇经济发展梯度差异较大。     

Land cover in Norway based on an area frame survey of vegetation types

The Norwegian area frame survey of land cover and outfield land resources (AR18X18), completed in 2014, provided unbiased statistics of land cover in Norway. The article reports the new statistics, discusses implications of the data set, and provides potential value in terms of research, management, and monitoring. A gridded sampling design for 1081 primary statistical units of 0.9 km² at 18?km intervals was implemented in the survey. The plots were mapped in situ, aided by aerial photos, and all areas were coded following a vegetation type system. The results provide new insights into the cover and distribution of vegetation and land cover types. The statistic for mire and wetlands, which previously covered 5.8%, has since been corrected to 8.9%. The survey results can be used for environmental and agricultural management, and the data can be stratified for regional analyses. The survey data can also serve as training data for remote sensing and distribution modelling. Finally, the survey data can be used to calibrate vegetation perturbations in climate change research that focuses on atmospheric–vegetation feedback. The survey documented novel land cover statistics and revealed that the national cover of wetlands had previously been underestimated.     

Moraine Formation at an Advancing Temperate Glacier: Brigsdalsbreen, Western Norway

Owing to increased winter balances especially since AD 1988/89, almost all valley outlet glaciers of Jostedalsbreen in western Norway are experiencing the largest advance since that of the early 18th century, the regional "Little Ice Age" maximum. Brigsdalsbreen advanced 441 m between 1987 and 1997. By the end of this period, the glacier had reached the outlet of the proglacial lake Brigsdalsvatnet, ploughing into unfrozen, fine-grained, water-soaked glaciolimnic sediments from the lake bottom and forming frontal moraines. These moraines are characterised by a lack of internal structures and preferred fabric. Owing to the strong advance, the moraine morphology is constantly changing, leaving only temporary moraine ridges.
Observations made along the glacier front suggest that the formation of these moraines can best be described as "bulldozed moraines", since the term push moraine, commonly associated with advancing glaciers, should be restricted to permafront environments. Different processes involved in moraine formation at frontal and lateral glacier margins result from variations in proglacial sediment properties, microrelief and glacier dynamics. Among these processes, large boulders left in the proglacial areas are pushed forward, forming pressure ridges on the distal side. Some of the largest boulders ( c . 80–120 m³) are overturned or rotated by the glacier.     

Persistence of alpine grass-dominated vegetation on abandoned mountain summer farms in Western Norway

Centuries of seasonal farming in the Norwegian mountains led to a decrease in forested areas, a lowering of the alpine tree- and forest lines, and an increase in grassland coverage in the subalpine zone. Since the mid-19th century seasonal farming has declined significantly. In the sub-alpine belt, this has resulted in woodland succession on former hay meadows and open grasslands and heathlands. In contrast, vegetation changes caused by seasonal farming and its decline in alpine environments may be comparatively subtle because of unsuitable conditions for tree growth. The study examines vegetation changes in a former mountain summer farming area in the alpine zone of Western Norway using data on present and previous vegetation and old photographs. On curtilages high levels of defoliation, trampling and nutrient accumulation resulted in grass- and herb-dominated vegetation that differs significantly from that of surrounding areas. This curtilage-specific vegetation is persistent and occurs even at locations that have been grazed with only low intensity for several decades. Local concentrations of nutrients are probably a key factor that maintains the grass-dominated vegetation and strongly delays or even prevents regrowth of shrub heath.     

浙江沿海20年土地利用变化分析

在资料收集的基础上,利用遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,结合经济社会因子和数学模型,以浙江沿海地区1990年、2000年和2010年的土地利用数据为基础,对20年间土地利用变化动态进行研究。利用灰色动态系统建立模型分析浙江沿海地区各类土地利用的变化趋势,在此基础上探讨其变化驱动力,揭示其变化的主要方式、原因及发展方向,预测未来土地利用的发展趋势,以期能为浙江省沿海地区土地利用规划提供科学依据。     

Between close and distanced links: Firm internationalization in a subsea cluster in Western Norway

Karlsen, A. & Nordhus, M. 2011. Between close and distanced links: Firm internationalization in a subsea cluster in Western Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift–Norwegian Journal of Geography Vol. 65, 202–211. ISSN 0029-1951.

The cluster concept has attracted attention from scholars and become increasingly popular in regional politics, as exemplified by The Norwegian Centres of Expertise programme. External linkages of cluster firms have become a concern inspired by the notions ‘local buzz’ and ‘global pipelines’. Viable clusters are dependent on the quality of both internal industrial environment and external linkages. The article focuses on internationalization of SMEs from a cluster perspective and discusses how cluster firms take advantage of different dimensions of proximity in their internationalization endeavours. By applying the industrial network approach, firms’ strategies and positions at different stages of internationalization are integrated in the analysis. The cases are four SMEs located in a ‘subsea cluster’ close to Bergen, Norway. Data were collected through interviews with top managers and observations during cluster-related meetings. The cases differ with regard to size and international experiences. Firms that are highly internationalized rely on cognitive or organizational proximity when they internationalize further. Such firms provide opportunities for other cluster firms. In contrast, less internationalized firms rely on social and institutional types of proximity. As they collaborate with larger and more experienced cluster firms they can skip some of the resource-demanding steps in the internationalizing process.     

TM-SAR数据融合在黄河口沙咀动态监测中的应用研究

黄河口沙咀位于 1976年之前黄河入海故道与现黄河入海口之间 ,是目前世界上陆地面积生长最快的地区。该地区于 1992年经国务院批准为国家级自然保护区 ,是以保护新生湿地生态系统、珍稀频危鸟类为主体的国家级自然资源保护区。由于受河流泥沙淤积作用、海水侵蚀作用、石油开发等自然及人为因素综合作用的影响 ,该区海岸线蚀进及地表覆盖状况变化较快。利用获取的 1995 ,1997,2 0 0 0年陆地卫星TM数据 ,对地观测卫星ERS - 1和RADARSAT数据 ,通过数据融合处理及FL神经网络分类方法 ,可以清楚的对 1995～ 2 0 0 0年间黄河口沙咀海岸线蚀进及地表覆盖状况进行动态分析。研究结果表明 ,TM和SAR的融合数据对该地区动态监测有一定的优势。     

近50a来河北昌黎黄金海岸沙地变化

河北昌黎黄金海岸沙地是我国最为典型的海岸沙地,利用1956年、1965年与1980年的1:50000地形图以及2000年的ETM影像数据,在RS和GIS技术的支持下,对该海岸沙地1956—2000年间的面积及地类变化进行了分析。结果表明,近50a来该海岸沙地空间范围经历了由初期的扩展到后期的缩减等变化,且不同地类间也发生了较大程度的转换。海岸沙地面积在1956—1965年间迅速扩张,1965—1980年间缓慢增加,1980—2000年间有所减小。区内有林沙地面积扩大迅速,从1956年的1.23km2扩展到2000年的58.44km2,裸露沙地面积则随之不断减小。近50a来,昌黎黄金海岸沙地的变化主要与20世纪50年代后政策驱动下的植树造林活动密切相关,期间人类对该海岸带的改造改变了其自然景观。     

Integrated Land Desertification Control and Development in the Western Part of Northeast Plain

在研究东北平原西部科尔沁沙地与松嫩沙地的分布与面积、类型与特征的基础上,在市场经济形势下,提出对轻度和潜在沙漠化土地,采用林、果(包括瓜)、药、杂(杂粮)综合治理与开发模式,取得了十分显著的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。     

鄂西山区土地整理中新增耕地质量的几点思考

土地整理目前已成为我国提高耕地质量,增加耕地面积的一项重要手段和措施。新增耕地则是土地整理的核心之一。然而笔者近两年通过参加土地整理项目的可行性研究和规划设计发现,由于受资金,地形地貌,科学技术水平等条件的制约,丘陵山区的土地整理项目中新增耕地质量难以得到保证。本文以鄂西山区为例,通过对研究区域新增耕地质量实地调查和思考,得出了山区土地整理中新增耕地质量低下的原因,并就如何保证新增耕地质量提出了建议。     

松嫩平原西部土地盐碱化与农业可持续发展

松嫩平原西部土地盐碱化是我国土地盐碱化的重要地区。近几十年来由于受自然因素和人为因素控制 ,盐碱化土地面积已达 32 0× 10 4 hm2 ,平均年递增 2× 10 4 hm2 ,而且盐碱化程度逐渐加剧 ,生态环境逐渐恶化。通过生态工程措施、农艺措施、水利工程措施、以及发展小化工厂等的治理措施 ,盐碱化土地可得到改良 ,区域环境向良性发展。     

Implications of a Century of Anthropogenic Erosion for Future Land Use in the Gisborne-East Coast Region of New Zealand

The East Coast of the North Island of New Zealand is world renowned for its severe erosion, flooding, and sedimentation. Extensive deforestation between 1880–1920 initiated this period of dramatic landscape transformation, and today reforestation is seen as the panacea. However, a century of pastoral farming has left a legacy of a highly degraded landscape, which is currently redistributing the products of this erosion. The rate and level of landscape recovery will influence the ability of communities to carry out future land use. This paper uses the results of a decade of geomorphic research into the controls and processes of landscape change to illustrate some of the likely future impacts on the landscape and its land use, and to identify some still unanswered questions. This increasing understanding, together with changing community attitudes, provides the opportunity to maximise the benefits of reforestation and other management interventions.