The South-Norwegian Piedmonttreppe of W. Evers

An interesting and important feature of the geomorphology of the northwestern coastal zone of Norway is the marked seaward slope which in many districts bounds the rocky skjærgård (or strandflat) zone towards the region of the banks where loose material, evidently largely of glacial origin, covers the rock surface. The slope has for long distances a fairly straight or regularly curved trend and has (since 1933) by the present writer been assumed to represent a fault zone along which the land mass is more or less uplifted.     

Peat extraction, conservation and the rural economy in Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland has a tradition of peat cutting; 78 per cent by area of remaining lowland bogs and 46 per cent of blanket bogs have been cut in the past. Since the early 1980s, machine peat extraction for fuel and horticulture has increased, against a background of changing economic support for agriculture, high rural unemployment and agricultural underemployment. Cutting fuel peat can reduce household fuel costs and some peat fuel is sold to gain income. Horticultural peat is cut mainly for sale. Expansion of machine extraction, with possible environmental impacts, occurred as interest in peatland conservation increased. Potential conflict arises between local economic needs and conservation. Machine cutting for fuel is widespread, but affects only 2.6 per cent of the blanket peat area; horticultural extraction is more localized and is only one-fifth of the extent of fuel extraction. Altitude, distance from roads, land ownership and rights, turbary, religious affiliation, local economic needs and the role of government departments all contribute to explaining the distribution and extent of extraction.     

1960-2010 年贵州省喀斯特山区陡坡土地利用变化

基于GIS 与RS技术, 以贵州省喀斯特山区坡度大于25°的区域为研究对象, 利用1960 年1:50000 地形图、1990 年Landsat TM遥感影像以及2010 年的环境减灾卫星(HJ-1A/1B)影像, 解译获取1960、1990、2010 年3 个时间点的土地利用数据, 并结合贵州省水文地质图、坡度图进行陡坡土地利用变化分析。结果表明:①1960-1990 年的30 年间, 有林地、灌木林、水体呈减少趋势, 其中灌木林减少的最多, 其次是有林地;而草地、建设用地、裸岩和耕地呈持续增长趋势, 其中草地增加的最多, 其次是耕地。②1990-2010 年的20 年间, 灌木林、裸岩、耕地呈减少趋势, 其中耕地减少的最多;而有林地、疏林地、草地、水体呈增长趋势, 其中疏林地增加的最多。③随坡度增加覆盖比例呈降低趋势的土地利用类型为有林地、疏林地、水体、建设用地和耕地;随坡度增加覆盖比例呈增加趋势的土地利用为灌木林、草地和裸岩。     

镇江圌山绍隆禅寺“活地”成因

"活地"是宗教的传奇,而由于以往知识与技术的限制以及宗教圣地的"不可侵犯性","活地"也成了大自然的千年未解之谜。通过现场考察和资料调研,明晰了"活地"所在地区的地质构造特征。采用高频率表面波监测、分析技术,通过现场试验,研究了"活地"附近地表浅层岩土体分布情况。采用图像分析技术,经室内试验研究得出了"活地"及周围地区出露岩石的矿物组成。最终,对于"活地"的成因提出以下看法:1.否定了地下深层生长性岩脉诱发"活地"现象的观点;2.膨胀岩及膨胀土吸水膨胀对"活地"的隆升有一定作用,但这不是"活地"的主要诱因;3.提出"活地"是岩石风化作用及特殊地理环境综合作用结果的观点:风化作用使岩体疏松、体积增大,地面隆起;两侧山体运动对其交界处岩石产生挤压作用,为"活地"的持续隆升提供动力源。     

农业活动与岩溶山区土地利用的可持续性探讨

以 4项专题研究及抽样调查为主要资料来源 ,对西南岩溶山区的土地利用进行研究。结果表明 ,由于该区土地土层薄且通透性强和母岩漏水 ,长期耕种后土壤肥力明显下降、粮食产量对化肥的依赖性增强。长期施化肥的土地耕种约 6 0年后 ,土壤有机质含量相当于天然状态下的 30 %。垦殖率在 2 0 %～ 30 %、覆被率在 35 %～ 45 %时粮食产量高而稳定。土层厚度 <5 0～ 80cm、地形坡度 >16°时的梯地对水肥保持及旱情缓解的作用甚小 ,不是解决干旱的途径。该区耕地的持续利用须建立在适当的垦殖率、森林覆盖率及合理施肥基础上。实现该目标的关键是建立生态农业体系 ,缩小耕地面积、减少人口是发展生态农业的前提。     

Effects of peat on the shapes of alluvial channels: examples from the Cumberland Marshes, Saskatchewan, Canada

An avulsion of the lower Saskatchewan River in the 1870s inundated a large segment of peat-covered floodplain that subsequently has become aggraded with a broad (500 km²) belt of alluvium deposited by the redirected flow. Routing of water and sediment discharge through the avulsion-affected area has been accomplished mainly by networks of sandy bedded anastomosed channels that have formed, evolved, and abandoned as the alluvial belt prograded down the floodplain slope. These processes continue today, though at a much-reduced rate. New channels, formed by crevassing and basinward extension of distributaries, are initially small and shallow, with bottom elevations situated within the avulsive alluvium but above the pre-avulsion peat (floodplain) surface. Subsequent enlargement and downcutting of many of these channels eventually uncovers the underlying peat layer whose resistance to erosion exerts significant influence on cross-sectional shape and further channel development. Peat-floored channels tend to have rectangular cross-sections, high ratios of average to maximum depth (D/D_max), and a large range of width-to-depth ratios. If the channel continues to enlarge, the peat layer eventually becomes breached, commonly leading to temporarily irregular cross-sections caused by localized scouring at the breach sites. Eventually, the peat layer is completely eroded from the channel floor by undercutting and slumping, after which channel shape becomes governed mainly by other perimeter characteristics. Channels unaffected by peat, either before the peat layer is encountered during early channel development or after it is entirely removed, tend to have low width/depth ratios and a large range of D/D_max values.     

北京市郊区游憩空间分布规律

郊区是城市发展的腹地,郊区游憩空间不仅能够满足都市居民出游的需求,而且对维护城市生态安全具有重要意义。本文选取北京作为案例地,对郊区的游憩空间布局规律进行研究。在前期研究的基础上,结合网络、文献、调研收集数据,将游憩空间按照功能划分为3类：公共游憩空间、商业游憩空间与附属游憩空间;将不同功能、不同经营主体与不同土地利用的游憩空间组织起来,从而建立北京郊区游憩空间采样数据库,采用GIS空间分析的技术手段得出结论。研究发现,北京郊区各类游憩空间布局具有空间分异规律。公共游憩空间中风景名胜区分布在远郊的山区;城市公园与城市形态相关;郊野公园属于政策导向型的游憩空间,在一定程度上缓解了资源本底条件造成的游憩空间不均匀分布。商业游憩空间呈现产品的空间分异,并与交通、水系条件密切相关;乡村游憩设施依托于大型景区,并与农业传统相关。北京郊区的游憩空间已经初步具备网络结构并向纵深发展,出现了产业集中区。最后指出北京游憩空间布局中存在的不合理现象和改进的方向。该研究旨在构建都市游憩空间的有机结构,为城市规划与游憩管理提供科学依据。     

湘西土家族苗族自治州荒山资源开发中的问题与对策

湘西自治州,属武陵山区,共有荒山78.3万公顷,占总土地面积的37％,以往开发中存在的主要问题是:毁林开荒,生态环境恶化,水土流失严重,旱涝灾害频繁。对策是:大量发展经济林和用材林,营造水源涵养林和薪炭林,实行林牧结合,提高山地利用率。     

三江平原泥炭沼泽沉积物中营养物质的分布规律

采用冬季采样，现场分层的方法，系统地研究了三江平原沼泽中河床一河漫滩型泥炭地和谷底洼地型泥炭沉积中总氮、总磷和有机质等营养物质的分布特征。结果表明，在不同沉积层中，总磷明显在草根层富集，总氮和有机质在泥炭上层含量最高，其他营养物质含量随着深度的增加而逐渐降低。河床一河漫滩型和谷底洼地型泥炭沉积物中总氮和总磷含量随着泥炭粒级的减小而明显增加。河流型泥炭沉积物不同机械组分中总氮的变化幅度远远大于谷底洼地型，两种类型泥炭地不同机械组分中总磷含量的变化差异幅度不大。有机质含量随着泥炭粒级的减小而明显减少。河床一河漫滩型泥炭地和谷底洼地型泥炭地中总氮含量与有机质含量呈显著的正相关，相关系数分别为0.953和0.944，泥炭中的氮主要以有机氮形态存在，而总磷含量与有机质含量的关系不显著。     

1987-2007年土耳其伊斯坦布尔黑海沿岸土地利用变化(英文)

Recently,important land use changes have occurred in the Black Sea coastal regions of stanbul due to urban growth and population increases.The objective of this study was to determine changes in land use in the Black Sea coastal regions of stanbul between 1987 and 2007.Landsat 30 m satellite images from 1987 and 2007 are used in the study.The study area is 1000 m in width from the coastline to the land and the study has been carried out using the controlled classification method to classify areas into residential,agricultural,forest,bare land,brush/grassland,and lake/pond land classes.Land use changes between 1987 and 2007 were analysed in detail.Residential areas of the Black Sea coastal regions of stanbul increased by 122% over the two decades.Also an increase of 55% in agriculture areas was observed,while there were decreases of 26% in forest areas and 15% in free land.A 21% increase in the area of brush and grassland took place.Furthermore 79% of the study area was covered by residential areas in 2007.It is probable that pressure on the stanbul coastal regions will continue due to migraton and rapid urbanization.Therefore,Istanbul’s Black Sea coastal regions should be maintained using a sustainable coastal management plan.     

Soil carbon stocks and land cover in Northern Ireland from 1939 to 2000

Methods to estimate soil carbon stocks and changes in Northern Ireland in relation to land cover change over the periods 1939–2000, 1939–1990 and 1990–2000 are described. Land cover for 1939 was derived from the Land Utilisation Survey and for 1990 and 2000 from interpretation of satellite imagery. Although in 1939 there was more mixed farming than at present, with a reduction of almost 60% in arable land, there has been little change in soil carbon stock (385.9 Mt in 1939, 385.43 Mt in 2000). In recent years the rate of carbon loss appears to have increased partly through greater suburbanization. However, more local field data on carbon densities of peat, of mineral soils under different cover types and after land-cover change, are required to support further iterations of the study.     

海岸沙地利用变化及其环境效应研究进展

地处全球变化敏感地区的海岸沙地的利用变化及其环境效应日益受到关注。文章通过对海岸沙地利用及其变化研究的发展历程,海岸沙地利用变化研究的案例与技术方法,海岸沙地利用变化所引起的大气环境、水环境、土壤环境、生物环境等方面的环境效应研究等文献的梳理和总结,对国内外海岸沙地利用变化及其环境效应的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了今后研究的主要方向：海岸沙地利用变化未来发展的情景模拟、海岸沙地利用演变驱动机理的定量分析、海岸沙地利用的整体生态环境效应研究、海岸沙地防护林地的合理开发与布局等。     

无瓣海桑造林是否造成九龙江口生物入侵的探讨

尽快恢复和发展红树林、营造防潮抗灾能力强、生产力高的红树护岸林体系,改造沿海滩涂生态环境,是沿海防护林体系建设的主要任务。无瓣海桑是从孟加拉国引进的速生红树树种,生长快,生产力高,在较短时间内能起到保护海堤和稳定海滩的作用,但无瓣海桑毕竟是外来种,是否造成生物入侵并给滨海滩涂带来生态灾害众说纷纭。本文从入侵种的生态影响入手进行分析,认为无瓣海桑造林目前尚未造成九龙江口生物入侵。     

Coastal-marine nature management in Pacific Russia and Northern Vietnam: Notions,structural features,and types

Coastal-marine nature management is treated as a spatiotemporal structure consisting of two interrelated components: the coastal territorial component occurring in the coastal territory, and the coastal aquatic component occurring within the coastal aquatic area as well as the sea shores connecting them. The study revealed the components of the main and concomitant uses of natural resources which have evolved directly across the land and sea areas of mining of separate kinds of natural resources and having technogenic impacts on them. From a combination of natural resources as well as of spatial scales of the main and concomitant uses of natural resources on the coastal territory and in coastal waters, we identified the main types of coastal-marine nature management in the southern areas of Pacific Russia and in Northern Vietnam: different kinds of nature management including the utilization of the territory for industrial-residential and transportation purposes as well as for cultivation of rice and vegetable crops, extraction of building materials, other mineral resources, forest use, extraction of marine salt from the sea water, coastal fisheries, various forms of mariculture, marine recreation, etc. A fragment of the cartographic assessment of the current types of coastal-marine nature management is presented for the southern coastal areas of Pacific Russia.     

基于Landsat长时间序列数据的敦煌绿洲动态变化分析

绿洲是干旱区独特的自然景观,是干旱区人们赖以生存和发展的物质基础。以敦煌绿洲为研究区域,基于Landsat TM长时间序列遥感图像,采用最佳指数因子研究最佳波段组合并进行图像分类,基于转移矩阵分析了绿洲主要覆被构成要素的转换特征,并基于土地利用类型动态度模型进行了动态变化分析。结果表明：1975-1998年间敦煌绿洲面积呈缓慢扩张趋势（平均0.35 km²/a）;1998-2006年间绿洲面积快速增大（平均3.88 km²/a）;2006-2011年间绿洲面积基本稳定。1990-2006年间水浇地和林地的面积总体呈增加趋势;2006-2011年,人工干预加速了土地利用方式的转变。     

2000-2010年亚欧大陆中低纬度海岸带土地利用/覆盖变化及驱动力分析

土地利用/覆盖变化是全球变化研究的重要问题,而海岸带则是该领域研究的热点区域。以三套土地利用/覆盖数据（MCD12Q1、CCI-LC和GlobeLand30）为基础,采用基于一致性分析和模糊集合理论的数据融合方法,获取2000年和2010年亚欧大陆中低纬度海岸带土地利用/覆盖分类信息,进而分析土地利用/覆盖变化特征及驱动因素。结果表明：十年间亚欧大陆中低纬度海岸带土地利用/覆盖变化方式主要以耕地萎缩和林地扩张为主,其次是湿地扩张,再次是草地和裸地萎缩,最后是灌木地和人造地表扩张;土地利用/覆盖类型之间的相互转换面积较小,仅占研究区总面积的4.22%,其中分布面积占优势的变化类型为耕地–林地–草地相互转换、灌木地–裸地相互转换、林地转为湿地以及林地转为灌木地等。地形因素、气候分异等自然驱动力深刻影响着土地利用/覆盖变化的宏观格局,而人口压力增大、经济高速发展、政策的颁布与实施等人文驱动力则是推动十年间亚欧大陆中低纬度海岸带土地利用/覆盖变化的主要原因。     

中国泥炭资源地理信息系统的建立与应用研究

借助现代计算机和地理信息系统(GIS)技术，以MAPINFO为基本地理信息系统平台，MAPBASIC为模型开发工具，ACCESS为后台数据库，POWERBUILDER为综合集成工具，在对现有大量泥炭资源信息进行处理的基础上，初步建立了中国泥炭资源地理信息系统(China Peat GIS)。该系统提供的泥炭资源GIS数据信息、多媒体信息、各种文本信息对于泥炭资源的合理开发利用和相关科学研究具有重要意义。     

红水河梯级电站喀斯特库区土地利用及其生态系统服务价值研究

以遥感数据为基础数据源,通过人机交互判读提取广西大化县1988-2006年土地利用类型数据,并分析该区土地利用变化过程及其驱动力。基于中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值,对各地类生态服务价值重新赋值,估算近18年来研究区生态服务价值变化过程。结果表明:研究区土地利用变化明显,园地、城乡建设用地、裸岩砾石地持续增加,水田、中覆盖荒草地持续减少,旱地、水域先增后减,有林地、灌木林地、低覆盖荒草地先减后增,土地利用变化有明显的区域差异。脆弱生态环境与生存型经济双重驱动、库区建设、移民安置、人口增长、经济发展及国家政策是导致区域人地关系变化的主要动因。研究区土地利用变化对生态服务功能产生了显著影响,生态系统服务价值经历了先增后减的变化过程。调控区域土地利用方式,加大对国家生态政策实施力度,合理控制城镇建设用地的发展,是喀斯特库区持续发展的有效途径。探讨喀斯特地貌单元中土地利用变化的敏感区县,寻找区域土地利用类型的组合,是促进红水河梯级电站喀斯特库区生态服务价值良性发展的关键。