基于GIS的城市商业网点规划实施效果评估

商业网点规划是指导和管理城市商业空间发展的法律依据,对实施效果的评估是评价规划和监督执行的重要措施之一。中国已实施的城市规划评估大都以定性评估方法为主,难以保证评估的客观性和科学性。基于长沙市商业网点规划和实地调查数据,从空间布局和业态结构两个方面,应用GIS分析方法,对发展现状与商业网点规划进行比较研究。研究显示:规划与现状存在较大差别,商业网点规划没有充分认识城市空间结构、商业业态的发展特点和空间区位选择机制,未能有效地引导和控制商业和业态空间结构的发展和演变。     

A Study of Governance Arrangements for Land Use and Natural Resource Management Planning in Cape York Peninsula

Complex intersecting social, economic and environmental dilemmas in Australia's Cape York Peninsula present a number of challenges for planners seeking to develop and implement land use and natural resource management (NRM) plans. There have been five different attempts at land use and NRM planning in Cape York Peninsula over the last 20 years. These processes have (to greater or lesser extents) failed to deliver community-owned and government-supported plans to guide development and/or the management of the region's natural resources. The region is remote, sparsely populated, and home to a significant Indigenous population. Much of the contestation within the region surrounds the access, use and ownership of the region's internationally valuable natural resources. This paper reviews, from the literature, the relevancy and applicability of criteria for best practice planning and governance. A range of identified best practice governance and planning principles are applied to assess the governance arrangements for planning in the Peninsula. The paper finds that decision-making arrangements for land use and NRM planning in the Peninsula are still in their infancy and are inadequate to support effective outcomes. The paper concludes that broader attention to best practice principles in governance for planning is needed to improve planning outcomes.     

中国沙漠和沙地的资源优势与农业发展

人口、粮食、土地之间的矛盾已成为今后我国几十年的主要问题。我国后备土地资源的68%分布在干旱、半干旱地区,其中沙漠和沙地面积辽阔,类型繁多,涉及212个县(旗)、48×106人。我国的沙漠和沙地具备适度开发利用的水资源依托,具有灌溉、雨养和高寒农业等特殊环境,是栽培作物和养殖家畜的集中区,许多尚无饲养或尚无栽培种类可以取代的野生动植物具有独特经济价值和高度的抗性。我国的沙地持续利用技术体系已初步建立,形成了一整套具有中国特色的流沙固定技术,结合各地的具体条件创建了许多成功的区域开发治理模式。沙漠和沙地开发必须摆脱传统的农业利用模式,依靠科技进步,多采光、少用水,结合资源条件、市场需求、投资能力,有计划、有步骤地规模开发。     

面向规划政策的乡村地域类型研究——以广东顺德为例

基于政策工具的一般性特征,因地制宜的乡村规划政策离不开地域类型的甄别。通过对乡村地域类型进行规划导向的判别,并以广东顺德乡村地域为研究对象,通过主因子分析和聚类分析方法,结合典型乡村的问卷调查数据,将发展基础和发展诉求与规划政策导向相匹配。结果表明:顺德乡村地域包括城市化发展型、整治发展型、生态保育型这三大类和若干小类,对其中3个典型地域类型乡村的村民改造意愿进行了分析。提出了适合不同地域类型的乡村发展策略。     

体育与地理空间的国内研究进展

基于对国内文献的搜集和整理,从体育的内涵辨析和学科演进梳理着手,对体育人才、体育产业、体育活动以及体育场地与地理空间的关系4 个方面进行综述。研究发现：体育人才、体育产业、体育活动和体育场地均具有很强的地理特征和空间指向性,体育人才与地域文化和历史关系密切,体育产业受基本经济地理格局深刻影响,体育活动具有明显空间差异特征;体育场地是城市空间的重要组成部分;体育学科内涵在持续拓展,与地理学的交叉将是一个重要机遇;人文地理学在学科综合、关注视角、研究方法和技术手段等方面具有较好的学科优势,能够很好地参与体育研究,推动体育现象的全景揭示和深度解析。     

行为地理学理论与方法的跨学科应用研究

行为地理学围绕空间与行为间的关系这一学科核心,不断完善理论基础、深化研究方法、拓展研究议题,逐渐走向多元化和社会化,发展成为人文地理学的重要分支学科,其理论、方法以及相应的成果也被广泛应用于诸多领域的研究与实践中。论文首先对行为地理学研究在理论、方法和应用方面的跨学科基础进行梳理,进而从城市规划与设计、移动性规划与管理和社会可持续发展与治理3个方面阐述行为地理学与不同学科相结合的应用,试图探讨行为主义思想对于地理学和相邻学科产生的影响,厘清围绕行为地理学开展应用研究的学科交叉脉络,进一步推进行为地理学的跨学科发展,探索未来的研究与应用方向。     

Implementing a High School Level Geospatial Technologies and Spatial Thinking Course

Understanding geospatial technologies (GSTs) and spatial thinking is increasingly vital to contemporary life including common activities and hobbies; learning in science, mathematics, and social science; and employment within fields as diverse as engineering, health, business, and planning. As such, there is a need for a stand-alone K–12 curriculum in this area rather than the more piecemeal integration of GSTs and spatial thinking that is more common in today's schools. This article discusses the development of a systematic GST/spatial thinking course and analyzes how this course promoted student learning in these areas as well as developing problem-solving skills in other fields and applications.     

Regions and sustainable development: regional planning matters

This paper looks at how the term 'sustainable development' has been used in the process of regional plan making over the past decade. It emphasizes the differing geographies of these debates within England, in terms of how sustainable development has been used to justify different types of approach in different parts of the country. Both drawing on and challenging recent work on state theory, the paper argues the need to see regional planning as a part of a multi-scalar governance system, whose importance should not be underestimated.     

试论地理信息系统与地球系统科学的关系

本文对地球系统科学的概念及其发展和学科特点进行了阐述,在此基础上探讨了地理信息系统在地球系统科学中的地位与影响,并对其发展方向进行初步评述。     

历史上德国地缘战略剖析

受到历史、地理和地缘政治等因素的影响,德国的国家发展轨迹迥异于欧洲其他国家。1871年德国才建立真正意义上的民族国家,其民族国家的构建过程复杂而波折,演进历程又始终伴随着对“到底什么是德国？而德国又在哪里？”的讨论与思考。在国家发展进程中,德国先后采取了多种地缘战略,不同的地缘战略选择又直接影响着国家战略和民族命运,或迅速崛起,或迅速衰落。本文以历史上德国所采取的地缘战略为主线,探究不同历史时期地缘战略的产生背景、主要策略和重要影响。总结出特殊的地缘区位、落后时代的政治体制、独具特色的民族性格、良莠不齐的哲学根基和高度发达的教育科技五个因素为德国地缘战略的主要影响因素,进一步分析各因素的影响。剖析在这些地缘战略影响因素的交织作用下,德国在地缘战略的构划、制定、实施等方面形成的强烈自身特点。     

Discrete displacement analysis for geographic linear features and the application to glacier termini

The extent of glacier terminus displacement is instrumental in investigations of natural or artificial geographic changes. Its importance to earth science and engineering is reflected in the considerable efforts that have been devoted to the development of several boundary displacement analysis methods. Among the methods, the buffering-based approach compares favorably with other approaches in objectivity and robustness. However, it does not consider the relative positions of boundaries, because its buffering operation cannot determine features' relative directions. This limitation incurs inaccurate calculation results – underestimation of mean shifts and overestimation of shape variations, especially when the two compared boundaries intersect. Discrete displacement analysis (DDA), an alternative method that considers given geographic objects as a set of a finite number of points, is proposed here. In a series of tests carried out, including Jakobshavn glacier's calving front, DDA was found to correctly calculate mean shift and shape variation even in cases where the conventional buffering-based method failed. Moreover, this approach is independent of the dimension of space in which it is implemented, and thus is expected to be utilized for analysis of 3D geographic object displacement.     

线性抽样及分形理论在景观异质性研究中的应用

景观异质性是景观生态学研究的核心,对景观格局、动态和功能具有决定作用。将线性抽样与分形理论相结合的方法应用于景观空间异质性的表达中,相比于传统方法,可以定量表达景观类型在空间序列中的组合规律,而该组合规律可以作为指标来测度景观空间异质性的高低。景观类型在空间序列中的组合越复杂,则景观的空间异质性越高。该方法以景观类型空间序列的线形图像为基础,利用分形理论计算线形图像的分维,以分维数值的大小来表达景观空间异质性的高低。但样线的布设方法、分维计算方法以及景观分类系统的不同都会对分维数值产生影响。以妫水河流域为试验区,对该方法的适用性进行验证,结果表明,该方法可以有效表达景观空间异质性的高低。     

湿地脆弱性评价研究进展

湿地脆弱性评价是近年来湿地科学及可持续性科学领域的热点和前沿.湿地脆弱性评价研究经历了从湿地脆弱性特征定性评价,到湿地脆弱性定量评价,再到气候变化下湿地脆弱性评价的发展历程.首先,在对湿地脆弱性概念归纳总结的基础上,提出湿地脆弱性是在自然环境和人为压力下湿地退化的程度和可能性.其次,定性介绍了水土流失、水热分配不均、湿地退化等主要脆弱性特征表现;并以脆弱性评价的基本步骤为主线论述了模型法、特征法、综合指数法、EFI评价法、空间分析法等主要研究方法;同时,从不同角度概述了气候变化背景下的湿地脆弱性,总结了湿地水文景观分类法、生物完整性指标法、模型法、空间分析等评价方法.最后,指出湿地脆弱性研究中存在的概念不统一、评价标准不一致、评价指标范围较狭窄、动态研究偏少、定量评价的不确定性等主要问题,提出了完善评价体系、加强动态研究和国内对气候变化下湿地脆弱性的定量研究以及不确定性分析、脆弱性评价与决策管理衔接等湿地脆弱性未来研究的重点.     

流域土地可持续利用规划方法及应用研究

土地利用既受自然环境条件的种种制约,又对生态环境,尤其是水资源和水环境,产生深刻影响。因此,进行系统规划优化土地利用结构、协调土地利用和其他经济活动及生态环境保护的关系是非常必要的。基于土地利用系统是一个本征性灰色系统,本文以灰色多目标规划(GMOP)方法为核心,提出了一套流域土地利用灰色多目标规划模型。该方法既可有效地处理信息的不完备性和系统的动态性,又可全面地表达土地利用的多目标性。在对密云土地利用规划研究中,通过应用交互式调整和情景分析方法,得到该模型在两种情景下的优化方案,并结合密云实际情况综合分析,进行了方案筛选。     

The role of distance in peri-urban national park use: Who visits them and how far do they travel?

There is a sizable literature about the factors shaping park visitation and use – especially for urban parks, including (i) geographic (e.g. proximity), (ii) socio-cultural (e.g. population characteristics) and to a lesser extent, (iii) individual psychometric factors (e.g. attitudes and values). Yet comparatively little is known about how factors related to distance may affect peri-urban national park use, particularly outside the United States. This paper reports on research investigating distance-related factors affecting use of a peri-urban national park in Brisbane, Australia. This study found that older visitors live closer to the park while younger visitors travel further to use it. Surprisingly, travel distance did not vary with the type of recreational activities that users were conducting in the park. These results have implications for park planning and management including user demand for different recreational activities in peri-urban national parks. Results are useful for scholars using distance decay models to explain travel behaviour, evidencing the empirical veracity of the model in different places and across different service types. The findings are especially important for geographers because they demonstrate that assumptions about uniform park catchments may be unsupported and need to be empirically validated.     

基于Voronoi模型的海南岛旅游资源集合体空间边界提取

旅游资源是旅游业发展的物质条件,是开展各项旅游活动的载体和基础。旅游资源分类方法和评价理论研究已取得了较大的进展,但在旅游资源调查与规划实践中,以有研究通常将一个景区或大规模地理实体与小规模实体在同一个标准下衡量与对比,未考虑旅游资源的地理空间尺度特征。不同尺度的旅游地域空间,旅游资源评价、规划方法及其开发方向都不同。本文目的是通过梳理不同尺度旅游资源空间单元概念,对最难界定的集合体进行空间识别。基于集合体的概念认知,利用空间语义关系构建本体概念模型,提出了不同类型旅游资源集合体的空间边界提取方法。鉴于此,以海南岛为例进行实证研究,运用空间语义关系构建3种不同类型的旅游资源本体概念模型,在此基础上对不同类型旅游资源集合体进行条件约束判断,并利用泰森多边形与缓冲区分析方法对其进行空间识别。与规划范围结果对比发现,该方法可较好地近似表达旅游资源集合体空间边界及空间关系。每种类型的集合体空间语义关系存在树状层次结构,包含2个层次,空间形态呈多边形和带状分布。研究方法具有可操作性,能够为旅游规划与管理提供科学参考。     

人文地理学学科体系与发展战略要点

本文属于《中国学科及前沿领域发展战略研究（2021—2035）》地理科学学科规划的系列成果之一,写作组在对人文地理学学科发展进行系统梳理与分析判研的基础上,在本文中侧重介绍未来15年的中国人文地理学学科体系与发展战略要点。人文地理学是研究人类活动地理分布格局形成和演变规律的一门学科。随着人类发展临近和进入后工业化阶段,人类活动的经济社会过程对人文地理分布规律的影响越来越重要,社会科学研究思维和方法已成为探讨和理解变化的人文地理过程和格局的重要途径,人文地理学研究方法论也呈现出自然科学和社会科学综合集成的特色。人文地理学研究的成果产出,揭示了人类活动地理分布格局和演变的科学规律,成为调控和优化国土空间开发保护格局的科学基础,在国土空间规划、区域战略和区域政策制定、空间治理现代化等方面有着广泛的应用,人文地理学的科学研究与决策应用之间具有紧密的关系。根据学科发展现状、趋势及主要产出结果,中国人文地理学可按照5个分支学科群进行学科战略布局,包括综合人文地理学、经济地理学、城市地理学、乡村地理学、社会文化地理学和政治地理学。各分支学科在新时期地理科学学科体系下,具有其优先发展领域与重点方向,相互协调,不断创新。     

Universal and Specific Features of Urbanization in Estonia under Socialism: The Empirical Evidence of the Sources of Urban and Rural Population Growth

Analysts of urbanization in socialist countries have often taken firm positions on the nature of urbanization under this particular social context, defending either universalistic or specific standpoints. It has been a remarkable contribution to the understanding of urbanization under central planning through formulating some of the key arguments. The issues at stake have not been resolved, however, and more empirical work would be welcome. An explorative approach is therefore taken in the current article, with a view to finding additional empirical evidence for or against the diverse set of arguments previously made. It focuses on the sources of urban and rural population growth in Estonia during the Soviet period (1945–1991). The analysis helps us to better understand how different causes intermingled to produce the process of urban and rural population change, which had some common features that hold true in cross–country comparisons and some specific ones that Estonia offers to the mosaic of world urbanization.     

基于AHP-PROMETHEE-GIS的半干旱地区生态旅游活动适宜性分析——以宁夏灵武市白芨滩沙漠公园为例

半干旱地区生态旅游业的发展需要充分考虑生态资源的脆弱性和特殊性,生态旅游活动的适宜性研究可促进对生态脆弱区旅游资源的科学保护与利用.提出一套基于AHP-PROMETHEE-GIS的半干旱地区生态旅游活动适宜性分析框架,并在宁夏灵武市白芨滩沙漠公园大泉片区进行实验.根据适宜性分析框架,得出适合进行各类生态旅游活动的潜在区...     

Sikring av ulike skogtyper

The author presents a comprehensive list of different types of forests, groves, and single species which are preserved, or singled out for preservation, and puts forward the case for an additional list of occurrences worthy of conservation. So far preservation has been largely dependent on state ownership of land and planning has been unsatisfactory mainly because executive organs have been understaffed. It is argued that Norway's exceptionally favourable maritime climate makes it desirable to have a good coverage of marginal northerly occurrences. An ample selection of examples should also be aimed at both from the East-West and from the vertical vegetational zonings.