The role of distance in peri-urban national park use: Who visits them and how far do they travel?

There is a sizable literature about the factors shaping park visitation and use – especially for urban parks, including (i) geographic (e.g. proximity), (ii) socio-cultural (e.g. population characteristics) and to a lesser extent, (iii) individual psychometric factors (e.g. attitudes and values). Yet comparatively little is known about how factors related to distance may affect peri-urban national park use, particularly outside the United States. This paper reports on research investigating distance-related factors affecting use of a peri-urban national park in Brisbane, Australia. This study found that older visitors live closer to the park while younger visitors travel further to use it. Surprisingly, travel distance did not vary with the type of recreational activities that users were conducting in the park. These results have implications for park planning and management including user demand for different recreational activities in peri-urban national parks. Results are useful for scholars using distance decay models to explain travel behaviour, evidencing the empirical veracity of the model in different places and across different service types. The findings are especially important for geographers because they demonstrate that assumptions about uniform park catchments may be unsupported and need to be empirically validated.     

国家公园游憩利用与社区协调的空间重构机理与联动逻辑

游憩活动带来的“人”与“地”的互动使国家公园原本的人地关系有了更复杂的内涵。国家公园的社区协调与游憩利用需要联动发展,其机理是当代社会由流空间与地方场所形成的空间重构。以流空间理论为基础,解析国家公园空间重构机理,构建游憩利用与社区协调的空间联动逻辑模型,结果发现：1）国家公园生态空间所具有的独特资源禀赋是生活空间、生产空间、游憩空间运行发展的基础,生活、生产、游憩空间三者都影响生态空间的生态承载力。2）生活空间中原住民的地方依恋和文化认同都起源于生态空间,为游憩空间提供人文资源,通过宜居程度和生活保障的提升来促进生产空间的优化。3）生产空间也为游憩空间提供具有原真性的文化资源,通过生产方式的转变和就业渠道的增加提高原住民的收入水平,带动生活空间的改善。4）游憩空间所产生的经济资本和文化资本能够助力于生态空间的维护、助力于生活空间的改善和生产空间的优化。因此在未来的国家公园建设与发展中,一是需要根据流空间结构,推进游憩利用与社区协调的科学管理;二是基于空间重构机理,促进游憩利用与社区协调的要素流动;三是需要利用空间联动逻辑,完善游憩利用与社区协调的多元发展模式。     

Tourism development and users’ perceptions of wilderness in Southern New Zealand

Wilderness is a concept that is defined by personal cognition and cultural background, rather than physical environments. This paper examines perceptions of wilderness among a number of samples of the general public and wilderness users in Otago and Fiordland in southern New Zealand. In these areas, which depend heavily upon a growing tourist industry, extensive areas of national park and other developed land provide locales for wilderness experiences to be enjoyed. These are sought by a growing number of international and domestic visitors, whose attitudes towards the development and protection of wilderness areas are analysed, and some suggestions are made for the delimitation and labelling of a range of types of wilderness and remote experience areas.     

论国家公园的公益性、国家主导性和科学性

国家公园作为一种严格保护并合理利用自然文化资源的可持续发展理念和举措而在全球得到普遍认可和蓬勃发展。国际上的国家公园因为国情不同而有多种体制模式,但是国家公园的根本特性是共同一致、必须维护的。公益性、国家主导性和科学性这三大特性是国家公园的根本特性,其中公益性是国家公园设立的根本目的,它包括了为公众利益而设、对公众低廉收费、使公众受到教育、让公众积极参与等方面,而国家主导性和科学性则是践行公益性的两大保障,前者要求国家确立、国家管理、国家立法、国家维护和爱国主义教育,后者则要求建立科学的国家公园体系、科学的规划、科学的分区和科学的经营利用等。中国国家公园的建立,面临着国情特殊、现行保护地多头管理、保护利用压力大等问题,应该利用风景名胜区等保护地开展试点,制定统一的中国国家公园标准,采用准入制度,并逐步探索统一的管理体系和法规体系,最终建立统筹管理的、中国特色的国家公园制度。     

Residents’ Perception of the Recreational Value of Forest Parks: A Case Study in Shanghai,China

Forest parks provide important recreational and tourism bene?ts to residents, so it is essential to know what residents’ perceptions are regarding the recreational value of forest parks for participatory forest planning and management. This study investigated forest park recreational value in the physical, psychological, and social dimensions in Shanghai according to questionnaires completed by 658 respondents, and examined the relationships between recreational value and residents’ social variables by multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). The results show the following: 1) The recreational value of forest parks is perceived as most important in the psychological dimension, while in the social dimension it is appreciated the least. 2) In terms of the differences in forest park recreational value in suburbs and rural areas, the social value in rural areas had significantly higher scores than in the suburbs, and the psychological value in suburbs is much higher than that in the rural areas. 3) Regarding the social variables which characterize residents in suburbs and rural areas, females and younger groups tended to assign higher scores to recreational value than males and older groups. Moreover, citizens with low education or low income also assigned higher scores to recreational value compared to more educated or higher-income residents. The results of this study reveal the recreational value characteristics of Shanghai forest parks in the three dimensions, which can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development of urban forest resources and contribute to reasonable planning and management.     

西溪国家湿地公园模式的实践与探索

作为首个国家湿地公园,杭州西溪国家湿地公园全力探索“西溪模式”,寻求科学保护与适度利用之间的平衡点,努力走出一条保护与利用的“双赢”之路。在建设西溪国家湿地公园的过程中,主要抓住“规划、保护、管理、研究”4个环节建设好西溪湿地天堂。坚持规划先行,构筑区域性人与自然和谐发展的规划体系;实施科学保护,调整并规划区内人类活动的强度与容量;注重精心管理,实现湿地生态环境、生态资源的科学保护和合理利用;做好深入研究,努力为湿地保护利用提供决策依据和理论指导。     

National parks in Lithuania: Old environment in a new democracy

Despite a long tradition of nature and forestry management, conservation of nature has a relatively short history in Lithuania. Most aspects of environmental management are facing considerable challenges since Lithuania's recent freedom from the 50-year Soviet regime. New democracies tend to develop new and often unpredictable ramifications for environmental management, and there is an urgent need for developing national park concepts and planning models that are responsive to the local context. This paper discusses some of the challenges encountered in developing and adjusting national park concepts. Lithuanian parks, like protected areas in other parts of the world, are characterised by the interaction of diverse natural and socio-cultural factors. This more or less unique complexity is the essence of the national park identity. Sustainable management of integrated protected area resources demands a change from the former expert-based top-down Soviet management. New models of collaborative, adaptive management will need to consider multiple values and goals and be able to function within rapidly changing political and administrative contexts.     

Functional Zoning Mode and Management Measures of Qianjiangyuan National Park based on Ecological Sensitivity Evaluation

Functional zoning is an important guarantee for regulating the land use intensity of national parks and maintaining the integrity and stability of natural ecosystem. In this paper, we tease out of the functional zoning models and methods based on the empirical analysis of the world national parks, and then take the Qianjiangyuan National Park (QNP) as an example, study the functional zoning method based on ecological sensitivity. Results show that, the goal of national park construction in the world is changing from enhancing national cohesion to displaying the national image, from the pure natural protection and recreation use to protection of the comprehensive function of natural ecosystem integrity protection, recreation, environmental education, etc. The establishment of QNP is to protect the natural ecosystem of sub-tropical lowland broad-leaved evergreen forest, also to meet the community development and recreational consume of large population in Eastern China. So this paper establishes an evaluation index system based on ecological sensitivity, combining ecosystem services, potential habitats of important species, and development opportunities. Based on the analysis result, the functional zoning of QNP can be divided into strict protection area, ecological conservation area, traditional using area and recreational area. In this way, it can make the functional partition reflect system controls thought in area difference and space layout, and take the corresponding management measures in different functional areas, to promote the sustainable evolution of the natural ecological system in national park.     

三江源国家公园功能分区与空间管控（英文）

Functional zoning is a key step for the integrated planning and scientific management of a national park. Selecting the Three-River-Source National Park(TNP) as the study area, this paper establishes an evaluation system including 13 evaluation indexes which are classified into four categories, namely: ecosystem services; potential distribution of key species habitats; ecological sensitivity; and ecological resilience through the comprehensive analysis on the regional eco-environmental features in the study area. The results of the comprehensive analysis, combined with the functions and requirements of management of national parks, indicate that TNP is divided into the first-level zone(the core conservation area, the ecological restoration area and the traditional utilization area) with definite targets of space management and the second-level zone with implementation of control measures. This method of functional zoning lays a solid foundation for the scientific planning of TNP; moreover, our study provides new insights into other national parks' functional zoning.     

城市园林游憩活动评价及"期望差异-体验水平"管理模式——以无锡为例

游憩活动设计和管理对城市园林实践具有重要意义。评价是设计决策和管理实践的依据,基于"工具设计－测量评价－管理战略决策"这一评价流程,从游憩活动使用者角度出发,通过文献分析构建游憩活动评价指标体系,并以无锡园林作为研究对象,选择其中四个典型城市园林进行游客抽样调查,通过对调查所得数据的统计分析,综合评价无锡市园林游憩活动的现状,并提炼影响游客游憩体验的重要因素。还尝试性地提出了园林游憩活动的"期望差异—体验水平"管理模式,基于调查数据来计算9类游憩活动的期望差异等级表和体验水平等级表,以确定其在"期望差异—体验水平"横向评价矩阵("ED-EL"矩阵)中所处位置,在此基础上对无锡市四个园林的游憩活动发展提出建议。     

国家公园公益化管理国外相关研究及启示

国家公园通过公益化管理体现其公益性。相关主体行为是相应管理的主要对象,以使之产生正外部性,减少或消除其负外部性。国外国家公园已有100多年的公益化管理实践,产生了大量研究。论文分析、归纳国外学者在相关方面所关注的主要内容,并系统梳理针对这些内容的研究,总结出其对国内国家公园公益化管理中应对现实问题、达成“理顺权属关系、扩大社会参与、实现公益服务、保障社区利益”等目标的启示：非国有土地管理合约化、管理权限系统化、保护责任制度化、社会募捐常态化、生态保护科学化;以及通过构建渠道、科学组织实现公众参与保护及管理;以体现公益、优化体验、环境教育为目标提供游憩服务;以正外部性最大、负外部性最小为原则对企业及访客进行管理;以激励相融、利益保障为原则实现社区共管共享等。     

近30年来国外国家公园研究进展与启示

国家公园是自然保护和旅游研究领域的重要内容之一。本文以Web of Science数据库收录的近30年国外国家公园相关文献为基础,对筛选的451篇英文文献运用可视化软件CitespaceⅢ及系统综述的方法,从资源评估、环境影响、发展模式、规划、运营管理5个方面对国外国家公园研究主要内容进行述评,并对研究方法进行系统分析。最后,从国家公园立法、发展模式构建、管理内容与方法、社区参与模式与机制、环境监测与评估5个方面提出未来中国国家公园的研究方向。总体上看,国外有关国家公园的研究具有研究对象复杂、视角多元、方法综合的特征。在构建国家公园体制的大背景下,借鉴国际经验构建中国国家公园研究体系将对完善中国保护地相关研究、指导国家公园建设具有重要意义。     

Functional zoning in national parks under multifactor trade-off guidance: A case study of Qinghai Lake National Park in China

Functional zoning is an important mechanism for achieving national park planning and management objective. Better functional zoning is of great significance to the protection of ecosystem legitimacy and integrity, the appropriate utilization of resources, community integration, and feasible management. In the present study, the proposed Qinghai Lake National Park is the research object. Based on the critical goal of ecological protection, the importance of ecosystem service functions and the eco...     

台湾地区国家公园建设与发展

自从 １９７２ 年台湾地区实施 “国家公园法”以来, 目前已建立了六大国家公园, 对保护台湾岛的特有自然风景、野生动物和历史文化发挥了重要作用。此外, 台湾地区国家公园还为发展旅游和研究生态学、地学提供了理想的场所。台湾有丰富的资源建立国家公园, 其规划除遵循国家公园的国际标准, 还针对台湾地区地景、生物多样性的特点进行国家公园的规划与建设。台湾地区国家公园规划的主要内容包括： （１） 资源调查与分析; （２） 自然保护与发展政策制订;（３） 国家公园系统规划; （４） 国家公园经营管理规划; （５） 旅游区规划与设施建设; （６） 国家公园生态保护、解说系统。     

Between a rock and a hard place: contested livelihoods in Qwaqwa National Park, South Africa

This paper examines rural livelihoods and the prospects for participatory conservation through a case study of Qwaqwa National Park (QNP) in South Africa. The park was established in 1992 in the context of South Africa's transition to democracy, growing ecotourism in the country and global movements towards conservation involving and benefiting local people. The paper argues that the protracted conflict between park residents and management led to new patterns of livelihood activities and household formation, and resulted in material and social differentiation amongst park households. The goals of park management, with a commitment to nature conservation and ecotourism, were at odds with the livelihood practices of park residents. Conflicts arose over stocking levels, overgrazing, wood-cutting and deforestation and over the use of other natural resources, including water and medicinal plants. The park was the site of a Rand Water project that employed many residents. Residents found themselves between a rock and a hard place as they resisted attempts by the management to reduce stocking levels and yet relied on management to gain access to sources of paid employment.     

Functional zoning and space management of Three-River-Source National Park

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Functional zoning is a key step for the integrated planning and scientific management of a national park. Selecting the Three-River-Source National Park (TNP) as...     

A modelling framework for the study of Spatial Data Infrastructures applied to coastal management and planning

The continuous development of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) provides a favourable context for environmental management and planning. However, it appears that the actual contribution of SDIs should also depend on the correlation between users’ expectations and the services delivered to them. Several studies have addressed some organizational, methodological and technological aspects of the development of SDIs. However, only a few studies have, to the best of our knowledge, studied SDI use at large. This article introduces a methodological approach oriented towards the study of the relationship between SDIs and the users interacting with them as part of their professional practices. Our study is applied to coastal zone management and planning in France. This approach combines structural and data flow modelling. The former is based on Social Network Analysis (SNA) and the latter on Data Flow Diagrams (DFD). This modelling approach has been applied to an online questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The results identify the SDIs, geographical data flows and institutional levels implied in French coastal zone management and planning.     

Lasting Legacies: Conservation and Communities at Huascaran National Park,Peru

This article uses a case-study approach to investigate the challenges of protected area (PA) management for Huascaran National Park in the Peruvian Andes. The park is analyzed by situating the timing of establishment of the park boundaries within the context of two historical Peruvian events: agrarian reform (1969) and an earthquake (1970). Interviews and narratives from community members and stakeholders associated with park delimitation and management were used for the study. Analysis of narratives revealed that the establishment of park boundaries, the legal definition used for the park, and land use restrictions contribute to diminished support for the park from surrounding communities. Community and national institutions negotiate the spatial boundary of conservation in Huascaran National Park while engaging with historical narratives that invoke environmental constraints and acts of resistance.     

基于SE-DEA的国家公园管理效能评估——-以十个国家公园体制试点为例

国家公园管理效能评估是国家公园建设发展领域的研究要点。本文综合了国家公园监管制度、设施完善、开发利用、环境保护、生态维护各环节投入以及实施效果等产出情况,建立了基于SE-DEA的效能评价模型,确定投入与产出指标,采用德尔菲法对定性指标进行量化处理,利用所建效能评价方法分别对我国十个国家公园体制试点2017年的管理效能进行评估和比较,再根据所得结论查找管理短板,算出改进方向与额度,并给出有针对性的建议。结果显示:(1)神农架(E)、云南香格里拉普达措(D)、湖南南山(G)和祁连山(J)国家公园体制试点在2017年的管理工作中投入过多、实施效果较差,为DEA无效,且有效性E>D>G>J;三江源(A)、东北虎豹(C)、浙江钱江源(F)、福建武夷山(H)、北京长城(I)和大熊猫(B)国家公园体制试点在2017年的管理效果相对较好,为DEA弱有效,且有效性A>C>F>H>I>B。(2)无效的国家公园体制试点需要在管理过程中对控制性指标进行额度调整,使管理效能达到DEA(弱)有效。(3)本文所建指标体系和评价方法可用于评估不同国家公园体制试点在同一时间段内的管理效能,也可用于评估同一国家公园体制试点在不同时期的管理效能,能较好地反映各国家公园体制试点的管理水平,可为形成科学的国家公园管理效能评价指标体系和评价方法提供参考依据。     

青藏高原国家公园群功能评价与结构分析

国家公园群是青藏高原推动生态安全屏障与区域绿色发展协同提升的重要模式探索。深入研究青藏高原国家公园群的功能结构特征,是推进国家公园有序组织、协同建设的关键科学问题。本文综合PSR评价模型、位序—规模法则、耦合协调度模型构建国家公园群功能结构识别评价方法,解析青藏高原国家公园群的多元功能类别、等级结构与功能结构特征。结果表明：① 青藏高原国家公园群要维护内生和外延两类关系,对内要促进生态保护、游憩利用和社区发展之间的利益合理配置,对外要通过单体国家公园之间的有序组织来推进生态安全屏障功能和区域绿色发展,在功能发挥的尺度跨越过程中处理好协同演化关系;② 青藏高原国家公园群生态保护、游憩和社区发展功能的重要性突出,科研和教育功能发展空间较大,Zipf指数表明多元功能等级符合位序—规模法则且呈现均衡发展特征,单体国家公园需根据特色定位强化其优势功能项;③ 青藏高原国家公园群各项功能之间的耦合度为0.7809、协调度为0.6227,呈较高强度耦合、中级协调状态,单体国家公园的多元功能耦合强度及协调程度差异较大,呈现不同的功能结构特征,可分为全面协调型、优势发展型、一般发展型和一般滞后型。本文深化了国家公园（群）功能评价研究,为青藏高原国家公园群功能优化与可持续发展提供科学参考。