The border as an engine for mobility and spatial integration: A study of commuting in a Swedish–Norwegian context

The purpose of the study was to analyse how cross-border commuting differed from intranational commuting in Sweden, and how cross-border mobilities affected spatial integration. The authors analysed patterns and spatial flows of cross-border commuting by comparing them with characteristics of intranational commuting. In the article, they explore the assumption that the border constitutes an ‘engine’ for work-related mobility, which affects processes of spatial integration in cross-border areas. The empirical material comprised data from surveys of commuting from the Swedish county of Värmland to Norway and commuting within Värmland. The findings showed that cross-border commuting shared common features with intranational commuting, including how the frequency of commuting was dependent on distance. The motives for commuting differed, and the reasons for working in Norway were economic rather than professional. In terms of spatial integration, cross-border commuting was mainly one-directional, from Sweden to Norway, while leisure mobility and migration tended to be in the opposite direction. The authors conclude that the border region is characterised by integration through specialisation, which involves a permanent state of ‘transient’ mobility. Thus, a win-win situation can be distinguished, in which the border serves as a resource and an ‘engine’ for cross-border integration, mobility and economic activities.     

转型期广州市城市居民职住空间与通勤行为研究

以广州市2001年、2005年和2010年大型家庭社会调查为基础,研究了广州市城市居民职住空间和通勤行为的演化,从微观层面分析城市居民职住空间分离和城市通勤行为的影响因素。结果表明：2000年以来广州市城市居民职住空间分离趋势较为明显,但通勤成本仍然是城市居民居住区位或工作地选择过程的重要考虑因素;通过使用职住空间平衡测量指标来测度城市职住空间平衡的空间差异,研究结果显示：内圈层存在最为严重的职住空间失衡,而随着近年来广州市产业和居住郊区化进程的突飞猛进,城市郊区的职住空间失衡状况有明显改善,职住空间平衡率大幅度提升。从通勤行为来看,广州市城市居民使用传统的通勤方式比重最高,家庭收入、文化程度、住房产权和性质状况、工作单位性质等城市居民通勤行为显著影响通勤方式。     

Commuting behaviour and urban form: a longitudinal study of a polycentric urban region in Denmark

This paper is an empirical investigation of the relation between urban form and commuting behaviour in a polycentric urban region. It explores to what extent urban form and location variables help to explain commuting time, distance and mode based on an empirical case, East Jutland, which is a polycentric urban region in Denmark. Data from the National Transport Survey of Denmark were used for this quantitative analysis and two time periods were selected to highlight any potential changes over time. Empirical findings indicate that urban form and location variables help to explain the three selected aspects of commuting. However, urban form variables have greater explanatory power in explaining commuting modes than commuting time and commuting distance. No general trends in commuting were detectable from the data. Finally, the empirical findings revealed specificities of the case study. For instance, two of the important findings are that the distance to the closest urban centre is an important factor which affects the three selected aspects of commuting, while the distance from the residence to the closest large city (i.e. second-ranked city) is associated with a relatively short commuting distance in East Jutland.     

The city region as concept,object, and practice

The article examines the development of city regions with a three-dimensional approach: the city region as concept, object, and practice. The authors base the conceptual, top-down approach on theoretical perspectives from economics, institutionalism, and planning. The understanding of the city region as an object refers both to its territory and its materiality, i.e. population, infrastructure, and landscape. A bottom-up and practice-generated understanding of city-regional development is based on populations’ practising of city regions through everyday mobility, i.e. commuting and shopping, and on the institutional practices related to the spatial organization and responsibility of political bodies, businesses, and civil society organizations. These dimensions and the relations between them are generated and illustrated by an empirical investigation of the emergence of small city regions in Norway. The analysis shows that whereas the economic rationale provides one argument for institutional practices in establishing, naming, and planning city regions in Norway, the common practices of populations do not always coincide.     

Exploring Metropolitan Accessibility and Urban Structure

Location-based assessments of accessibility gauge the attraction of a place relative to other places. These approaches have been used extensively in models of commuting and urban structure. Even though locational accessibility measures are integral to such efforts, they may also be used to explore aspects of urban spatial structure. As such, this paper presents a GIS-based analysis of locational accessibility for a sample of U.S. metropolitan areas. Indices of accessibility based on spatial interaction models are developed for intraurban residential and employment locations. Results show that residential accessibility patterns are similar across cities, taking a concentric pattern where the central urban area is most attractive. However, employment accessibility varies more from city to city; moreover, the areas of highest employment accessibility tend to be decentralized within their respective regions. Overall, location-based accessibility indices are useful for exploring urban form, particularly with respect to issues of urban sprawl. Directions for future research are identified, including linking comparative urban accessibility measures to ongoing work on commuting, the jobs-housing balance, and urban structure.     

邻里环境感知与个体健康对通勤模式选择的影响研究——以南京市为例

通勤是大部分城市就业者日常工作所必须面对的问题。相比宏观层面的城市建成环境,微观层面的邻里环境感知及个体健康与通勤模式选择的联系更为密切。以南京市主城区8个社区为案例地,利用结构方程模型探究邻里环境感知与个体健康对城市就业者通勤模式选择的影响。首先借助问卷调查数据,将通勤模式分为积极通勤、公共交通通勤、电动车/摩托车通勤以及小汽车通勤四类;其次使用因子分析法确定邻里环境感知的潜变量,并将个体健康分为身体健康、心理健康与健康行为3个潜变量;最后构建结构方程模型的理论框架并进行实证分析。研究发现：① 邻里环境感知变量中服务设施感知、环境品质感知对通勤模式选择存在显著的直接效应,交通安全感知对通勤模式选择存在显著的间接效应。② 个体健康变量中,心理健康与健康行为对通勤模式选择存在显著的直接效应。③ 通勤距离与社会经济属性对通勤模式选择存在显著的直接效应,同时社会经济属性对通勤模式选择亦存在显著的间接效应。基于研究结果,提出有效提升就业者对于社区环境的主观感受,进而提高就业者参与健康行为的意愿与就业者的健康水平,从而引导其选择更加健康和绿色的通勤模式。     

广州市过剩通勤的相关特征及其形成机制

在不改变目前城市结构的前提下, 通过模拟居民的居住与就业区位的最优组合获取理论上的最小通勤, 过剩通勤是实际通勤成本与最小通勤成本之间的差值, 它反映了城市通勤效率和潜力。利用线性规划函数, 以广州市为例, 利用2001 年和2005 年家庭调查问卷数据, 计算两年的过剩通勤分别为58.41%和44.74%, 这部分通勤是可通过优化居住与就业的区位组合而理论上可节约的。过剩通勤与家庭社会经济特征有关, 尤其与家庭收入、户籍类型、 住房产权和类型等密切相关, 家庭结构分化和收入分化是产生过剩通勤的重要原因。除受模型假设产生的误差影响外, 过剩通勤的产生还受社会经济体制改革、城市规划与建设及个人 的居住与就业偏好等因素的影响; 住房、国企和土地等相关制度的改革导致城市居住与就业空间重组、城市规划较少关注小区域范围内居住与就业的平衡、个人的择居和择业偏好的变化, 这些因素相互影响、相互作用, 共同对过剩通勤的产生和扩大产生重要影响。     

THE GEOGRAPHY OF URBAN COMMUTING FIELDS: SOME EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM NEW ENGLAND

Cities have become increasingly interdependent. Yet we continue to think of the urban landscape in terms of mutually exclusive, monocentric regions. Data from New England suggest a richer, overlapping geography of metropolitan-area commuting fields. New ways of conceptualizing flow-based systems are needed to understand urban settlement patterns better.     

建成环境对居民通勤方式选择的影响——以武汉市城中村为例

城中村作为带着农民特色和阶级混杂重塑的空间,为弱势劳动群体融入城市化体系、实现反资本而不反市场的城镇化进程提供了保障。探讨建成环境对居民通勤方式选择的影响机制,开展城中村建成环境改造,对于解决弱势群体通勤和就业困难意义重大。论文基于武汉市2018年LBS(Location Based Services)数据,以公共交通通勤方式选择作为二元分类因变量,采用梯度提升决策树(gradient boosting decision tree,GBDT)分析建成环境与城中村居民通勤方式选择的非线性关系与阈值效应,结果显示：普遍长距离通勤的城中村居民对公共交通系统依赖性强,建成环境的非线性影响和阈值效应明显,弥补了传统线性模型在可解释性上的不足;其中公交站可达性预测贡献度最大(19.89%),阈值分别在300 m和1000 m左右,在城中村改造时应尽量满足直线距离300 m公交站点可达,保证1000 m内存在公交线路,其余变量也有相似的可解释性。研究得到的建成环境影响的优先层次和最有效的空间属性范围将为提升城中村居民就业和通勤公平,实现区域包容、协调的城镇化提供参考。     

Circular mobility and regional development: a case study of two dukuh in Yogyakarta Special Region

An analysis of internal migration in two regions, or dukuh, of Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia, is presented. Three types of migration are identified, commuting, circular migration, and out-migration. The focus of the study is on the increase in commuting and circular migration that has occurred since the 1970s; its relationships with education, agricultural innovation, and improved transportation; and the importance of circular migration as a link between rural and urban areas.     

城市空间结构对居民通勤行为的影响研究 ——以成都市和兰州市为例

借鉴国外过剩通勤理论,构建了城市空间结构对居民通勤行为影响度公式,并利用大规模问卷调查获取的通勤数据进行实证研究,定量分析了不同城市空间结构对居民通勤行为的影响程度。研究发现,城市空间结构对居民通勤行为的影响程度要小于个体社会经济属性对居民通勤的影响程度,因此,为了减少通勤,既要调整城市空间结构,更要减少个体自由选择职住区位的制度性约束;与单中心城市相比,各组团内部职住平衡度较高的多中心城市,在减少居民通勤距离,提高城市通勤效率方面具有更大的优势。     

Changes to urban form and commuting patterns: trends in two Danish city regions

This paper compares indicators of polycentricity in a monocentric (MUR) and a polycentric urban region (PUR) in Denmark at two points in time (1982 and 2002). It describes how population, jobs and commuting indicators of polycentricity develop and interact over time. Both the MUR and the PUR tend towards more balanced development. The increasing size of the main node in the PUR is the only deviation from the general trend. The general tendency towards a more polycentric regional structure was most marked in changing interaction and commuting patterns. Inter-urban commuting increased, while intra-urban commuting decreased, leading to dispersion of commuters and a rapid increase in commuting across the region. Commuting distances were shortest in the polycentric region, but it also had the highest growth rates. In both regions, the balancing trend leads to a dispersal of commuting demand over an increasingly complex web of origins and destination nodes. This tendency compels us to question whether people’s choice of residence is becoming increasingly irrelevant to their place of work. In relation to polycentricity and sustainability, this calls into question the degree to which proximity can be a valuable ‘asset’ in terms of planning sustainable transport outcomes connecting residence, jobs and service.     

发达国家通勤影响个人健康的研究综述与展望

随着社会经济的不断发展,健康问题已经越来越受到大家的关注。通勤作为居民每日的重要出行活动,是时间利用中的重要组成部分。近些年,城市交通状况开始不断恶化,糟糕的通勤形势逐渐对个人的健康状况构成威胁。发达国家较早开始了对于该问题的关注,已取得丰富的研究成果。相较之下,国内关于通勤影响个人健康的文献则相对缺乏。本文主要从个人心理健康、客观健康、健康行为三个维度,对西方发达国家通勤时间、通勤距离、通勤方式等通勤行对个人健康影响的相关文献进行了系统梳理与评述,并对未来研究进行展望,以期能够为我国城市通勤领域的研究提供新的视角与借鉴。     

Detecting arbitrarily shaped clusters in origin-destination flows using ant colony optimization

An origin-destination (OD) flow can be defined as the movement of objects between two locations. These movements must be determined for a range of purposes, and strong interactions can be visually represented via clustering of OD flows. Identification of such clusters may be useful in urban planning, traffic planning and logistics management research. However, few methods can identify arbitrarily shaped flow clusters. Here, we present a spatial scan statistical approach based on ant colony optimization (ACO) for detecting arbitrarily shaped clusters of OD flows (AntScan_flow). In this study, an OD flow cluster is defined as a regional pair with significant log likelihood ratio (LLR), and the ACO is employed to detect the clusters with maximum LLRs in the search space. Simulation experiments based on AntScan_flow and SaTScan_flow show that AntScan_flow yields better performance based on accuracy but requires a large computational demand. Finally, a case study of the morning commuting flows of Beijing residents was conducted. The AntScan_flow results show that the regions associated with moderate- and long-distance commuting OD flow clusters are highly consistent with subway lines and highways in the city. Additionally, the regions of short-distance commuting OD flow clusters are more likely to exhibit ‘residential-area to work-area’ patterns.     

上海城市建成环境对居民通勤方式选择的影响

伴随中国快速城市化与机动化进程,私人汽车拥有量不断增长,由此引起的交通拥堵和环境问题已成为制约中国城市可持续发展的难题。基于上海市区的居民通勤问卷调查数据,采用多项Logit模型检验了街道尺度城市建成环境对于居民通勤方式选择的影响,结果表明,在控制了其他因素后,提高居住地的人口密度、土地利用混合度与十字路口比重,可以减少小汽车通勤方式的选择,而就业地建成环境对居民通勤方式选择影响相对较弱;建成环境对通勤方式选择的影响会因个体的社会经济异质性而不同。这些结论为通过优化土地利用规划来优化居民通勤结构的城市交通和城市规划政策提供了启示。     

大城市通勤方式与职住失衡的相互关系

随着城市的扩张,人们的就业—居住空间跨度不断扩大。通勤方式的多样化和通勤效率的提高会对就业者的职住状况产生影响。以通勤时间作为通勤成本能从就业者的角度辨析个体的职住失衡状况。本文基于贝叶斯-tobit的统计分析方法,结合北京市7个街道和地区的问卷调查数据,分析了慢行交通、机动车、轨道交通、地面公交等4种通勤方式与职住失衡的相互关系。同时,引入就业可达性和用地混合度作为调节变量,考察其对不同通勤方式与职住失衡之间原有关系的影响。研究发现：①慢行交通的通勤方式与职住失衡程度存在负相关性;②机动车、轨道交通和地面公交的通勤方式与职住失衡程度存在正相关性;③就业可达性和用地混合度会弱化慢行交通、轨道交通、地面公交通勤方式与职住失衡程度的原有关系,即在低就业可达性和用地混合度条件下,慢行交通通勤者的职住失衡度更低,而轨道交通和地面公交通勤者的职住失衡度更高;④就业可达性和用地混合度的差异对机动车通勤与职住失衡之间的关系没有影响。上述结果表明：低就业可达性和用地混合度能够缓解慢行交通通勤者的职住失衡程度;但对于轨道交通和地面公交的通勤者来说,低就业可达性和用地混合度会加剧其职住失衡的程度。此外,机动车通勤者不易受外部客观因素的影响而改变出行方式。     

基于结构方程模型的南京市就业者通勤行为特征对健康的影响研究

通勤是城市就业者日常工作所必须面对的问题,长距离、长时间通勤以及机动化通勤方式带来的健康问题引起了国内外学者们的广泛关注。论文基于南京市居民身体活动及健康状况问卷调查数据,构建结构方程模型分析就业者通勤距离、通勤时间及通勤模式三者的关系及其对心理健康、身体健康以及健康行为的影响。研究发现：① 通勤距离对机动车通勤模式与通勤时间存在显著的正向直接效应,同时通勤距离对通勤时间存在显著的正向间接效应。② 在心理健康影响方面,通勤距离、通勤时间及机动车通勤模式对邻里关系有显著的负向直接效应,同时通勤距离与通勤模式对邻里关系还存在显著的负向间接效应;在身体健康影响方面,通勤距离降低了就业者超重或肥胖的发生概率,但增加了就业者选择机动车通勤模式的可能性,从而间接增加了就业者患慢性疾病的风险;在健康行为影响方面,通勤距离、通勤时间与睡眠时间显著负相关,机动车通勤模式对睡眠时间产生负向间接影响,与是否做家务显著负相关,与是否散步呈现显著的正相关。③ 通勤行为特征对健康的影响因就业者社会经济属性不同而存在差异,女性、年龄较大以及收入较低的就业者通勤行为特征对健康的影响更为显著。基于研究结果,提出优化城市职住空间、减少通勤时耗,降低小汽车依赖、促进积极通勤来提高就业者身体活动量,并为特殊群体的通勤创造更加有利的条件,进而提升其健康水平。     

北京市外来人口集聚型城中村流动人口职住分离研究

居住和就业是居民日常生活的主要内容,随着中国城市化进程加快,城市中低收入群体的职住分离现象正得到越来越多的关注。本文采用人口集聚指数、GIS空间分析及Logit回归分析等方法,利用北京市“六普”及实地调研数据,来获取外来人口集聚型城中村流动人口通勤及职住特征,并对影响因素进行分析。结果表明：①北京流动人口集中于城市拓展区,呈“环状圈层”分布特征。②近郊城中村流动人口通勤距离普遍较长,职住分离较明显,相应通勤时间也较长;远郊城中村流动人口通勤距离较短,以就地工作为主,由于远离城市核心区,公共服务设施的可达性较差。③家庭就业人数、未成年及老人数、住京时长、收入、受教育程度、行业、交通工具选择等对其通勤距离具有显著影响。上述结论可为研究城市弱势群体工作居住空间结构、制定城市规划等提供参考。     

手机信令数据支撑下广州市过剩通勤及其空间分异格局

利用手机信令数据构建居委会尺度下的职住联系数据库,分析广州过剩通勤及其空间分异格局。研究发现,广州市过剩通勤为76.01%,与国内和西方国家城市相比处于较高水平,说明广州市职住空间组织效率偏低。过剩通勤的空间分异特征主要表现为：功能相对单一的郊区大型工业或房地产集聚区过剩通勤率偏高;传统市中心虽然就业机会集中,但因为高居住成本也出现较高的过剩通勤率;近郊区的特定功能区域,如大学城、偏农业发展型城郊村等区域出现较低的过剩通勤率;快速轨道交通（地铁）建设因降低了居民对通勤距离的敏感度而导致过剩通勤水平的提升,高过剩通勤率空间分布与地铁沿线和地铁站点分布存在一定的空间一致性。提升大城市的职住空间组织效率除需重点考虑提升区域职住空间平衡外,优化城市功能结构、降低住房成本区域差异等也需予以重点考虑。     

基于出行链的建成环境对居民小汽车通勤出行的影响

城市建成环境对居民出行,尤其是小汽车通勤出行的影响是交通需求预测的基础性命题,长期受到关注.已有研究大多以单次出行作为研究对象,较少关注出行链影响下的出行协同决策问题.论文基于2017年广州市居民活动日志调查数据,采用Logistic模型检验了出行链视角下城市建成环境对工作日选择小汽车通勤出行的影响.研究发现,出行链中...