近30年来国外国家公园研究进展与启示

国家公园是自然保护和旅游研究领域的重要内容之一。本文以Web of Science数据库收录的近30年国外国家公园相关文献为基础,对筛选的451篇英文文献运用可视化软件CitespaceⅢ及系统综述的方法,从资源评估、环境影响、发展模式、规划、运营管理5个方面对国外国家公园研究主要内容进行述评,并对研究方法进行系统分析。最后,从国家公园立法、发展模式构建、管理内容与方法、社区参与模式与机制、环境监测与评估5个方面提出未来中国国家公园的研究方向。总体上看,国外有关国家公园的研究具有研究对象复杂、视角多元、方法综合的特征。在构建国家公园体制的大背景下,借鉴国际经验构建中国国家公园研究体系将对完善中国保护地相关研究、指导国家公园建设具有重要意义。     

Lasting Legacies: Conservation and Communities at Huascaran National Park,Peru

This article uses a case-study approach to investigate the challenges of protected area (PA) management for Huascaran National Park in the Peruvian Andes. The park is analyzed by situating the timing of establishment of the park boundaries within the context of two historical Peruvian events: agrarian reform (1969) and an earthquake (1970). Interviews and narratives from community members and stakeholders associated with park delimitation and management were used for the study. Analysis of narratives revealed that the establishment of park boundaries, the legal definition used for the park, and land use restrictions contribute to diminished support for the park from surrounding communities. Community and national institutions negotiate the spatial boundary of conservation in Huascaran National Park while engaging with historical narratives that invoke environmental constraints and acts of resistance.     

论国家公园的公益性、国家主导性和科学性

国家公园作为一种严格保护并合理利用自然文化资源的可持续发展理念和举措而在全球得到普遍认可和蓬勃发展。国际上的国家公园因为国情不同而有多种体制模式,但是国家公园的根本特性是共同一致、必须维护的。公益性、国家主导性和科学性这三大特性是国家公园的根本特性,其中公益性是国家公园设立的根本目的,它包括了为公众利益而设、对公众低廉收费、使公众受到教育、让公众积极参与等方面,而国家主导性和科学性则是践行公益性的两大保障,前者要求国家确立、国家管理、国家立法、国家维护和爱国主义教育,后者则要求建立科学的国家公园体系、科学的规划、科学的分区和科学的经营利用等。中国国家公园的建立,面临着国情特殊、现行保护地多头管理、保护利用压力大等问题,应该利用风景名胜区等保护地开展试点,制定统一的中国国家公园标准,采用准入制度,并逐步探索统一的管理体系和法规体系,最终建立统筹管理的、中国特色的国家公园制度。     

The meaning of place: Attachments to Femundsmarka National Park,Norway, among tourists and locals

In Norway, the management of natural and cultural resources is subject to increasing public scrutiny. Conflicts are escalating over many issues concerning the balance between preservation and utilisation. Traditionally conflicts over issues like growth in commercial nature tourism, predator control, forest policies, protected areas management, cultural heritage protection, and rights associated with common access, have been explained in terms of opposing values, attitudes, and goals between urban and rural interests. However, historical differences between the urban and rural in terms of social conditions, employment opportunities, services, cultural norms, and lifestyles are no longer clear-cut or predictable. Nor can differences between urban and rural communities easily explain attitudes or values held in relation to the environment. To examine how a local community and a population of tourists feel about an area we examine data from two separate surveys from the Femundsmarka-Røros region in Southern Norway. This region includes a wilderness-type national park and a historic mining town recognised as a World Heritage Site and including a diverse agricultural landscape. We compare the perspective of the community with that of tourists regarding the strength and nature of attachment to place, and reasons and priorities for resource protection. We also assess how residence and experience of using the area affect attachment to place and attitudes to management priorities. The results have implications both for the management of this particular area, and for how we approach attitude diversity in resource management.     

The Role of the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems in the Construction of China’s National Park System and the Optimisation of the Protected Area System

Conservation-compatible development of rural communities is an important part of nature conservation objectives. Understanding the role of agriculture, which is often practiced in or bordering the protected areas in rural China, is critical for managing conservation networks considering that limited spatial areas are available for enclosed protected areas. Important Agricultural Heritage Systems stand out for their multi-functionality, and some of their values are compatible with nature conservation. This paper examined the concept, management objectives and resource management characteristics of the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS) by analysing their interactions with national parks in terms of community development. The results reveal that management strategies of dynamic conservation, integrated protection and adaptive management of the IAHS can contribute to those national park management objectives concerning conservation-compatible livelihood. However, the typology of the protected area system, including the traditional agricultural system as a new type, needs further consideration.     

Adventure Racing Events in Australia: context,assessment and implications for protected area management

This paper investigates the adventure racing phenomenon in Australia, highlighting the nature and extent of adventure racing, its potential environmental and socio-cultural impacts, and the challenges and opportunities it presents for protected area management. We argue that there is cause for concern about the impacts of adventure racing, in particular in a context where activities of this kind are likely to continue and increase in popularity, and where there is a lack of key information about impacts and management. In this context, there is a need for rigorous and informed discussion about adventure racing.     

长江中下游流域自然保护地空间分布及其与人类活动强度关系研究

以2015年土地利用类型数据为基础,计算长江中下游流域人类活动强度,采用最邻近指数、地理集中指数和不均衡指数分析研究区自然保护区、风景名胜区等六类国家级自然保护地分布特征,并定量揭示保护地空间分布与人类活动强度的关系,旨在为长江中下游流域建立基于人类活动强度的各类自然保护地管控策略提供科学依据。结果表明：1）人类活动高、较高、中、较低和低强度带在研究区的占比分别为3.74%、9.83%、14.98%、30.81%和40.63%;高等级强度带主要分布在长江三角洲平原、江汉平原等平原区,低等级强度带主要分布在秦岭山区、武陵山区等山地丘陵区。2）湿地公园、森林公园、风景名胜区和地质公园的空间分布类型为均匀型,水利风景区和自然保护区为凝聚型;六类保护地在各人类活动强度带空间分布不均衡。3）湿地公园、森林公园、水利风景区、自然保护区、风景名胜区和地质公园分别在中、较高、高、低、较低和低强度带密度最大;在高等级强度带“人地”矛盾更突出,应加强对自然保护地的保护力度和人类活动管控,尤其针对湿地公园、森林公园和水利风景区。     

基于SE-DEA的国家公园管理效能评估——-以十个国家公园体制试点为例

国家公园管理效能评估是国家公园建设发展领域的研究要点。本文综合了国家公园监管制度、设施完善、开发利用、环境保护、生态维护各环节投入以及实施效果等产出情况,建立了基于SE-DEA的效能评价模型,确定投入与产出指标,采用德尔菲法对定性指标进行量化处理,利用所建效能评价方法分别对我国十个国家公园体制试点2017年的管理效能进行评估和比较,再根据所得结论查找管理短板,算出改进方向与额度,并给出有针对性的建议。结果显示:(1)神农架(E)、云南香格里拉普达措(D)、湖南南山(G)和祁连山(J)国家公园体制试点在2017年的管理工作中投入过多、实施效果较差,为DEA无效,且有效性E>D>G>J;三江源(A)、东北虎豹(C)、浙江钱江源(F)、福建武夷山(H)、北京长城(I)和大熊猫(B)国家公园体制试点在2017年的管理效果相对较好,为DEA弱有效,且有效性A>C>F>H>I>B。(2)无效的国家公园体制试点需要在管理过程中对控制性指标进行额度调整,使管理效能达到DEA(弱)有效。(3)本文所建指标体系和评价方法可用于评估不同国家公园体制试点在同一时间段内的管理效能,也可用于评估同一国家公园体制试点在不同时期的管理效能,能较好地反映各国家公园体制试点的管理水平,可为形成科学的国家公园管理效能评价指标体系和评价方法提供参考依据。     

国内外环境解说研究综述

环境解说最早出现在美国国家公园的服务体系中,伴随着新兴的旅游方式、目的地竞争日益激烈和居民游憩需求的增加,其概念内涵与功能不断发展,并且解说的研究也得到不断完善。本文分别从国外环境解说研究的时代发展和内容上进行划分,而由于国内的研究很少,只作为综述的补充。从20世纪60年代至今环境解说分别经历了"形成期"、"媒介期"、"名正期"以及"初熟期"。在研究内容上,国外的相关研究主要有对解说特征与功能的研究,包括其概念性框架与目标、手段选择、管理功能与经济功能的研究;对解说受众的研究,主要包括对游客的分类研究及解说方式的研究,以及对解说员与游客之间沟通过程的研究等。在西方,环境解说研究通过借助其他各学科的理论而逐渐成熟,笔者建议引入国外成熟理论以建设并完善环境解说学科体系来填补我国在这一研究领域的空白。     

Evaluating field-based GIS for environmental characterization,modelling and decision support

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the potential of using GIS (Geographical Information Systems) in the field for environmental characterization, modelling and decision support particularly in isolated areas where data collection is difficult. Observations are based on experiences gained during two Anglo-Russian expeditions to the Altai Mountains of south central Siberia aimed at evaluating proposals for a new national park in the Katunsky Ridge area of the Belukha Massif. The use of GIS together with GPS (Global Positioning Systems) for primary data collection and verification/update of existing data is described and the use of field-based systems for on-the-spot environmental modelling and decision support is evaluated.     

美国国家公园志愿者服务及机制——以海峡群岛国家公园为例

具有百余年历史的美国国家公园志愿者服务已成为美国国家公园管理的重要部分,志愿者服务有效实现了美国国家公园的全民管理思路。通过实地考察和访谈记录梳理,就国家公园志愿者服务的相关概念、服务动机、服务决策、服务内容、服务支持和服务机制深入剖析,从庞大有序的服务系统、管理与运行、功能实现三方面分析国家公园志愿者服务机制;提炼出美国国家公园志愿者服务的四个支持：宣传支持、技术支持、学习支持和立法支持。并以美国海峡群岛国家公园为例进行论证。最后提出国家公园志愿者服务和中国国家公园志愿服务尚需研究的诸多内容,任重而道远。     

The Utility and Organization of a College Field Course: Examining National Park Management

Abstract

This article reviews the benefits of field-based instruction, particularly as it complements traditional classroom learning. It suggests that direct observation and hands-on learning associated with field-based instruction raise students' interest level and improve their understanding and long-term retention of targeted concepts. In addition, planning, implementation, and evaluation strategies are provided and recommendations are outlined for instructors interested in organizing or improving a field course at their learning institution. The park management field course offered between spring and summer semesters at Oklahoma State University provides an example of the major components of a successful field course.     

Population change in Urban areas

Abstract

Changes in the size of urban populations involve the demographic processes of migration and natural change; in many metropolitan areas the balance of births and deaths is more important than the number of in-migrants. Two exercises are described that have been developed from models of population change. These models, in turn, are derived from concepts contained in General Systems Theory. Discussion of these exercises and the results provides a useful introduction to various aspects of urban growth and to the role and nature of models in studying urban processes.     

Palaeosurfaces and major valleys in the area of the Kjǿlen Mountains,southern Norway - consequences of uplift and climatic change

Protected area management in Norway is undergoing institutional changes with the implementation of management models aimed at increased public participation. At the same time tourism enterprises are increasing in number within the protected areas. Greater levels of interaction with stakeholders place new demands on lead institutions in terms of communication, transparency, involvement, and power sharing. A governance perspective was used to examine some facets of the interaction between a local council managing a national park in Norway and tourism companies using the park for their operations. The main objective was to assess how the tourism sector perceives the cooperation and interface with the management institution. Semi-structured interviews were used, together with a framework of United Nations Development Programme principles of good governance: legitimacy and voice, direction, performance, accountability, and fairness. The results showed rather negative evaluations by the tourism sector, and operators expressed views, implying that the current management model fails to achieve most of the principles of good governance. Although based on a one-sided view by one group of stakeholders, the study suggests that lack of access to important processes and decisions, perceived bias towards traditional conservation, neglect of cultural heritage, and undue restrictions on access could have serious implications for developing an effective management model.     

The role of distance in peri-urban national park use: Who visits them and how far do they travel?

There is a sizable literature about the factors shaping park visitation and use – especially for urban parks, including (i) geographic (e.g. proximity), (ii) socio-cultural (e.g. population characteristics) and to a lesser extent, (iii) individual psychometric factors (e.g. attitudes and values). Yet comparatively little is known about how factors related to distance may affect peri-urban national park use, particularly outside the United States. This paper reports on research investigating distance-related factors affecting use of a peri-urban national park in Brisbane, Australia. This study found that older visitors live closer to the park while younger visitors travel further to use it. Surprisingly, travel distance did not vary with the type of recreational activities that users were conducting in the park. These results have implications for park planning and management including user demand for different recreational activities in peri-urban national parks. Results are useful for scholars using distance decay models to explain travel behaviour, evidencing the empirical veracity of the model in different places and across different service types. The findings are especially important for geographers because they demonstrate that assumptions about uniform park catchments may be unsupported and need to be empirically validated.     

Partnerships for protected area conservation in Rwanda

This paper seeks to contribute to Rwanda's ongoing restructuring of protected area management. The early part of the paper draws on experiences elsewhere in Africa, as well as key contexts in Rwanda, to assert that conservation of national parks may best be served by flexible and inclusive partnerships that seek to integrate conservation activities across different agents and scales. This assertion is then explored more critically through empirical research that investigates the views of potential conservation partners. The findings suggest that attempts to develop partnerships that are built around national parks will face difficulties. Whilst there is a general willingness to be further involved in park management, this is complicated by cleavages in beliefs about how wider participation might be implemented. In particular, it is only international conservation NGOs that currently seem to be comfortable with the national park approach to conservation management: only they see themselves as having the expertise to be decision-making partners and only they would want their role in a partnership to be formalized.     

Cold war geopolitics: Embassy locations

Abstract

The geopolitics of the Cold War is illustrated by the diplomatic ties between countries, particularly the two superpowers and their respective allies. Specifically, the location of embassies abroad and those hosted by countries are examined to determine what they reflect about larger geopolitical issues. This article grew out of class projects used in introductory human geography courses to teach place name, library, writing, analytical, computer, and cartographic skills. The global patterns of embassy locations for all countries are first examined and then the particular patterns of the United States, the Soviet Union, and NATO and Warsaw Pact countries. A comparison between the location of U.S. and Soviet embassies shows that the Cold War was geographically visible only for “minor” states. The Warsaw Pact countries were ideologically more unified in the location of their embassies than the NATO countries. With the collapse of Cold War geopolitics, embassy locations are already changing, signaling major transformations to a New World Order. Geographers will need to monitor these newly emerging patterns and teach their students how to examine them.     

Occurrence of top carnivores in relation to land protection status,human settlements and rock outcrops in the high mountains of central Argentina

We evaluated puma (Puma concolor) and culpeo fox (Pseudalopex culpaeus smithersi) occurrence in relation to a national park where livestock was reduced and hunting banned, and in relation to human presence and landscape features. In the high mountains of central Argentina puma signs were about 3.5 times less frequent than culpeo signs. Puma and culpeo signs were 33 and 19 times, respectively, more abundant within than outside the park. Puma signs increased with distance to settlements within the park but no trend was detected outside the park where signs were scarce. Culpeos were abundant all throughout the park with no relation with distance to settlements while outside the park signs increased with distance from settlements. Rock outcrops had a positive effect on pumas, which used this habitat frequently, and negative effect on culpeos, whose presence decreased slightly at sites with the highest proportion of rock outcrops inside the park and sharply at sites with presence of rock outcrops outside the park. We conclude that top carnivores were positively affected by the park creation and encourage the creation of more protected areas with connectivity in the region to better assure the long-term conservation of top predators.