不同类型GPS接收机天线观测结果分析

由于GPS天线相位中心不一致性,造成不同仪器定位结果的差异。针对不同类型GPS仪器和天线,通过实测数据的计算、分析和比较。研究不同类型仪器对定位结果的影响,为更好地发挥GPS仪器作用提供参考。     

GPS在石门子水库大坝外部变形监测中的应用

文中以石门子水库大坝变形监测为例,详细介绍了G PS观测中观测点遇到障碍物遮挡问题的处理及G PS观测后基线处理,并对G PS在石门子水库大坝外部变形监测中取得结果进行分析、总结。为工程测量提供参考。     

G PS 与北斗伪距单点定位性能对比分析

为分析北斗系统正式向亚太地区提供区域服务以来其伪距单点定位精度,以及与G PS伪距单点定位精度进行比较,本文采用C＋＋独立编写了G PS和BDS的伪距单点定位程序,并对武汉大学在亚太地区布设的北斗系统连续观测基准站网在2013年1月15日所采集的G PS和北斗的数据进行解算。通过比较G PS和北斗在一天中各个单历元解的散点分布,N、E、U方向的偏差,PDOP值和可见卫星数的变化,来比较GPS与北斗伪距单点定位的性能。实验结果表明：G PS与北斗的伪距单点定性能相差不大,G PS的定位精度可以保证15 m以内,而北斗系统的定位精度优于20 m 。     

G PS 在地震监测预报中的应用

本文介绍了G PS在地震监测中的应用,以及运用G PS资料研究区域主应变率、面膨胀率和最大剪应变率分布等情况,并进行地震预测分析,最后介绍了运用G PS进行地震预测的不足,以及与其它手段结合促进地震预报发展的具体方法。     

顾及 EGM2008重力场模型的 GPS 高程拟合研究

G PS高程拟合多采用数学拟合法,需要点位分布合理且足够数量的G PS/水准点。采用二次曲面结合EGM2008地球重力场模型进行GPS高程拟合的方法。工程实例显示：该方法使用较少的G PS/水准点即可达到厘米级精度。     

Excel VBA 在 GPS 坐标转换计算中的应用

为了使G PS 的观测成果在实际中得到更好的应用,必须把 G PS 观测得到的WGS-84坐标转换成实际需要的国家大地坐标或地方独立坐标。本文利用 Excel软件的宏程序VBA进行编程,实现不同坐标系之间坐标的相互转换。并且例举了坐标转换的算例,实验表明：所编程序可以快捷、准确、可靠地解决不同坐标间的转换问题,能够满足实际工作的需要。     

GPS数据处理软件的高精度基线解算研究

本文对工程测量常用的几款G PS数据处理软件进行了比较分析,在基线解算功能上,从频率类型、电离层模型、对流层模型、基线处理速度及人工编辑功能等方面进行了详细的分析与统计。在基线解算结果上,通过与GAMIT软件结果的比较,分析了各软件在解算不同长度的基线时的适用特点与注意事项,相关研究成果可为工程实践提供参考。     

Kal man 滤波在 GNSS 伪距单点定位中的应用

G PS定位是利用G PS卫星位置,以卫星天线到接收机天线的距离作为观测值来解算接收机坐标的理论和方法。伪距单点定位仅是以G PS信号中的测距码作为距离观测值以此来解算目标的坐标值及接收机钟差的方法。简单介绍了G PS 伪距单点定位的基本理论模型,分别探讨了其最小二乘解法和Kalman滤波解法。最后对两种解算结果进行对比分析, Kalman滤波能够很好的平滑解算结果,使得结果的稳定性更好。     

GPS／BDS 组合相对定位解算及精度分析

随着全球卫星导航系统的不断发展,多模导航定位已成为研究热点。本文对G PS/BDS组合相对定位的原理进行了阐述,编写了相关软件实现了G PS/BDS组合相对定位功能,并通过实测数据进行处理和分析,验证了方法的正确性。结果表明：在短基线下,北斗区域卫星导航系统相对定位精度可达毫米级,与G PS相当,组合系统定位精度在水平方向上有所提高,且稳定性好。     

地基GPS与掩星联合的电离层层析成像方法研究

由于有限视角、稀疏布站等原因,地基G PS电离层层析成像存在垂直分辨率不高的问题,联合掩星进行电离层层析成像是一个重要的解决途径。一方面地基G PS观测能保证电离层层析成像的时间连续性和区域覆盖性;另一方面由于掩星信号能够提供地基G PS没有的水平射线信息,提升了电离层层析成像的垂直分辨率水平。利用地基GPS站与COSMIC卫星的掩星观测进行的仿真结果表明：与仅利用地基G PS相比,联合掩星进行电离层层析成像,不仅在电离层电子密度反演精度方面有明显提升,而且在电离层F2层峰值高度（hm F2）和电离层总电子含量（T EC ）的精度方面同样有明显提高。     

Tests of phase center variations of various GPS antennas, and some results

Phase variations of GPS receiving antennas are a significant error component in precise GPS applications. A calibration procedure has been developed by Geo++ and the Institut für Erdmessung, which directly determines absolute phase center variations (PCVs) without any multipath influence by field measurements. The precision and resolution of the procedure allows the determination of reliable azimuthal variations. PCV may affect long-term static GPS differently than real-time GPS, depending on the applications. At the same time, different antenna types are involved. Less investigations have been done on absolute PCV of rover antennas than on geodetic antennas which, however, becomes more important due to the mixed antenna situation in GPS reference networks and RTK networks. The concepts of the absolute PCV field calibration are summarized and emphasis is placed on a variety of absolute PCV patterns of geodetic and rover antennas. Electronic Publication     

旋转载体多天线对GPS卫星可见性分析

利用GPS测量高动态旋转载体飞行轨迹时,一般采用多个天线实现对GPS卫星的连续覆盖。如何选取合理的天线数,在增强天线覆盖特性和降低接收机设计的复杂性等方面达到最优,需要进行分析计算。在综合分析卫星仰角、GPS天线增益以及空间载体旋转对GPS卫星可见性影响的基础上,采用一种新的卫星可见性判断方法,仿真验证了不同天线数在载体旋转条件下对GPS卫星的连续覆盖特性,给出了适用于旋转载体弹道测量的合理的天线数目,具有一定的工程实用意义。     

Phase center modeling for LEO GPS receiver antennas and its impact on precise orbit determination

Most satellites in a low-Earth orbit (LEO) with demanding requirements on precise orbit determination (POD) are equipped with on-board receivers to collect the observations from Global Navigation Satellite systems (GNSS), such as the Global Positioning System (GPS). Limiting factors for LEO POD are nowadays mainly encountered with the modeling of the carrier phase observations, where a precise knowledge of the phase center location of the GNSS antennas is a prerequisite for high-precision orbit analyses. Since 5 November 2006 (GPS week 1400), absolute instead of relative values for the phase center location of GNSS receiver and transmitter antennas are adopted in the processing standards of the International GNSS Service (IGS). The absolute phase center modeling is based on robot calibrations for a number of terrestrial receiver antennas, whereas compatible antenna models were subsequently derived for the remaining terrestrial receiver antennas by conversion (from relative corrections), and for the GNSS transmitter antennas by estimation. However, consistent receiver antenna models for space missions such as GRACE and TerraSAR-X, which are equipped with non-geodetic receiver antennas, are only available since a short time from robot calibrations. We use GPS data of the aforementioned LEOs of the year 2007 together with the absolute antenna modeling to assess the presently achieved accuracy from state-of-the-art reduced-dynamic LEO POD strategies for absolute and relative navigation. Near-field multipath and cross-talk with active GPS occultation antennas turn out to be important and significant sources for systematic carrier phase measurement errors that are encountered in the actual spacecraft environments. We assess different methodologies for the in-flight determination of empirical phase pattern corrections for LEO receiver antennas and discuss their impact on POD. By means of independent K-band measurements, we show that zero-difference GRACE orbits can be significantly improved from about 10 to 6 mm K-band standard deviation when taking empirical phase corrections into account, and assess the impact of the corrections on precise baseline estimates and further applications such as gravity field recovery from kinematic LEO positions.     

Robust Array Configuration for a Microwave Interferometric Radiometer: Application to the GeoSTAR Project

The Geostationary Synthetic Thinned Array Radiometer represents a promising new approach to microwave atmospheric sounding from geostationary orbit based on passive interferometry. One of the major concerns about the feasibility of this new concept is related to the ability of the sensor to cope with the failure of one or several of its single receivers/antennas. This letter shows that the inclusion of a small percentage of additional antennas significantly reduces the degradation of radiometric resolution caused by such receiver failure. Impact of antenna failure is analyzed, taking into account two test images with very different spatial harmonic content. A tradeoff analysis of several array topologies is performed so as to minimize the number of additional antennas while keeping worst case radiometric error within a reasonable level     

Absolute calibration of GPS antennas: laboratory results and comparison with field and robot techniques

A critical assessment of the accuracy of GPS antenna calibration is most effectively done by comparison between different calibration methods. We present new chamber calibrations of five different GPS receiver antenna types in an anechoic chamber and a comparison of an individual antenna calibrated by the absolute field calibration technique with robot mount of IfE/GEO++. The accuracy is described using standard error parameters which allow the characterization of the quality of different antennas. The results validate the absolute calibration methods at the 1-mm level and confirm the presence of significant variations in quality between antennas of different design. For the antenna pattern we directly use the measured phase variations and do not have to fit any functions for the chamber calibrations. We include the results of an earlier test made with a set of identical antennas calibrated at five different institutions: two using the absolute field technique with robot mount and three others applying the standard field calibration with reference antenna.     

利用双天线商用WiFi信道状态信息估计到达角

商用WiFi接收模块可以提供比接收无线信号强度指示（received signal strength indication,RSSI）更细粒的信道状态信息（channel state information,CSI）,利用3根天线获取CSI进行方位到达角（angle of arrival,AOA）估计已成为现实。利用正交频分复用技术（orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,OFDM）将2根天线拓展为60个虚拟天线阵,将前向平滑算法拓展到二维前向平滑算法。利用仿真的非相干信号源和相干信号源数据进行实验,结果表明,在只利用2根接收天线的前提下也能实现基于商用WiFi信号的方位角的AOA估计,所提出的2根天线的虚拟天线阵模型和二维前向平滑算法具有有效性和适用性。     

GNSS antenna array-aided CORS ambiguity resolution

Array-aided precise point positioning is a measurement concept that uses GNSS data, from multiple antennas in an array of known geometry, to realize improved GNSS parameter estimation proposed by Teunissen (IEEE Trans Signal Process 60:2870–2881, 2012). In this contribution, the benefits of array-aided CORS ambiguity resolution are explored. The mathematical model is formulated to show how the platform-array data can be reduced and how the variance matrix of the between-platform ambiguities can profit from the increased precision of the reduced platform data. The ambiguity resolution performance will be demonstrated for varying scenarios using simulation. We consider single-, dual- and triple-frequency scenarios of geometry-based and geometry-free models for different number of antennas and different standard deviations of the ionosphere-weighted constraints. The performances of both full and partial ambiguity resolution (PAR) are presented for these different scenarios. As the study shows, when full advantage is taken of the array antennas, both full and partial ambiguity resolution can be significantly improved, in some important cases even enabling instantaneous ambiguity resolution. PAR widelaning and its suboptimal character are hereby also illustrated.     

北斗天线电气相位中心偏差检验试验研究

为满足北斗双星定位系统精密定位、定向的工程需要,提出一种北斗天线电气相位中心常值偏差3维检验方法,并建立了相应的数学模型.该方法通过基线旋转、单天线旋转、交换天线,利用载波相位单差、基线长度、天线高差测量信息来估计天线电气相位中心偏差,并且在单天线旋转条件下对不同方向、不同天线间单差观测方程求差,以减少未知参数个数.最后,应用此模型检验一对北斗天线,检验结果表明,在单差均方差为0.005周,基线长度、天线间高差均方差为1 mm的条件下,天线间电气相位中心偏差水平分量的检验精度达0.3 mm.论文所述方法操作简单,适合在野外对北斗天线进行电气相位中心偏差检验.     

CE-5器间分离的同波束干涉测量的准实时监测法

“嫦娥5号”探测器的组成包括轨道器、返回器、着陆器和上升器。在环月阶段,两个组合体(轨道器/返回器组合体和着陆器/上升器组合体)之间的分离实时监测,是飞行控制的关键检测段。本文提出利用甚长基线干涉测量(VLBI)测轨技术实现绕月探测器器间分离实时监测。特别是在器间分离前后,本文方法能够利用探测器器间两路下行信号进行同波束干涉测量(SBI),差分时延测量能够提高器间相对距离的解算精度。单基线试验分析表明,本文方法基于实测数据的“嫦娥3号”着陆器两天线的相对距离解算精度优于0.3m,平均相对距离误差约为0.15m,基于“嫦娥5号”仿真数据的双阈值判定对器间分离监测的响应时延优于30s。