Influence of the initial water content and dry density on the soil–water retention curve and the shrinkage behavior of a compacted clay

The paper presents the results of an experimental study on the effects of the initial water content and dry density on the soil–water retention curve and the shrinkage behavior of a compacted Lias-clay. The initial conditions after compaction (initial water content and initial dry density) have been chosen on the basis of three Proctor tests of different compaction efforts. According to the eight chosen initial conditions clay samples have been compacted statically. The relation between total suction and water content was determined for the drying path starting from the initial conditions without previous saturation of the specimens. A chilled-mirror dew-point hygrometer was used for the suction measurements. For the investigation of the shrinkage behavior cylindrical specimens were dried to desired water contents step-by-step without previous saturation. The volume of the specimens was measured by means of a caliper. Based on the test results the influence of different initial conditions on the soil suction and the shrinkage behavior is analyzed. The soil–water retention curves obtained in terms of the gravimetric water content are independent of the initial dry density. At water contents above approximately 11–12.5% a strong influence of the compaction water content is observed. At smaller water contents, the soil–water retention curve is independent of the compaction water content. The results of the shrinkage tests show that the influence of the compaction dry density on the shrinkage behavior is negligible. Similar to the drying behavior of saturated samples a primary and a residual drying process could be distinguished. The primary drying process is strongly influenced by the initial water content. In contrast, the rate of the volume change of the residual drying process is unaffected by the initial water content.     

基于EOS-MODIS的广西全境石漠化信息提取方法研究

喀斯特石漠化是发生在亚热带岩溶地貌中的土地退化过程,其显著特征为土壤严重侵蚀、基岩裸露、植被退化、土地生产力下降。石漠化既制约当地的经济发展,又可能引起小环境气候的恶化,同时也破坏生物多样性,危及生态环境自然景观。因此,研究石漠化,分析其成因和分布特征对喀斯特地区的防灾减灾以及可持续发展具有十分重大的意义。EOS-MODIS数据所固有的优点(获取便捷、覆盖范围广、成像周期短),使其成为理想的大范围石漠化研究的潜在遥感数据源。     

花江喀斯特峡谷地区石漠化成因初探

花江喀斯特峡谷区地下水埋藏深,地表干旱,存在显著的人为加速土壤侵蚀过程,植被次生性明显,生境干热特征显著,是已石漠化和半石漠化的生态系统。其中地质构造、地貌演化、岩溶形态、可开发利用的水资源、植被群落可能是石漠化过程的主要自然成因,以土地利用为表现形式的强烈人类活动是石漠化的驱动力。基于此,提出了石漠化地区的土地利用方式和生态恢复过程的建议,旨在为石漠化的演化研究及生态重建提供参考。     

Rocky desertification and its causes in karst areas: a case study in Yongshun County,Hunan Province,China

Rocky desertification, a process of land degradation characterized by soil erosion and bedrock exposure, is one of the most serious land degradation problems in karst areas, and is regarded as an obstacle to local sustainable development. It is well known that human activities can accelerate rocky desertification; however, the effects of climate change on rocky desertification in karst areas are still unclear. This study focused on the effects of temperature and precipitation changes and human activities on rocky desertification in karst areas to determine the impacts of climate change and human disturbances on rocky desertification. Areas of different level of rocky desertification were obtained from Landsat TM (1987) and Landsat ETM+ (2000) images. The results show that, although the total desertification area increased by only 1.27% between 1987 and 2000, 17.73% of the slightly desertified land had degraded to a moderate or intense level, 2.01 and 15.71%, respectively. Meanwhile, between 1987 and 2000, the air temperature increased by 0.7°C, and precipitation increased by 170 mm. Statistical results indicate that the increase in precipitation was caused by heavy rainfall. In addition, under the interactive influences of heavy rainfall and temperature, the average karst dissolution rate was about 87 m³ km⁻² a⁻¹ during the 14 years in the study area. Further analysis indicated that rocky desertification was positively related with the increase in temperature and precipitation and especially with the heavy rainfall events. Climate change accelerated rocky desertification in the karst areas. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

西南喀斯特山地水土流失特点及有关石漠化的几个科学问题

由于特殊的岩土组构,喀斯特坡地的水土流失具有如下特点:地表和地下流失相互叠加;地表产流、产沙少;纯碳酸盐岩区地下流失比例大。论文区别了石漠化和石质化的科学内涵,指出了喀斯特山地石漠化的核心是土地的石质化,提出了按照地面物质组成与裸岩率叠加的石漠化分类系统。根据土壤中硅酸盐矿物的物质平衡,提出了不同碎屑岩含量碳酸盐岩区的土壤允许流失量介于5～500 t/(km2?a)之间。喀斯特坡地土壤虽然肥沃,但总量太少,矿质养分不足可能是石质坡地植物生产力低的重要原因。此外,根据农耕驱动土地石质化的机制,提出了相应的石漠化治理的对策建议,具体是:（1）不但要治标,提高植被覆盖率,更要治本,防止或减缓土地石质化,同时还要增加群众收入;（2）按照坡地岩土组成的垂直分带特点,因地（土）制宜,开展治理;（3）重视矿质肥料的施用;（4）在纯碳酸盐岩土石质和石质坡地农田的小型蓄水工程修建中,要加强集流面建设。      

Laboratory Investigations on Extremely High Suction Measurements for Fine-grained Soils

A Dewpoint PotentiaMeter (WP4) was used to measure suction of two fine-grained soils: a locally available silty soil and commercially available white clay, rapidly. Using these results, efforts were made to check the suitability and efficiency of various fitting functions, for defining the soil–water characteristic curve, SWCC, for high suction ranges (0–80 MPa). In addition to this, a knowledge-based database SoilVision 3.34 was used to estimate the SWCC using Pedo-transfer functions, PTFs. The study brings out that the Fredlund et al. [1997, Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Unsaturated Soil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, pp. 13–23] PTF yields the best estimate of SWCC for fine-grained soils. The influence of the soil type and dry unit weight, on suction and the SWCC fitting parameters, have also been studied.     

土地石漠化概念与分级问题再探讨

针对前人研究中将石漠化发生的地域限定在亚热带,将发生的时间限定在人类历史时期,将发生的原因均归结为人为不合理的经济活动,而忽视了石漠化可能发生的其它地域、其它时期和其它成因等问题,对土地石漠化概念作了修正。认为土地石漠化是在湿润、半湿润气候环境和岩溶环境中,由于人类活动和/或气候变化等因素作用,造成地表植被退化、土壤侵蚀、地表水流失、基岩裸露,形成类似石质荒漠景观的土地退化过程,并对其内涵作出释义。在此基础上依据生态基准面的理论,以坡面形态、溶蚀岩溶地貌形态、基岩出露率、土壤厚度和土被覆盖度、土壤侵蚀程度、植被覆盖率和植物种群、土地利用类型等为景观指征,将石漠化土地分为轻度、中度、重度和极重度4个等级,并以粤北岩溶山区为例,拟定了区域性石漠化土地分级及其综合景观指征。      

Erosion-creep-collapse mechanism of underground soil loss for the karst rocky desertification in Chenqi village,Puding county,Guizhou, China

Carbonate rocks distribute widely in China. The total area of the carbonate rocks is about 3,430,000 km², and the exposed area of the carbonate is approximately 13 % of China’s territory. In 2003, soil loss in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi provinces reached 179,600 km², which is almost 40.1 % of the total area, causing rocky desertification. In this study, the erosion-creep-collapse mechanism of underground soil loss for the karst rocky desertification in Chenqi village, Puding county, Guizhou province is proposed. The mechanism occurs under the following geological environment: slope surface undulation, underlying bedrock surface fluctuation and thin and inhomogeneous soil overlying, overlying soil generation by bedrock weathering, underground karst development, and large groundwater depth and lying water table under the bottom of soils. The erosion-creep-collapse mechanism of underground soil loss in the karst slopes is explained as follows: power loss due to human cultivation activities that destroy the soil structure, hydraulic force formed by rainfall infiltration, wet–dry cycle generated by rainfall, erosion effect caused by rainfall penetration, creeping and flowing of plastic-stream soil, and collapse. The erosion-creep-collapse mechanism of underground soil loss has seven steps: disturbance of soils filled in underground karst cave by human activities, internal soil erosion and partial collapse caused by hydraulic power, internal free surface formation within the soil in the filled karst cave, internal soil creeping, soil pipe formation, soil pipe collapse, and ground surface collapse and filling. Soil loss develops slowly, and sudden transportation occurs by collapse. Soil loss can be explained by the proposed mechanism, and soil loss can be prevented by controlling soil collapse.     

喀斯特石漠化研究存在的问题与发展趋势

喀斯特石漠化代表了世界上一个比较独特的荒漠类型，即湿润区石质荒漠化。目前石漠化面积快速扩展的总体趋势并没有得到有效遏止，因对石漠化发生机制与喀斯特生态系统稳定性机制还不清楚，同时缺乏比较完善的石漠化防治理论和技术体系也是重要的原因之一。较为详细地介绍了目前西南喀斯特山区石漠化过程和适应性生态修复研究方面存在的基础理论问题，包括喀斯特石漠化的时空格局变化与驱动力、喀斯特山地的侵蚀过程、驱动力与危险性、以水为纽带的喀斯特生态系统退化和石漠化过程中的生物地球化学过程、喀斯特受损生态系统的适应性修复、喀斯特生态系统的服务功能优化和综合调控等方面，阐述了上述几个研究领域的研究现状与可能的发展方向；强调喀斯特石漠化是一个非地带性问题，不是纯自然过程，而是与自然、社会与经济紧密相关，需要以喀斯特科学为主的多学科交叉与综合集成研究。     

贵州石漠化地区棕黄色粘性土团聚体稳定性研究

 以贵州省普定县碳酸盐岩石漠化研究试验区（陈旗村）的棕黄色粘性土为研究对象,考虑了初始含水率和浸润时间两个影响因素,对研究区土体中占绝对优势的5mm的大颗粒团聚体进行了共计16组湿筛法试验。结果表明:棕黄色粘性土团聚体遇水破裂的过程主要发生在被浸润初期,初始含水率越小的土壤,经雨水浸润后,大颗粒团聚体破裂得越快越彻底;而原本就比较湿润的土体,团聚体的稳定性则较好。因此,对碳酸盐岩石地区石漠化的防治,应着重考虑气候长期干燥、蒸发量对水土流失的影响。 〖     

喀斯特石漠化地区土壤地下漏失的机理研究——以贵州普定县陈旗小流域为例

土壤的地下漏失是喀斯特石漠化地区一种特殊的水土流失方式。本文以喀斯特石漠化严重地区——贵州普定县陈旗小流域为例,阐明了土壤地下漏失的过程及其机理。研究结果表明喀斯特地区特殊的地质环境为土壤的地下漏失创造了有利的空间条件;地表降水的大量渗漏为土壤的地下漏失提供了侵蚀的水动力条件;风干的土壤团聚体遇水易崩解,离散出的细粒物质可沿土间孔隙和岩溶裂隙向地下空间迁移;岩溶洞隙内填积的粘土在流水的浸润软化下呈可塑、软塑甚至流塑状,可向其下的溶洞、地下河蠕滑搬运,最终导致地表土壤漏失。      

西南岩溶石漠化综合治理水-土-植被关键技术进展与建议

石漠化综合治理关键技术研发是石漠化综合治理工程的关键步骤。本文根据第一期石漠化治理工程的进展,分析了岩溶水资源特征与开发利用技术、土壤资源维持与质量提升技术、植被恢复与功能提升技术和水-土-植被耦合模式的研发进展和不足,对第二期石漠化综合治理提出了一些建议,认为第二期石漠化综合治理关键技术研发应以“结构-过程-服务”为指导框架,加强岩土组构等地质环境背景、水土过程和石漠化过程以及关键服务功能维持和提升机理的基础研究,加强功能型植被、关键共性和个性技术研发以及关键技术的配套和优化,加大石漠化综合治理关键技术的适用性评价和推广应用,完善流域内生态系统服务主体功能区评估和生态补偿,有效准确的治理石漠化,以促进西南岩溶石漠化地区生态、经济和社会的可持续发展。      

Emerging organic contamination in China

Persistent Organic Pollutants （POPs） have caused great public concern during the past decade. To address this global public concern, China joined international forces to sign a groundbreaking United Nations treaty in Stockholm, known as the Stockholm Convention. The Chinese Government agreed to reduce and eliminate the production, use or release of 12 key POPs. Because the convention specifies a scientific review process for all other compounds, the addition of other POPs of global concern to the list in the future is also possible. The most possible candidate compounds are some species used as polybrominated flame retardant and perfluronated compounds, called emerging chemicals. Most emerging chemicals are those with POP-like characteristics, they are persistent in the environment; travel over long distances via air and water; toxic and bioaccumulating in living things. Those chemicals pose an unacceptable threat to human health and the environment.     

滇池流域石漠化特征分析

位于云南省会昆明盆地内的滇池流域是滇中岩溶和石漠化较为发育的地区,石漠化总面积225.56 km2,占流域总面积的7.71%,占岩溶总面积32.69%。石漠化主要分布在望海山、大板桥—呈贡、黑林铺、海口、梁王山、上蒜片区,其中又以北东部的大板桥片区石漠化最为严重。石漠化已造成流域内水土流失加剧、可耕地面积减少、土壤涵养水源能力降低及生态环境恶化等危害。通过地面调查和ETM遥感解译,查清了流域内石漠化的发育分布与碳酸盐岩的岩性及其组合、岩溶作用、地形地貌、气象等自然因素、人为因素和工业污染关系密切。针对石漠化的形成原因,提出了生态修复、农田基本建设、水资源开发利用、农村能源建设、小集镇建设、土地合理利用等治理措施。     

生态功能优先背景下的西南岩溶区石漠化治理问题

文章分析了现有石漠化治理模式、物种选择、石漠化治理综合效益评估、消除贫困等方面存在的不足,并结合国家对西南岩溶石漠化区主体生态功能的定位,对未来石漠化治理过程中的几个关键问题进行了探讨,认为未来石漠化治理要更有效地兼顾生态与经济效益,提高生态补偿标准,完善生态补偿体制,促进石漠化区农村人口的城镇化转移,减少人口压力,消除农户破坏环境的驱动因素,促进石漠化治理成效的长期可持续发展,以保证西南岩溶石漠化区水土保持和生物多样性维护主体生态功能的实现。      

云南蒙自断陷盆地石漠化区土壤钙形态特征

以云南蒙自断陷盆地区为研究区,沿盆地、坡地到高原面分别采集不同石漠化程度下的土壤,采用连续浸提（BCR）提取方法测定不同形态钙含量,以探讨断陷盆地不同地貌部位不同石漠化程度石灰性土壤钙形态特征及其影响因素。结果表明:研究区土壤中钙以交换态钙含量最多,表明断陷盆地石灰土中钙的生物有效性高,各形态钙的大小顺序为交换态（61.04%）>残渣态（18.53%）>酸溶态（17.44%）>水溶态（1.63%）>有机结合态（1.36%）。地貌部位和石漠化程度对钙形态分布均具有重要影响,地貌部位的影响主要是通过影响温度、降雨等气候条件而影响土壤钙形态含量,而石漠化程度越强的土壤中钙含量尤其是交换态钙含量相对较高,这主要是由于裸露岩石的“聚集效应”造成的。      

A Research Approach for Ecological,Environmental and Geological Differentiation of Rocky Desertification and Its Driving Mechanism in Karst Graben Basin

According to the national key research and development program of China “Evolution, integrating treatment and technological demonstration of rocky desertification in karst graben basin”, the task of “ecological, environmental and geological differentiation of rocky desertification and its driving mechanism in karst graben basin” was to reveal the migration of carbon, nitrogen, calcium and water, as well as evolution process and driving mechanism of ecosystem succession and rocky desertification. In this respect, the factors of lithology, topography, ecology, hydrology, vegetation, socio-economy, meteorology, soil, etc. were studied in the demonstration areas of Mengzi and Luxi rocky desertification control. Moreover, the interaction between vegetation and hydrological processes in the typical watershed was established, and the critical period and water requirement of the ecological water demand in the watershed were established. The ecological and hydrological process of the vegetation, as well as nitrogen, calcium and water cycling, and the carbon sequestration ability of ecosystems were used to predict the evolution of ecosystem succession and rocky desertification. The results provided the theoretical basis for the rational allocation of ecological water resources and ecological restoration in rocky desertification area.     

喀斯特石漠化地区土壤Fe组成及其发生学意义

土壤中氧化铁的组成反映了土壤的成土过程和环境条件。通过对西南喀斯特石漠化地区不同石漠化阶段山地自然土壤和农田土壤Fe组成的分析,研究了土壤全铁、游离氧化铁和非晶形氧化铁的分布规律,探讨了喀斯特地区石漠化土壤的发育过程和Fe的指示作用。研究表明:①喀斯特地区土壤表层全铁含量在38.9～53.9g/kg之间,游离氧化铁含量在18.0～26.7g/kg之间,铁游离度在44.1%～73.4%之间,铁活度在7.2%～11.4%之间。②随着石漠化程度的加剧,土壤游离氧化铁和铁游离度呈增加的趋势,而铁活度呈降低的趋势。③在土体分布上,自然土壤剖面随深度的增加,土壤铁游离度和铁活度呈明显降低的趋势,而农田土壤铁游离度呈增加的趋势。④喀斯特地区的土壤是石灰岩溶蚀风化的产物,人为活动干扰下的自然土壤石漠化过程是在水力作用下的表土侵蚀过程,而农田土壤受水分垂直运动的影响,是土壤丢失的过程。     

The impacts of hysteresis on variably saturated hydrologic response and slope failure

This investigation employs 3D, variably saturated subsurface flow simulation to examine hysteretic effects upon the hydrologic response used to drive unsaturated slope stability assessments at the Coos Bay 1 (CB1) experimental catchment in the Oregon Coast Range, USA. Slope stability is evaluated using the relatively simple infinite slope model for unsaturated soils driven by simulated pore-water pressures for an intense storm that triggered a slope failure at CB1 on 18 November 1996. Simulations employing both hysteretic and non-hysteretic soil–water retention curves indicate that using either the drying soil–water retention curve or an intermediate soil–water retention curve that attempts to average the wetting and drying retention curves underestimates the near-surface hydrologic response and subsequently the potential for slope failure. If hysteresis cannot be considered in the hydrologic simulation, the wetting soil–water retention curve, which is seldom measured, should be used for more physically based slope stability assessment. Without considering hysteresis or using the wetting soil–water retention curve, the potential for landsliding in unsaturated materials may be underestimated and a slope failure could occur when simulations predict stability.     

岩溶断陷盆地“盆-山”耦合地形影响下的气候特征及其对石漠化生态恢复的影响探讨

掌握石漠化山区受海拔影响的气候特征的垂直差异,能够对岩溶山地气候及其影响下的水热组合条件有更为科学的认识,对石漠化演变研究和综合治理有重要意义。本文通过在典型石漠化山区（云南蒙自断陷盆地区）沿盆地、坡地到山区设立三个小型气象观测站获取山地垂直剖面的气象数据,从月（季）、日尺度分析石漠化山区“盆-山”耦合地形的气候垂直特征及其对石漠化生态恢复的可能影响,结果表明:（1）观测剖面是当地主导风东南风的背风坡,年降雨量高原面（1 027.4 mm）>盆地（662.6 mm）>坡面（574.4 mm）;且 “山谷风”效应显著,白天吹谷风,降雨比例更大。地形起伏使盆地降雨年变异系数达152.36%,远大于坡面（113.81%）与高原面（99.36%）,地形放大了垂直方向的“干湿”差异,区域干燥指数:盆地（1.74）>坡面（1.70）>高原面（0.88）。（2）垂直方向水汽差异使高原面年太阳辐射量（5 492 MJ·m-2）略小于盆地（5 817 MJ·m-2）。同时盆地与高原面气温垂直梯度达0.74 ℃·100 m-1,因此在光热条上存在明显的垂直差异。（3）垂直气候特征对石漠化生态恢复的影响具体表现在:①年内降雨集中,结合坡度较陡的地形易加速水土流失;②降雨量少,且集中在日间,强烈的蒸发易加剧土壤水分亏缺,不利于植被恢复。③研究区水分缺乏,因此在植被恢复治理中应选择耐旱的作物,同时要考虑垂直方向的光热条件差异,盆地选择喜光热作物,海拔高的地区选择喜温凉的作物。