基于垂直剖面函数式的全球对流层天顶延迟模型的建立

对流层延迟是无线电导航定位的主要误差源之一,其值对目标高程的变化敏感.在动态导航定位中,由于目标高程变化随机性强,延迟改正实时性需求高,已有的对流层延迟模型难以满足应用需求.本文利用2005到2006年ERA-Interim再分析气象资料积分方法计算的对流层天顶总延迟(ZTD)、天顶静力学延迟(ZHD)以及天顶非静力学延迟(ZWD)的垂直剖面研究了ZTD随高程变化的最佳拟合形式,并以此为基础建立了全球ZTD改正模型SHAO-H.该模型以大气中水汽的垂直分布规律为依据,将ZTD表示为高程的分段函数,进而再模制每段函数中各参数随时间的变化.精度评估显示:与积分ZTD相比,SHAO-H模型计算的ZTD在不同等压层上的平均bias大部分在±1 mm以内,随着高度的上升,平均RMS由39 mm减小至不足1 mm;与IGS (International GNSS Service)实测ZTD相比,SHAO-H模型的精度(bias为7.02 mm,RMS为38.50 mm)优于UNB3m模型(bias为14.67 mm, RMS为51.95 mm).SHAO-H模型具有精度稳定、计算简便等优点,适宜任意高度的用户使用.     

Investigation of the 16-year and 18-year ZTD Time Series Derived from GPS Data Processing

The GPS system can play an important role in activities related to the monitoring of climate. Long time series, coherent strategy, and very high quality of tropospheric parameter Zenith Tropospheric Delay (ZTD) estimated on the basis of GPS data analysis allows to investigate its usefulness for climate research as a direct GPS product. This paper presents results of analysis of 16-year time series derived from EUREF Permanent Network (EPN) reprocessing performed by the Military University of Technology. For 58 stations Lomb-Scargle periodograms were performed in order to obtain information about the oscillations in ZTD time series. Seasonal components and linear trend were estimated using Least Square Estimation (LSE) and Mann—Kendall trend test was used to confirm the presence of a linear trend designated by LSE method. In order to verify the impact of the length of time series on trend value, comparison between 16 and 18 years were performed.     

Lower atmospheric anomalies following the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake observed by GPS measurements

The Mw=8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake occurred on May 12, 2008 at the Longmen Shan fault, the western Sichuan Basin, China, killing more than ten thousand people in several cities and causing large economic losses. Global Positioning System (GPS) observations have provided unique insights on this event, including co-seismic ionospheric disturbances, co-/post-seismic crustal deformations and fault slip distributions. However, the processes and the driving mechanisms are still not clear, particularly possible seismo-lower atmospheric–ionospheric coupling behaviors. In this paper, the lower atmospheric (tropospheric) variations are investigated using the total zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) from GPS measurements around this event. It has the first found co-seismic tropospheric anomalies during the mainshock with an increase and then a decrease, mainly in the zenith hydrostatic delay component (ZHD), while it is also supported by the same pattern of surface-observed atmospheric pressure changes at co-located GPS site that are driven by the ground-coupled air waves from ground vertical motion of seismic waves propagation. Therefore, the co-seismic tropospheric disturbances (CTD) indicate again the acoustic coupling effect of the atmosphere and the solid-Earth with air wave propagation from the ground to the top atmosphere.     

Analysis of seismic noise in the Romanian-Bulgarian cross-border region

We present the first detailed investigation of the background seismic noise recorded in the Romanian-Bulgarian cross-border region over 3 years (2012–2015). We used the power spectral densities probability density functions (PSD PDFs) to study the noise variations in the period domain (0.025–1 s) as well as in the secondary microseism band (2–10 s). Strong diurnal variations and an increase of the noise levels during working days were observed at high frequencies at all stations, thus confirming the anthropic origin of the noise at low periods. The noise variations observed at longer periods (>?1 s) are relatively small among the stations and are related to season changes. The dominant feature in the noise spectra between 2 and 10 s is the double-frequency peak (DFP) whose amplitude increases and changes during winter. For a specific interval, from 25th to 27th of January 2014, when a storm was reported in the Black Sea area, the maximum of the DFP shifted from larger periods (~?5.5 s) at stations far from the Black Sea towards smaller periods (~?1.8 s) at stations located on the coastline. The polarization analysis showed that the short period double-frequency microseisms originating from the Black Sea dominate during the winter month. Finally, we showed that site conditions vary due to noise variations related to weather conditions in the Black Sea or to changes in anthropogenic noise sources.     

Co-seismic deformation derived from GPS observations during April 20th, 2013 Lushan Earthquake,Sichuan, China

We process the standard 30 s, static GPS data and the 1 s, high-rate GPS (HRGPS) data provided by the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China with GAMIT/GLOBK software package, and obtain the co-seismic displacements of near field and far field, and the epoch-by-epoch time series of HRGPS during Lushan earthquake. GPS data from about 20 sites in Sichuan province, which located between 40 and 450 km from the epicenter, are analyzed so as to study the characteristics of the static displacements and the dynamic crustal deformations, with periods ranging from several minutes to over a month. The result shows that: the static displacements caused by Lushan earthquake are limited to several centimeters; the nearest station SCTQ at 43 km from the epicenter has the largest static displacement of about 2 cm, while the other stations generally have insignificant displacements of less than 5 mm. the stations in the east of Sichuan–Yunnan region shifts 5–10 mm toward the southwest, and the stations in the middle-west of Sichuan Basin moves indistinctively 1–2 mm toward the northwest; station SCTQ has the largest kinematic displacement of about 4 and 3 cm peak-to-peak on the north and east component, respectively, and is much greater than the static permanent displacement; for the stations located at a distance greater than 150 km from the epicenter, the kinematic motions are generally insignificant; exceptionally, station SCNC and station SCSN in central Sichuan Basin have significant kinematic motions although they are more than 200 km away from the epicenter.     

Reconstructing Regional Ionospheric Electron Density: A Combined Spherical Slepian Function and Empirical Orthogonal Function Approach

The computerized ionospheric tomography is a method for imaging the Earth’s ionosphere using a sounding technique and computing the slant total electron content (STEC) values from data of the global positioning system (GPS). The most common approach for ionospheric tomography is the voxel-based model, in which (1) the ionosphere is divided into voxels, (2) the STEC is then measured along (many) satellite signal paths, and finally (3) an inversion procedure is applied to reconstruct the electron density distribution of the ionosphere. In this study, a computationally efficient approach is introduced, which improves the inversion procedure of step 3. Our proposed method combines the empirical orthogonal function and the spherical Slepian base functions to describe the vertical and horizontal distribution of electron density, respectively. Thus, it can be applied on regional and global case studies. Numerical application is demonstrated using the ground-based GPS data over South America. Our results are validated against ionospheric tomography obtained from the constellation observing system for meteorology, ionosphere, and climate (COSMIC) observations and the global ionosphere map estimated by international centers, as well as by comparison with STEC derived from independent GPS stations. Using the proposed approach, we find that while using 30 GPS measurements in South America, one can achieve comparable accuracy with those from COSMIC data within the reported accuracy (1 × 10¹¹ el/cm³) of the product. Comparisons with real observations of two GPS stations indicate an absolute difference is less than 2 TECU (where 1 total electron content unit, TECU, is 10¹⁶ electrons/m²).     

基于改进的BP神经网络构建区域精密对流层延迟模型

利用神经网络算法挖掘海量数据的规律已成为科技发展的一种趋势,本文针对卫星信号的天顶对流层延迟进行建模.对流层延迟是影响卫星定位精度的重要因素之一,建立精密区域对流层模型对高精度定位有着重要的意义.对区域测站对流层延迟数据的分析,考虑到实时建模中传统BP（Back Propagation）神经网络计算量大,易出现"过拟合"现象、不稳定等因素,通过改进的BP神经网络建立了区域精密对流层模型.详细介绍了新模型的建立过程,并与常用的对流层区域实时模型进行了对比.还讨论了建模测站数目对预报精度的影响.相比现有的其他对流层延迟模型,基于改进的BP神经网络构建的区域精密对流层延迟模型无论在拟合和预报方面都有较好的精度,且随着测站数目的增加模型精度趋于平稳.改进的模型参数较少,可以进行实时的区域精密对流层延迟改正;需要播发的信息量小,适用于连续运行参考站系统（Continuously Operating Reference Stations,CORS）的应用.研究表明：改进的BP神经网络模型能够更好的充分利用大规模历史数据描述卫星信号对流层延迟的空间分布情况,适用于实时大区域精密对流层建模.基于日本地区2005年近1000多个测站的NCAR（National Center Atmospheric Research）对流层数据进行区域对流层延迟建模,结果表明改进的BP神经网络模型在拟合和预报精度上都有较大提升,RMSE（Root Mean Square Error）分别为：7.83 mm和8.52 mm,而四参数模型拟合、预报RMSE分别18.03 mm和16.60 mm.     

应用地基GPS遥感倾斜路径方向大气水汽总量

应用地基GPS沿倾斜路径方向遥测大气水汽总量,是获得测站周围水汽三维空间分布信息(水汽层析)的基础.本文介绍了地基GPS沿倾斜路径方向遥感大气水汽总量的原理和方法;首先用湿梯度、后处理残差联合计算接收机上空不同方位上大气水汽各向异性成分,在此基础上重构倾斜路径水汽总量.为验证GPS观测结果精度,用微波辐射计（WVR）与GPS一起进行了联合观测,不同观测地点和时间的对比结果表明,二者root mean square (RMS)误差小于4mm,证明应用此种方法地基GPS可较精确地反演出倾斜路径方向大气水汽总量,而且这种反演方法适合于近实时大气遥感探测.地基GPS测量具有全天候可连续观测等优点,可以弥补常规观测的不足,为气候研究提供高精度且连续的水汽数据资料;组网观测可以为数值天气预报提供好的初始场,提高模式预报精度.     

Characteristics of intense rainfall over Gujarat State (India) based on percentile criteria

The study focuses on the spatial and temporal variations of intense/extreme rainfall events over Gujarat State (India) during the period 1970–2014. Average monsoon rainfall for the state shows a significant increasing trend, with an increase of 48 mm/decade. Some of the stations in the Saurashtra region show a statistically significant increasing trend but none of the stations in the state show a decreasing trend. The increasing trend in monsoon rainfall is very significant for the past three decades, with an increase of 167 mm/decade. Instead of fixed absolute threshold values, relative threshold values of rainfall corresponding to the 95th, 98th, 99th and 99.5th percentiles for each station have been proposed to represent heavy, very heavy, intense and extreme rainfall, which varied between 70–120, 105–160, 130–210 and 165–280 mm, respectively. Significant increasing trends are observed for the frequency of heavy and very heavy rainfall events over the state.     

基于GPS和GRACE数据的三维地表形变的比较及地球物理解释

GPS技术能以高空间和高时间分辨率监测地表形变.但由于测量原理的不同,GPS监测的地表形变与GRACE存在差异.本文比较了ITRF2008-GPS残差序列与基于CSR的RL05版本的GRACE球谐系数的地表形变序列的差异.结果表明,GPS和GRACE的周年变化在高程方向上具有较好的一致性,但水平方向的差异明显.重点分析了影响GPS/GRACE地表形变差异(尤其是水平方向)的三个因素:不同GPS站时间序列间的不确定性,热弹性形变和区域形变.GPS站地表形变本身的不确定度在一定程度上导致了GPS/GRACE间的差异(特别是水平方向).结合热弹性形变理论指出,由温度变化引起的热弹性形变也是导致GPS/GRACE的南北方向差异的主要原因之一.因此利用GPS数据研究地表质量负载时,必须消除热弹性形变的影响.区域负载对GPS/GRACE水平方向差异的影响也是不可忽略的,特别是对欧洲区域.     

4D tropospheric tomography using GPS slant wet delays

Tomographic techniques are successfully applied to obtain 4D images of the tropospheric refractivity in a local dense network of global positioning system (GPS) receivers. We show here how GPS data are processed to obtain the tropospheric slant wet delays and discuss the validity of the processing. These slant wet delays are the observables in the tomographic processing. We then discuss the inverse problem in 4D tropospheric tomography making extensive use of simulations to test the system and define the resolution and the impact of noise. Finally, we use data from the Kilauea network in Hawaii for February 1, 1997, and a local 4 × 4 × 40 voxel grid on a region of 400 km² and 15 km in height to produce the corresponding 4D wet refractivity fields, which are then validated using forecast analysis from the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF). We conclude that tomographic techniques can be used to monitor the troposphere in time and space.     

固定非差整数模糊度的PPP快速精密定位定轨

从GPS基本观测模型出发,给出并推导了分离相位小数偏差求解非差整数模糊度的精密单点定位数学模型和算法.利用少量IGS跟踪站组成服务端观测网计算未检校的相位小数偏差改正信息,用于改正用户端接收机的相位观测值,实现了固定非差整数模糊度的快速精密单点定位与定轨.试验结果表明: 利用30 min的地面动态或静态观测数据进行精密单点定位,非差模糊度固定成整数后,其定位结果较PPP浮点解有明显改善,水平方向提高了近一个数量级,可达到1 cm甚至毫米级的精度;高程方向与对流层延迟解算精度也改善了20%~60%.与浮点解相比,固定解能显著改善PPP的定轨精度,仅用15 min的短弧段观测数据,切向与法向的定轨精度可达到1 cm左右;径向方向为3~5 cm左右,较浮点解定轨精度改善了50%~70%.因此,固定非差整数模糊度后的PPP能够满足毫米至厘米级的快速精密定位和定轨的要求,这在GPS(准)实时应用与服务中具有很好的应用前景.     

Variations of solar radiation input to the lower atmosphere associated with different helio/geophysical factors

The influence of helio/geophysical factors on the solar energy input to the lower atmosphere has been studied at the network of actinometric stations of Russia in different latitudinal belts. It was found that there are appreciable changes in the half-yearly values of total radiation associated with galactic cosmic ray (GCR) variations in the 11-yr solar cycle, the increase of GCR flux being accompanied by a decrease of the total radiation at higher latitudes and by its increase at lower latitudes. Auroral phenomena and solar flare activity are likely to affect the solar radiation input to the high-latitudinal belt together with GCR variations, the increase of both these factors resulting in the decrease of total radiation. The changes found in the total radiation fluxes in the lower atmosphere seem to be related to the cloud cover variations associated with the solar and geophysical phenomena under study. The variations of the solar radiation input in the 11-yr-cycle amounting to ±4–6% may be an important factor affecting tropospheric dynamics.     

基于实时精密单点定位技术的暴雨短临预报

提出了一种将实时精密单点定位(Precise Point Positioning, PPP)技术用于暴雨短临预报的新方法.该方法首先基于GPS连续运行参考站网(Continuously Operating Reference Stations, CORS)实时估计的精密卫星钟差完成PPP解算,再以实时获取的对流层延迟(Zenith Tropospheric Delay, ZTD)及其增量变化为依据进行暴雨短临预报.研究结果表明:一般雷暴天气来临之前的2~6 h,ZTD增量表现为先后突破±5 mm/5 min,且后续记录到的实际降水量大小与ZTD维持在高水平阶段的时间长短有较好的对应关系;就热带气旋而言,在强风作用下,ZTD增量变化表现的异常活跃和复杂,规律性较弱,但对短临预报强降雨仍有一定的指示作用.     

亚洲地区ECMWF/NCEP资料计算 ZTD的精度分析

对流层延迟是卫星导航定位的主要误差源,气象观测的数值预报资料可用来计算对流层延迟改正量.本文通过分布于亚洲地区的49个GPS台站一年的实测ZTD资料,对利用欧洲中尺度天气预报中心(ECMWF)分析资料、美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)再分析资料和NCEP预报资料,计算对流层天顶延迟(ZTD)改正的有效性和可能达到的精度进行了评估,分析了ECMWF和NCEP在亚洲地区的适用程度和其分辨率对计算ZTD精度的影响.研究结果表明:(1)相对于 GPS实测ZTD,用ECMWF资料计算ZTD的bias和rms分别为-1.0 cm 和2.7 cm,优于NCEP再分析资料,可用于高精度ZTD研究和应用;NCEP预报数据计算ZTD的bias和rms分别为2.4 cm 和 6.8 cm,足以满足广大GNSS实时导航定位用户对流层延迟改正的需要.(2)bias和rms呈现明显的季节性变化,总体上夏季大,冬季小;在空间分布上随着纬度的变化不明显,但随高度的增加rms总体上有递减趋势.另外还发现,亚洲东部地区夏季日平均bias和rms和南部热带地区冬季的日平均bias和rms变化相对较大.(3)ECMWF2.5°和0.5°的资料进行了对比分析,发现0.5°分辨率资料的rms比2.5°减小1~5 mm.这些结果,为在亚洲地区的空间大地测量、导航定位和INSAR等工作中,应用ECMWF/NCEP的资料进行对流层大气延迟改正的有效性和可能达到的精度提供了重要参考.     

Variability of GPS derived water vapor and comparison with MODIS data over the Indo-Gangetic plains

The water vapor is one of the important constituents of the atmosphere that affects the thermodynamics of the atmosphere and has direct impact on the weather conditions. The total column atmospheric water vapor, obtained from Global Positioning System (GPS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), is found to be very dynamic over the Indo-Gangetic (IG) plains. In this paper, we present an analysis of GPS data recently deployed (as of May 2007) on the campus of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (latitude 25°15′N, longitude 82°59′E). Further, we have compared the variability of water vapor from Kanpur GPS, AERONET and MODIS water vapor data for the year 2007. The monthly variability of water vapor shows characteristic features and dynamics of water vapor between two closely spaced GPS stations, found to be controlled by monsoon dynamics and wind pattern.     

Land subsidence along the Ionian coast of SE Sicily (Italy), detection and analysis via Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) multitemporal differential SAR interferometry

The paper presents the results of a multi‐temporal, differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) analysis aiming to identify active surface deformation phenomena in south‐eastern Sicily. The study area has been chosen because of its strong seismicity, high concentration of industrial and agricultural activities, and high density of people living in the coastal area. Furthermore, the morphology, lithology and climatic features of this sector of the Hyblean foreland are suitable for an interferometric analysis, providing a high coherence over the area. The Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) multitemporal DInSAR technique was used to calculate mean ground velocity maps and displacement time series from a large data set of European Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS 1–2) images spanning the time period 1992–2000. The reliability of the DInSAR results was tested calculating the East_SAR and Up_SAR values over two permanent global positioning system (GPS) stations in the area, and comparing them with the East_GPS and Up_GPS values. The residuals between GPS and DInSAR velocities were 1 and 0.6 mm/yr for the Up and East components, respectively. Four main subsiding areas, previously undetected, have been identified, corresponding with the towns of Augusta, Siracusa, Priolo, and Villasmundo. The observed deformation phenomena are located within coastal structural basins, filled with Pleistocene and Holocence deposits, except the Villasmundo land subsidence, which is located on the Hyblean plateau. The measured deformation rates reach values up to ?18 mm/yr in Augusta, –6 mm/yr in Siracusa, –5 mm/yr in Villasmundo and ?4.5 mm/yr in Priolo. The examination of velocity profiles, time series, and geological data allows us to relate all the detected deformation patterns primarily to groundwater over‐exploitation. A multi‐dimensional interpolation with kriging was performed to obtain a field subsidence map. A first‐order elastic deformation model was used to simulate the peculiar features of the Villasmundo subsidence. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Signature of atmospheric oscillations in GPS-measured tropospheric delay

Ground-based GPS finds potential applications in many atmospheric studies such as spatial distribution of columnar water vapor as well as the tidal oscillations in the atmosphere. The zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) derived from GPS data at two Indian IGS stations are used to establish its potential for studying the atmospheric tidal, intra-seasonal and planetary oscillations. The major tidal oscillations observed in ZTD data are diurnal, semi-diurnal and their harmonics. Prominent intra-seasonal oscillations observed in ZTD are reported for the first time in this context. These intra-seasonal oscillations are Madden–Julian Oscillation (30–70 days, 60–90 days, 100–120 days) and planetary waves (like 27, 16 and 5–10 days periodicities). Quantification of these periodicities will provide a useful handle to improve the empirical models employed in the estimation of tropospheric delay.     

Very short baseline interferometry: assessment of the relative stability of the GPS stations at the Yebes Observatory (Spain)

Using a very short baseline interferometer, the relative stability of the YEBE and YEB1 GPS stations at the Yebes Observatory (Spain) is assessed. A baseline length bias of 1 mm was found between estimates from different observed frequencies due most likely to phase center errors resulting from antenna calibration uncertainties and/or phase center migrations caused by the electromagnetic coupling of antenna and monument. Also a bias of 0.5 mm in the vertical component of the baseline length was found between estimates from different cut-off elevation angles due to elevation-dependent errors as phase center and multipath. In addition to these biases, significant variations in the horizontal component of the baseline length were found, mostly in the form of a trend of ?0.45 ± 0.10 mm/yr and an annual oscillation of amplitude 1 ± 0.1 mm and phase 155 ± 5 (beginning of June). The annual oscillation showed a high correlation with ambient temperature variations. Bedrock thermal expansion seems not to be a significant contributor to the annual variation due to the excellent agreement between the phases of the baseline and temperature annual signals. Thermoelastic expansion of the station monuments, which are comprised of concrete pillars and buildings, driven by the sunshine heating, is likely the origin of this oscillation. Near-field multipath and phase center errors are also rejected as being the main contributor to the annual signal. Conversely, near-field multipath and phase center errors may significantly contribute together to the time-correlated noise content of the baseline time series at long periods (flicker noise amplitude of 1.2 ± 0.1 mm). This research provides thus an assessment of the GPS station stability at the Yebes Observatory, which may be extended to the level of station-dependent contamination of geophysical and geodetic studies (e.g., plate tectonics, surface loadings, local ties) when similar station installations on top of buildings are used.     

利用COSMIC低轨卫星对GPS信号的顶部TEC观测资料研究等离子体层电子含量的变化特征

本文尝试利用COSMIC低轨卫星对GPS信号的顶部TEC观测资料研究等离子体层电子含量(简称PEC)的变化规律.首先介绍从低轨卫星对GPS的顶部TEC观测资料提取等离子体层垂直电子含量的方法,然后利用该方法提取2008年全年的PEC数据,进而研究了2008年这一太阳活动低年PEC随地磁纬度(MLAT)、磁地方时(MLT)以及不同季节的变化规律.此外,还利用提取的120°E和300°E经度链上的数据对比研究了PEC的经度变化情形.研究结果表明:(1)PEC主要集中分布在磁赤道±45°之间的一个绕地球的环带状区域中;(2)PEC表现出以下的昼夜变化规律特征:白天时段之值高于夜间,约在12—16MLT之间达到最高峰值,而最小PEC值出现在日出前大约4—5MLT左右的时段;(3)相比其他季节月份而言,PEC在北半球夏季月份(5—8月)具有最小值;(4)PEC存在明显的经度变化,不同经度链上的PEC存在不同的季节变化特征.