A Model for the Mechanical Behaviour of Bentheim Sandstone in the Brittle Regime

— The mechanical behaviour of Bentheim sandstone, a homogeneous quartz-rich sandstone with porosity of 22.8%, was investigated by triaxial compression tests conducted on dry samples. At confining pressures up to 35 MPa, the failure mode was characterized by a typical brittle deformation regime, as the samples showed dilatancy and failed by strain softening and brittle faulting. Previous studies have shown that the mechanical behaviour and failure mode of brittle porous granular rocks are governed by the time-dependent growth of microcracks. We analyse this process using the “Pore Crack Model” based on fracture mechanics analysis. It is consistent with the microstructure of porous granular rocks since it considers the growth of axial cracks from cylindrical holes in two dimensions. These cracks grow when their stress intensity factors reach the subcritical crack growth limit. Interaction between neighbouring cracks is introduced by calculating the stress intensity factor as the sum of two terms: a component for an isolated crack and an interaction term computed using the method of successive approximations. It depends on crack length, pore radius, pore density, and applied stresses. The simulation of crack growth from cylindrical holes, associated with a failure criterion based on the coalescence of interacting cracks, is used to compare the theoretical stress at the onset of dilatancy and at macroscopic rupture to the experimental determined values. Our approach gives theoretical results in good agreement with experimental data when microstructural parameters consistent with observations are introduced.     

中国东部诸流域的干旱和湿润期:模式和预测

降水观测记录是近50a来中国九大流域干旱和湿润期时空变化分析的基础.以两年为时间尺度引入标准降水指数(SPI)来分析评价气候变化情景,结果表明黄河流域、长江流域和淮河(或珠江)流域等三个主要的区域表现为低频率变化指数:另外分析显示北方地区自20世纪70年代以来干旱更频繁的出现,在SPI时间序列中呈现负趋势变化.这也许与表征SPI信号的长周期有关(24a和48a周期).与这些长周期一起,也有一些其它方面的因素有助于频谱变化,范围从3a到9a不等.在指数时间序列中这些周期成分的存在为长期预测干旱和湿润期提供了很好的条件.     

Water Quality Management Based on Division of Dry and Wet Seasons in Pearl River Delta,China

In the Pearl River Delta (PRD), river water quality deteriorates continually due to the population increase and ongoing industrialization and urbanization. In this study, a water quality management paradigm based on the seasonal variation is proposed. For better exploring the seasonal change of water quality, wavelet analysis was used to analyze the division of dry and wet seasons in the PRD during 1952–2009. Then water quality seasonal variation in 2008 and relevant impact factors were analyzed by multivariate statistic methods as a case to make some management measures. The results show that there are some differences of dry and wet seasons division among different years. Wet season mainly appear from April to September, which occupy the largest proportion among the 58 years (about 70%) and then followed by the wet season from May to October (about 13.8% of the total years). As to the water quality of 2008, significant differences exist between dry and wet seasons for 17 water quality parameters except TP, , Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺. Levels of parameters pH, EC, COD_Mn, BOD₅, , , and Cl^? in dry season are much higher than those in wet season. In dry season the variations of river water quality are mainly influenced by domestic sewage, industrial effluents, and salt water intrusion. While in wet season, except the aforementioned pollution sources, drainages from cultivated land and livestock farm are also the main factors influencing water pollution. Thus, water quality management measures are proposed in dry and wet seasons, respectively. The results obtained from this study would further facilitate water quality protection and water resources management in the PRD.     

Microstructural Inhomogeneity and Mechanical Anisotropy Associated with Bedding in Rothbach Sandstone

This study present the result of conventional triaxial tests conducted on samples of Rothbach sandstone cored parallel, oblique (at 45 degrees) and perpendicular to the bedding at effective pressures ranging from 5 to 250 MPa. Mechanical and microstructural data were used to determine the role of the bedding on mechanical strength and failure mode. We find that samples cored at 45 degrees to the bedding yield at intermediate level of differential stress between the ones for parallel and perpendicular samples at all effective pressures. Strain localization at high confining pressure (i.e., in the compactive domain) is observed in samples perpendicular and oblique to the bedding but not in samples cored parallel to the bedding. However, porosity reduction is comparable whether compactive shear bands, compaction bands or homogeneous cataclastic flow develop. Microstructural data suggest that (1) mechanical anisotropy is controlled by a preferred intergranular contact alignment parallel to the bedding and that (2) localization of compaction is controlled by bedding laminations and grain scale heterogeneity, which both prevent the development of well localized compaction features.     

Solar Flares in Extreme Ultraviolet and X-Ray Bands Based on SDO and TIMED Satellite Data

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - Fluxes in flares are studied in soft X-ray (SXR) and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) bands based on data from GOES, the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), and the Thermosphere,...     

静水条件下砂岩渗透性的试验研究

在TRIAXIAL CELL V3岩石三轴伺服试验机上进行了砂岩的渗透试验,采用流量法测量不同围压和渗透压作用下的砂岩渗透率,揭示了围压和渗透压对砂岩渗透率的影响规律,并给出了围压与渗透率的拟合关系式。结果表明,在相同围压下,随着渗透压差的增加,砂岩渗透率呈不同程度的增加;围压越小,渗透压差对渗透率的影响越大;当渗透压差相同时,砂岩围压一渗透率曲线变化趋势基本一致,渗透率随围压的增加而减小,显示砂岩内部裂隙的闭合程度受围压的影响较明显。     

Propagation of Pulses in Viscoelastic Media

— It is shown that in hereditary models of media with regular convolution kernels discontinuities propagate with the wavefronts. A singularity always remains sharp and propagates with the wavefront. Oscillatory signals lag behind the wavefronts and are preceded by distortions. In media with singular memory, signals lag behind wavefronts. Singular signals are immediately smoothed and spread out.     

Failure Mode and Spatial Distribution of Damage in Rothbach Sandstone in the Brittle-ductile Transition

— To elucidate the spatial complexity of damage and evolution of localized failure in the transitional regime from brittle faulting to cataclastic ductile flow in a porous sandstone, we performed a series of triaxial compression experiments on Rothbach sandstone (20% porosity). Quantitative microstructural analysis and X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging were conducted on deformed samples. Localized failure was observed in samples at effective pressures ranging from 5 MPa to 130 MPa. In the brittle faulting regime, dilating shear bands were observed. The CT images and stereological measurements reveal the geometric complexity and spatial heterogeneity of damage in the failed samples. In the transitional regime (at effective pressures between 45 MPa and 130 MPa), compacting shear bands at high angles and compaction bands perpendicular to the maximum compression direction were observed. The laboratory results suggest that these complex localized features can be pervasive in sandstone formations, not just limited to the very porous aeolian sandstone in which they were first documented. The microstructural observations are in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions of bifurcation analyses, except for the occurrence of compaction bands in the sample deformed at effective pressure of 130 MPa. The bifurcation analysis with the constitutive model used in this paper is nonadequate to predict compaction band formation, may be due to the neglect of bedding anisotropy of the rock and multiple yield mechanisms in the constitutive model.     

含砾黏土压实及强度特性的实验研究

采用室内重型击实实验对含砾黏土的压实特性进行分析,结合CT断层扫描研究材料整体干密度、最优含水率及黏土的压实程度与掺砾量、含水率等因素之间的关系。根据无侧限抗压强度实验结果,比较不同掺砾量和不同含水率下的无侧限抗压强度大小。结果表明:掺砾量较低时砾粒与黏土之间就已出现粒间空隙;含水率较高时,这些空隙及黏土孔隙中的水在击实过程中难以排出,同时水还阻碍了封闭气泡的逸出,造成黏土的压实效果明显降低;随着含砾量的增加砾粒逐渐起到骨架作用,减小了作用在黏土上的击实能量,也造成黏土的压实程度差于纯黏土。含砾黏土的无侧限抗压强度主要由黏土成分的密实程度控制,因而受到砾粒含量和含水率的影响,整体上随着含砾量的增加而降低,含水率较高时的下降幅度更明显。     

Propagation of Rayleigh waves in soils

Summary Propagation of Rayleigh type waves in soils is considered in this paper. It is a well known fact that soils do not behave like an ordinary isotropic elastic medium where the ratio of Young's modulus to the modulus of rigidity is much less than that in sandy soils. Considering the velocity of Rayleigh type wave as less than that of distortional wave (which is an observed fact) a probable value of this ratio is determined, and also assuming the value of this ratio based on some experimental data, the velocity of wave propagation in the medium is deduced.     

Compaction and Failure in High Porosity Carbonates: Mechanical Data and Microstructural Observations

We investigated systematically the micromechanics of compaction in two carbonates of porosity above 30%, Majella grainstone and Saint Maximin limestone. The composition, grain size and pore surface area of these rocks were determined. Hydrostatic compression experiments were performed under dry and wet conditions beyond the onset of grain crushing. A significant water weakening effect was observed in both rocks. A set of conventional triaxial experiments was also performed on both rocks under dry conditions at confining pressures ranging from 3 to 31 MPa. Microstructural observations were carried out on the deformed samples. The mechanical behavior of these high porosity carbonates is dominated by shear-enhanced compaction associated in most cases with strain hardening. Stress-induced cracking and grain crushing are the dominant micromechanisms of deformation in both rocks. In Majella grainstone, compactive shear bands appeared at low confinement, in qualitative agreement with the deformation bands observed in the field. At higher confining pressures, compaction localization was inhibited and homogeneous cataclastic flow developed. In Saint Maximin limestone, compaction localization was observed at all confining pressures. An increasing number of compactive shear bands at various orientations appeared with increasing strain. These new data suggest that compaction localization is important in the mechanical compaction of high porosity carbonates.     

Initiation of subduction by post-collision foreland thrusting and back-thrusting

While postulated causes of initial subduction and trench formation include underthrusting, controls on its location and age have not been determined. Consideration of the age of subduction zones bordering five collisional orogens suggests that subduction may have been initiated by foreland thrusts and back-thrusts. Foreland thrusts develop within a continental foreland on the subducting plate mostly within 50 my of collision with an arc system; where the foreland is narrow the thrusts may intersect the continent-ocean crust boundary. Back-thrusts develop in the fore-arc or back-arc area on the overriding plate within 10 to 20 my of collision, and can result in tectonic burial of the magmatic arc; where the arc system is oceanic the back-thrusts may intersect the arc-ocean crust boundary. Possible examples of subduction initiated by foreland thrusts are the start of subduction in the late Jurassic beneath the northern Sunda Arc, and at the end-Miocene in the Negros Trench. Examples of back-thrusts which have initiated or may initiate subduction are the late Cenozoic eastward translation of Taiwan over the Philippine Sea plate, the incipient southward subduction of the Banda Sea beneath Timor, and the W-dipping back-thrust comprising the Highland Boundary Fault zone and postulated early Ordovician thrusts to the SE in Scotland. The suggested relationship of subduction to collision helps to explain the persistence of Wilson cycles in the still-active late Mesozoic to Cenozoic orogenic belts and implies that orogeny will cease only with collision between major continents.     

固体介质中孤立波的传播及演化特征

由于地球介质中广泛存在断裂、微裂缝等地质现象,实际地震资料中会出现形似孤立波的非线性地震现象。因此,对固体介质中孤立波的研究有利于解释这些非线性地震现象的形成机制。本文基于KdV方程,以雷克子波作为初始条件,采用伸缩子机理构建体力模型,利用有限差分的方法模拟了孤立波的演化过程。理论结果表明,非线性地震纵波可以从雷克子波逐渐演化成孤立波,而且地震波的初始振幅和频散系数对模拟结果也有重要影响。通过与实际资料的对比也能说明这种演化的可能性。同时根据方程系数矩阵中元素带状分布的特征,采用稀疏矩阵的存取方法,可以减小计算内存,提高计算效率。     

Comparison of Measured and Modelled Hydraulic Conductivities of Fractured Sandstone Cores

— A new method for characterising the detailed fracture geometry in sandstone cores is presented. This method is based on the impregnation of samples with coloured resin, without significant disturbance of the fractures. The fractures are made clearly visible by the resin, thus allowing the fracture geometry to be examined digitally. In order to model the bulk hydraulic conductivity, the samples are sectioned serially perpendicular to the flow direction. The hydraulic conductivity of individual sections is estimated by summing the contribution of the matrix and each fracture from the digital data. Finally, the hydraulic conductivity of the bulk sample is estimated by a harmonic average in series along the flow path. Results of this geometrical method are compared with actual physical conductivity values measured from fluid experiments carried out prior to sectioning. The predicted conductivity from the fracture geometry parameters (e.g., fracture aperture, fracture width, fracture length and fracture relative roughness all measured using an optical method) is in good agreement with the independent physical measurements, thereby validating the approach.     

强夯振动加速度的量测及现场试验研究

结合延安新区强夯加固地基工程,进行强夯振动加速度测试现场试验。选取填方区场地,结合地形设计监测方案,以测试强夯波沿水平方向和斜坡的传播规律。在选定试验段的某级填方场地上布置多组加速度传感器,运用多个8通道24位高速采集卡记录强夯振动加速度在平面和斜坡的传播和衰减过程,探讨强夯振动波沿水平面和斜坡的传播规律以及能级对振动加速度的影响。结果表明:径向和竖向加速度值均随与夯点距离的增大而减小;在与夯击点距离相同处,强夯振动波沿水平方向传播的径向和竖向加速度值要大于沿斜坡方向;随着能级的增大,强夯产生的夯击波增强,在与夯击点相同距离处产生的径向和竖向加速度均明显增大。     

低孔渗砂岩孔隙结构分类方法研究

低孔渗砂岩储层孔隙结构复杂,在二维与三维空间中具有较强非均质性,对储集空间的测井响应有极大影响。而压汞曲线、核磁T₂谱、铸体薄片3种资料在一定程度上各自反映了孔隙结构的不同特征,本文分别提取3种资料的微观孔隙结构参数进行相关性分析,最终分别利用主成分分析-模糊均值聚类方法实现孔隙结构分类,其分类结果压汞曲线分形法所得一致。     

非饱和土中剪切S波的传播特性分析

基于对非饱和多孔介质的研究成果,考虑孔隙中的液相和气相的相互影响,研究非饱和土地基中剪切S波的传播特性。通过非饱和土中固相、液相和气相的质量平衡方程、动量平衡方程和非饱和土有效应力原理,建立问题的弹性波动方程,经过理论推导给出非饱和土中剪切S波的弥散特征方程。通过数值算例分析剪切S波的波速和衰减系数随饱和度、频率和固有渗透系数等因素的变化规律。结果表明,剪切S波的波速几乎不受饱和度的影响,但其随着频率的增大而减小,随着固有渗透系数的增大先不变后增大;剪切S波的衰减系数随着饱和度和频率的增加均增大,而随着固有渗透系数的增大先不变后增大最后减小。     

Variation of Wave Velocity and Porosity of Sandstone after High Temperature Heating

This paper reports the variations of mass, porosity, and wave velocity of sandstone after high temperature heating. The range of temperature to which the sandstone specimens have been exposed is 25–850°C, in a heating furnace. It has been shown that below 300°C, porosity and wave velocity change very little. Above 300°C, there is a rapid increase in porosity, but the wave velocity decreases significantly. The results of thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) suggest that a series of changes occurred between 400 and 600°C in sandstone could be responsible for the different patterns of variation in porosity and wave velocity.     

Propagation and stability of wave motions in rotating magnetic systems

Recent developments in the study of linear wave motions in rotating magnetic systems are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between motions in diffusionless and diffusive systems. The influence of the geometry of the system is also stressed.