四川及邻区Lg尾波的Q值分布特征

首先利用叠加谱比法，对成都数字地震台网的12个台站及中国数字地震台网的5个台站所记录的504个宽带垂直分量进行分析，得到与各路径相对应的椭圆内的Lg尾波Q0和η的测量值，再应用反投影技术反演得出四川及邻区Lg尾波Q0和η的分布图像。结果表明：Q0值的分布与构造活动性紧密相关，在所研究的范围内，Q0值在225～400的范围内变化。低的Q0值(225～250)发生在安宁河断裂、龙门山断裂和鲜水河断裂的交汇区域，以及由安宁河断裂和则木河断裂等多条断裂所组成的南北向断裂带；在川东的四川盆地，Q0值有所升高，在250～300的范围内变化；在所研究区域东南部的扬子地台，Q0值呈现出350～400的较高值。叩值在0．4～0．8的范围内变化。绝大部分地区的叩和Q0反向相关。     

Regional Variation of Lg Coda Q in the Continental United States and its Relation to Crustal Structure and Evolution

—Records from broadband digital stations have allowed us to map regional variations of Lg coda Q across almost the entire United States. Using a stacked ratio method we obtained estimates of Q ₀ (Lg coda Q at 1 Hz) and its frequency dependence, <eta>, for 218 event-station pairs. Those sets of estimates were inverted using a back-projection method to obtain tomographic images showing regional variations of Q ₀ and <eta>. Q ₀ is lowest (250–300) in the California coastal regions and the western part of the Basin and Range province, and highest (650–750) in the northern Appalachians and a portion of the Central Lowlands. Intermediate values occur in the Colorado Plateau (300–500), the Columbia Plateau (300–400), the Rocky Mountains (450–550), the Great Plains (500–650), the Gulf Coastal Plain and the southern portion of Atlantic Coastal Plain (400–500), and the portions of the Central Lowlands surrounding the high-Q region (500–550). The pattern of Q ₀ variations suggests that the United States can be divided into two large Q provinces. One province spans the area from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic coast, is tectonically stable, and exhibits relatively high Q ₀?. The other extends westward from the approximate western margin of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, is tectonically active, and exhibits low Q ₀?. The transition from high to low Lg coda Q in the western United States lies further to the west than does an upper mantle transition for Q and electrical resistivity found in earlier studies. The difference in Q ₀ between the western and eastern United States can be attributed to a greater amount of interstitial crustal fluids in the west. Regions of moderately reduced Q within the stable platform often occur where there are accumulations of Mesozoic and younger sediments. Reduced Q ₀ in the southeastern United States may not be due to anelasticity but may rather be explained by a gradational velocity increase at the crust-mantle boundary that causes shear energy to leak into the mantle.     

Lg Coda Q Variations across South America and their Relation to Crustal Evolution

Nine broadband seismograph stations in South America have provided 389 recordings of Lg coda with paths that cover most of the continent. Lg coda Q (Q0v) and frequency dependence <(eta)> values at 1 Hz, obtained from these records, were inverted using back-projection tomography to obtain regionalized maps of Q0 and <eta>. The entire western margin of the continent (the active Andean mountain belt) is typified by low Q0 (250–450), whereas broad regions of high Q0 (700–1100) span the central Brazilian shield and contiguous regions to the north and south. Intermediate Q0 (450–700) characterizes the northern Patagonia platform and most of the Atlantic shield. Reduced Q0 in the Atlantic shield may be related to tectonic or igneous activity that occurred during the breakup of Gondwanaland during the Jurassic period. This Q distribution is generally consistent with earlier studies where Q0 was found to be directly proportional to the time that has elapsed since the most recent episode of major tectonic or orogenic activity in any region. Reduced Q0 in the Patagonian platform may, however, be due to young sediments there. Q0 is slightly higher in two portions of the Andean belt (between latitudes 2.0°N and 10.0°S, and between latitudes 24.0°S and 34.0°S) than in other portions of the belt. These variations are consistent with results of earlier studies of body-wave attenuation and heat flow in the Andean mountain belt. Spatial variations of <eta> generally vary inversely with Q0v, being low (0.0–0.2) throughout a broad region centered in the central Brazil shield and extending to the northeastern coast. All surrounding regions except that to the northeast exhibit intermediate to high (0.4–0.8 and possibly higher) <eta> values. Possible biasing of Lg coda Q measurements by proximity to the transition between the South American and Pacific plates was examined using records from a station near that boundary and was found to be small.     

利用Sato模型对宁夏及邻区尾波Q值的研究

本文利用Sato模型,选取2008-2009年宁夏地震台网记录的121次ML≥2.0地震的数字地震波资料,计算宁夏及邻区平均尾波Q值,并拟合了Q值对频率的依赖关系. 结果表明,与国内其他地区相比,宁夏及邻区Q值较低,对频率f依赖性较高. 结合研究区同期地震活动水平及地震地质构造特征,将研究区划分为四个小震密集区:吉兰泰...     

Lg Coda Q and its Relation to the Geology and Tectonics of the Middle East

—Regional seismograms were collected to image the lateral variations of Lg coda Q at 1 Hz (Q ₀?) and its frequency dependence <(eta)> in the Middle East using a back-projection method. The data include 124 vertical-component traces recorded at 10 stations during the period 1986–1996. The resulting images reveal lateral variations in both Q ₀ and <eta>. In the Turkish and Iranian Plateaus, a highly deformed and tectonically active region, Q ₀ ranges between about 150 and 300, with the lowest values occurring in western Anatolia where extremely high heat flow has been measured. The low Q ₀ values found in this region agree with those found in other tectonically active regions of the world. Throughout most of the Arabian Peninsula, a relatively stable region, Q ₀ varies between 350 and 450, being highest in the shield area and lowest in the eastern basins. All values are considerably lower than those found in most other stable regions. Low Q values throughout the Middle East may be caused by interstitial fluids that have migrated to the crust from the upper mantle, where they were probably generated by hydrothermal reactions at elevated temperatures known to occur there. Low Q ₀ values (about 250) are also found in the Oman folded zone, a region with thick sedimentary deposits. <eta> varies inversely with Q ₀ throughout most of the Middle East, with lower values (0.4–0.5) in the Arabian Peninsula and higher values (0.6–0.8) in Iran and Turkey. Q ₀ and <eta> are both low in the Oman folded zone and western Anatolia.     

Coda Q Estimates in the Koyna Region, India

—The coda Q, Q _c ?, have been estimated for the Koyna region of India. The coda waves of 76 seismograms from thirteen local earthquakes, recorded digitally in the region during July–August, 1996, have been analyzed for this purpose at nine central frequencies viz., 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12.0, 16.0 and 24.0 Hz using a single backscattering model. All events with magnitude less than 3 fall in the epicentral distances less than 60 km and have focal depths which range from 0.86 to 9.43 km. For the 30 sec coda window length the estimated Q _c values vary from 81 to 261 at 1.5 Hz and 2088 to 3234 at 24 Hz, whereas the mean values of Q _c with the standard error vary from 148 ± 13.5 at 1.5 Hz to 2703 ± 38.8 at 24 Hz. Both the estimated Q _c values and their mean values exhibit the clear dependence on frequency in the region and a frequency dependence average attenuation relationship, Q _c = 96f ^1.09, has been obtained for the region, covering an approximate area of 11500 km² with the surfacial extent of about 120 km and depth of 60 km.¶Lapse time dependence of Q _c has also been studied for the region, with the coda waves analyzed at five lapse time windows from 20 to 60 sec duration with the difference of 10 sec. The frequency dependence average Q _c relationships obtained at these window lengths Q _c = 66f ^1.16 (20 sec), Q _c = 96f ^1.09 (30 sec), Q _c =131f ^1.04 (40 sec), Q _c = 148f ^1.04 (50 sec), Q _c = 182f ^1.02 (60 sec) show that the frequency dependence (exponentn) remains mostly stationary at all the lapse time window lengths, while the change in Q ₀ value is significant. Lapse time dependence of Q _c in the region is also interpreted as the function of depth.     

Lg Coda Q and its Relation to the Structure and Evolution of Continents: A Global Perspective

—Tomographic maps of Lg coda Q (Q ^c _Lg) variation are now available for nearly the entire African, Eurasian, South American, and Australian continents, as well as for the United States. Q ^c _Lg at 1 Hz (Q ₀) varies from less than 200 to more than 1000 and Q ^c _Lg frequency dependence (<eta>) varies between 0.0 and nearly 1.0. Q ₀ appears to increase in proportion to the length of time that has elapsed since the most recent major episode of tectonic or orogenic activity in any region. A plot of Q ₀ versus time since that activity indicates that a single Q ₀-time relation approximates most mean Q ₀ values. Those that deviate most from the trend lay in Australia, the Arabian Peninsula, and the East African rift. The increase in Q ₀ with time may be due to a continual increase in crustal shear wave Q (Q ) caused by the loss of crustal fluids and reduction of crustal permeability following tectonic or orogenic activity. Extrapolated values of Q ^c _Lg at 5 Hz (using Q ₀ and <eta> values measured at 1 Hz and assuming that <eta> is constant in all regions between 1 and 5 Hz) show a similar percentage-wise increase with times that has elapsed since the most recent activity. Other factors that can reduce Q ₀ in continental regions include thick accumulations of sediment (especially sandstone and shale of Mesozoic age and younger), severe velocity gradients at the crust-mantle transition and, possibly, lateral variations in the depth, thickness, and severity of those gradients. Severe and large increases of Q in the mid-crust of some regions can cause relatively large values of <eta>, even if the frequency dependence of Q is small.     

Coda Q Estimates in the Andaman Islands Using Local Earthquakes

The attenuation property of Andaman Island has been investigated analyzing coda waves from 57 local earthquakes in the magnitude range of 2.0–4.9, using the single backscattering model. These earthquakes waveforms, recorded on five broadband seismographs sited over the island from north to south during Nov. 2003 to March 2004, have been used to calculate the frequency dependent Coda Q (Q _c ) applying the time domain coda-decay method. The Coda Q, computed at central frequencies from (0.5–12) Hz and five-lapse time windows from 40 to 80 s, progressively increases from 105 f ^0.88 in the north Andaman to 135 f ^0.79 in the south Andaman with an average of 119 f ^0.80. The average Q _c values vary from 75 ± 42 at 0.5 Hz to 697 ± 54 at 12 Hz central frequency for 40 s lapse time window, while for 80 s lapse time window its variation is from 117 ± 38 at 0.5 Hz to 1256 ± 115 at 12 Hz. The Q _c estimated at different lapse times manifests a significant variation from 122f ^0.75 to 174f ^0.73, corresponding to lapse time window lengths of 40 and 80 s, respectively. The variation of Q _c with frequency, lapse time and also with the location of seismograph reflects the marked structural and compositional inhomogeneity with depth along the Andaman Islands. These observations are well correlated with the seismicity pattern and distinct high angle subduction beneath the island.     

K_(cv)值在河北及邻区地震预测中的应用研究

地震空间分布非均匀性指标Cv值作为一种有效的预测指标近几年来得到了广泛应用。然而受空间分布的事件样本数大小的影响,Cv值会有所改变。本文采用Cv值标准化后的Kcv值,统计了河北及邻区的地震事件空间非均匀性分布,并与地震时空概率增益综合预测模型相结合,进行研究区地震预测。依据河北及邻区40多年的地震观测资料进行了Kcv值扫描和震例统计,研究了该方法应用于河北地区的预测效能及最优时间尺度。对研究区2008—2012年M5及以上地震的概率增益、地震发生概率预测与实际地震发生情况的回溯性检验结果表明,此方法应用于河北地区地震发生概率的预测是可行的。依据上述方法,对2013—2017年河北及邻区M5及以上地震发生的概率增益和地震发生概率进行了预测。     

Coda Q c Attenuation and Source Parameter Analysis in Friuli (NE Italy) and its Vicinity

—?The digital data acquired by 16 short-period seismic stations of the Friuli-Venezia-Giulia seismic network for 56 earthquakes of magnitude 2.3–4.7 which occurred in and near NE Italy have been used to estimate the coda attenuation Q _c and seismic source parameters. The entire area under study has been divided into five smaller regions, following a criterion of homogeneity in the geological characteristics and the constrains imposed by the distribution of available events. Standard IASPEI routines for coda Q _c determination have been used for the analysis of attenuation in the different regions showing a marked anomaly in the values measured across the NE border between Friuli and Austria for Q ₀ value. A large variation exists in the coda attenuation Q _c for different regions, indicating the presence of great heterogeneities in the crust and upper mantle of the region. The mean value of Q _c (f) increases from 154–203 at 1.5?Hz to 1947–2907 at 48?Hz frequency band with large standard deviation estimates.¶Using the same earthquake data, the seismic-moment, M ₀, source radius, r and stress-drop, Δσ for 54 earthquakes have been estimated from P- and S-wave spectra using the Brune's seismic source model. The earthquakes with higher stress-drop (greater than 1?Kbar) occur at depths ranging from 8 to 14?km.     

浙江及邻区尾波Q值研究

基于单次散射(Aki)模型,利用2000年至今浙江及安徽台网记录的37次ML3.0以上地震的数字地震波资料,计算了浙江及邻近省区平均尾波Q值,并拟合了Q值对频率的依赖关系数据。结果为:Q(f)=212±33.5f0.62±0.11,与国内其它区域相比,本区域为Q值高值、对频率低依赖性区域。认为本研究区内构造活动弱,地震活动水平低。本文就Q值对频率、尾波窗长等的依赖性特征及影响Q值计算的噪声水平、滤波器、数据采样等因素进行了深入分析。     

Comparison of Sesimic Body Wave and Coda Wave Measures of Q

—Measurements of seismic attenuation (Q ^?1) can vary considerably when made from different parts of seismograms or using different techniques, particularly at high frequencies. These discrepancies may be methodological, or may reflect earth processes. To investigate this problem, we compare body wave with coda Q ^?1 results utilizing three common techniques i) parametric fit to spectral decay, ii) coda normalization of S waves, and iii) coda amplitude decay with lapse time. Q ^?1 is measured from both body and coda waves beneath two mountain ranges and one platform, from recordings made at seismic arrays in the Caucasus and Kopet Dagh over paths ≤ 4° long. If Q is assumed frequency independent, spectral decay fits show Q _s and Q _coda near 700–800 for both mountain paths and near 2100–2200 for platform paths. Similar values are determined with the coda normalization technique. However, frequency-dependent parameterizations fit the data significantly better, with Q _s ?(1 Hz) and Q _coda?(1 Hz) near 200–300 for mountain paths and near 500–600 for platform paths. Lapse decay measurements are close to the frequency-dependent values, showing that both spectral and lapse decay methods can give similar results when Q has comparable parameterizations. Above 6 Hz, coda measurements suggest some enrichment relative to body waves, perhaps due to scattering, but intrinsic absorption appears to dominate at lower frequencies. All approaches show sharp path differences between the Eurasian platform and adjacent mountains, and all are capable of resolving spatial variations in Q.     

江苏地区尾波Q值特征研究

基于Aki单次散射模型,利用江苏数字地震台网记录的地震数字波形资料开展了江苏地区尾波Q值特征研究。结果表明,江苏地区总体上属于高Q值地区,但不同地区存在明显差异,总体呈现出南高北低的特点。本文对台站相对密,地质构造特点明显、尾波Q0计算结果较为集中的四个区域分区进行了研究,获得了江苏四个区域的Q值与频率的特征关系。苏南至长江口和茅山断裂带附近为江苏的高Q值地区,苏中至沿岸为江苏的低Q值地区,苏北连云港及附近处于Q值中等水平地区。对照江苏四个Q值不同分区的构造及地震活动分析,Q值、地壳运动和地震活动性之间存在一定的相关关系。     

云鹏水电站及其周围地震尾波Q_c值研究

利用云鹏水电站周边5个数字地震台站记录到的2000年1月至2008年12月间的108个地震的数字波形资料,采用Aki单次散射模型,计算了各台站周围423条地震记录的尾波Q0值。结果显示:云鹏水电站地区尾波的Qc值与频率的关系为Qc(f)=90.2f0.94。该地区的Q0值比云南其它构造活动强烈地区的要高,因此属于中等构造活动地区。云鹏水电站蓄水后弥勒台记录到的108个地震的尾波Q0值及分频Qc值有所下降,但下降幅度不大,表明水库蓄水对库区及其附近区域地下介质性质有所影响,但影响的程度有限。     

长白山天池火山地区的尾波Q值估计

对1999～2005年间长白山天池火山观测站所有数字化波形记录中震级ML≥0.6的94个火山地震事件,利用频率在1.0～16.0Hz范围内的记录,依据S波单次反散射模型测算了长白山天池火山区的尾波Q值,获得尾波Q值与频率的关系为QC=(47±2)f(0.74±0.01)。假定衰减完全由散射损失造成,则估计得到长白山天池火山区的最小平均自由程为17km,且与所用的频率无关,表明天池火山区下方散射体分布密度较大。     

Variation of Seismic Coda Wave Attenuation in the Garhwal Region, Northwestern Himalaya

Seismic coda wave attenuation ( $ Q_{\text{c}}^{ - 1} $ ) characteristics in the Garhwal region, northwestern Himalaya is studied using 113 short-period, vertical component seismic observations from local events with hypocentral distance less than 250?km and magnitude range between 1.0 to 4.0. They are located mainly in the vicinity of the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and the Main Central Thrust (MCT), which are well-defined tectonic discontinuities in the Himalayas. Coda wave attenuation ( $ Q_{\text{c}}^{ - 1} $ ) is estimated using the single isotropic scattering method at central frequencies 1.5, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28?Hz using several starting lapse times and coda window lengths for the analysis. Results show that the ( $ Q_{\text{c}}^{ - 1} $ ) values are frequency dependent in the considered frequency range, and they fit the frequency power law ( $ Q_{\text{c}}^{ - 1} \left( f \right) = Q_{0}^{ - 1} f^{ - n} $ ). The Q ₀ (Q _c at 1?Hz) estimates vary from about 50 for a 10?s lapse time and 10?s window length, to about 350 for a 60?s lapse time and 60?s window length combination. The exponent of the frequency dependence law, n ranges from 1.2 to 0.7; however, it is greater than 0.8, in general, which correlates well with the values obtained in other seismically and tectonically active and highly heterogeneous regions. The attenuation in the Garhwal region is found to be lower than the Q _c ^?1 values obtained for other seismically active regions of the world; however, it is comparable to other regions of India. The spatial variation of coda attenuation indicates that the level of heterogeneity decreases with increasing depth. The variation of coda attenuation has been estimated for different lapse time and window length combinations to observe the effect with depth and it indicates that the upper lithosphere is more active seismically as compared to the lower lithosphere and the heterogeneity decreases with increasing depth.     

安达曼弧与缅甸、云南强震相关性研究

研究区包括安达曼弧、缅甸平原和云南地区三个部分。对安达曼弧7级以上地震与缅甸、云南7级和6.8级地震的群体与个体的相关特征进行了研究,发现安达曼弧、缅甸平原M≥7.0地震与云南M≥6.8地震在群体上有一定相关性,但并非一一相关。云南有4个地震活跃期,但安达曼弧与缅甸平原却只有3个,缺失第3活跃期。研究区强震活动从板缘向板内逐渐减弱,三个地区最大震级分别为8.7级、7.8级和7.7级。安达曼弧与缅甸、云南7级地震的个体相关概率分别为33%和27%,平均30%左右,缅甸与云南的个体相关概率为43%。最后对云南的地震趋势进行了预测。     

新疆及邻近地区重力场变化特征研究

首次利用1998-2010年共6期全国地壳运动网、数字地震网和陆态网络重力观测数据,通过整理计算平差,分别绘制了新疆及周边部分地区（西藏、甘肃、青海和宁夏）2~3年尺度重力场差分变化和累计变化图像,并结合动力构造环境和强震活动,剖析该地区重力变化特征及与强震孕育之间的响应关系。分析表明：新疆及周边地区重力场变化较明显,重力异常变化值较大,2~3年为尺度的重力变化值最大达到-140×10-8 ms-2;地震发生在重力变化转折、高梯度带附近和主要控制构造交汇部位;新疆及周边地区重力变化具有明显的分区特征,重力变化机制的差异与构造环境密切相关。     

利用Stao模型研究上海地区中小地震尾波

利用2011—2017年上海台网记录的上海及周边50km内的地震事件,使用Stao模型,计算了东滩台、大洋山台、佘山台、天平山台、秦皇山台所在地区的尾波值,结果显示:上海及邻近地区整体呈现西高东低的分布,在东部沿海地区较低,浦西地区较高;根据上海台网的地震事件记录,发现上海地区地震虽然基本呈现弥散性分布,并没有出现沿断裂分布趋势,而整体分布为东部沿海地区及海域多于浦西地区;结合上海地区尾波值分布规律分析表明,所得值数据能够较好地反映该区域地震活动性。