科尔沁典型地区流动沙地景观特征分析

本文采用3 s技术,对科尔沁典型地区进行取样,分析了在农业生产活动由强~弱~强的梯度变化过程中,流动沙丘斑块空间属性也有相应的变化规律。各级别从斑块的形状特点来看,在以牧业活动为主区域向以农业活动为主区域过渡中,流动沙丘斑块形状趋于复杂。同时,各级斑块面积与分维数的关联分析表明:当斑块面积极小时(<0.2km2)时,极易受外界影响而使得形状复杂;当斑块面积大于0.2km2时,斑块与分维数显著性较差,且为正相关,斑块面积的越大其稳定性越强。     

Very high resolution Earth Observation features for testing the direct and indirect effects of landscape structure on local habitat quality

Modelling the empirical relationships between habitat quality and species distribution patterns is the first step to understanding human impacts on biodiversity. It is important to build on this understanding to develop a broader conceptual appreciation of the influence of surrounding landscape structure on local habitat quality, across multiple spatial scales. Traditional models which report that ‘habitat amount’ in the landscape is sufficient to explain patterns of biodiversity, irrespective of habitat configuration or spatial variation in habitat quality at edges, implicitly treat each unit of habitat as interchangeable and ignore the high degree of interdependence between spatial components of land-use change. Here, we test the contrasting hypothesis, that local habitat units are not interchangeable in their habitat attributes, but are instead dependent on variation in surrounding habitat structure at both patch- and landscape levels. As the statistical approaches needed to implement such hierarchical causal models are observation-intensive, we utilise very high resolution (VHR) Earth Observation (EO) images to rapidly generate fine-grained measures of habitat patch internal heterogeneities over large spatial extents. We use linear mixed-effects models to test whether these remotely-sensed proxies for habitat quality were influenced by surrounding patch or landscape structure. The results demonstrate the significant influence of surrounding patch and landscape context on local habitat quality. They further indicate that such an influence can be direct, when a landscape variable alone influences the habitat structure variable, and/or indirect when the landscape and patch attributes have a conjoined effect on the response variable. We conclude that a substantial degree of interaction among spatial configuration effects is likely to be the norm in determining the ecological consequences of habitat fragmentation, thus corroborating the notion of the spatial context dependence of habitat quality.     

基于ESDA-GIS的新疆县域经济时空差异研究

区域经济差异历来是国内外学者关注的热点问题。从时空角度出发,本文利用新疆1978-2004年县域人均GDP数据,采用变差系数、ESDA全局和局部空间自相关分析方法与GIS技术相结合,对新疆县域经济总体发展差异和局部空间异质性的演变特征进行了实证研究。变差系数分析显示新疆县际经济差异并不沿着"倒U字"型的轨迹变化,1978-2004年县域间的经济差距先减少,而后缓慢扩大。通过新疆各县人均GDP的空间自相关系数(Moran’sI)的计算,我们发现改革开放以来新疆经济发展的空间集聚效应增强,集聚区域间的经济差距不断拉大。对不同年度新疆各县人均GDP的局域空间自相关分析进一步揭示出北疆中、西部、南疆西、北部逐渐形成"HH"和"LL"两种类型空间集聚。实践证明空间分析方法是传统经济差异量度方法的一种有益补充,使我们更加深入理解区域经济的空间格局及其变化规律。     

A graph-based approach for the structural analysis of road and building layouts

A better understanding of the relationship between the structure and functions of urban and suburban spaces is one of the avenues of research still open for geographical information science. The research presented in this paper develops several graph-based metrics whose objective is to characterize some local and global structural properties that reflect the way the overall building layout can be cross-related to the one of the road layout. Such structural properties are modeled as an aggregation of parcels, buildings, and road networks. We introduce several computational measures (Ratio Minimum Distance, Minimum Ratio Minimum Distance, and Metric Compactness) that respectively evaluate the capability for a given road to be connected with the whole road network. These measures reveal emerging sub-network structures and point out differences between less-connective and more-connective parts of the network. Based on these local and global properties derived from the topological and graph-based representation, and on building density metrics, this paper proposes an analysis of road and building layouts at different levels of granularity. The metrics developed are applied to a case study in which the derived properties reveal coherent as well as incoherent neighborhoods that illustrate the potential of the approach and the way buildings and roads can be relatively connected in a given urban environment. Overall, and by integrating the parcels and buildings layouts, this approach complements other previous and related works that mainly retain the configurational structure of the urban network as well as morphological studies whose focus is generally limited to the analysis of the building layout.     

浅析GIS中的空间分析与应用模型

本文首先阐述了空间分析和应用模型的基本概念及其关系，进而从地理信息系统的功能分类入手，分析了空间分析，应用模型和GIS的辩证关系，最后指出：加强应用模型与GIS的结合以及增强GIS的基本空间分析功能是增强GIS整体功能的二个最有效的方法。     

秦安县农村居民点空间分布景观格局分析

基于RS与GIS技术,以2008年甘肃省秦安县SPOT遥感影像为数据源,主要选职斑块面积、斑块数、平均斑块面积、斑块大小变异系数、斑块大小标准偏差、平均形状指数、平均周长．面积比、平均斑块分维数8个景观指数,从居民点用地、规模、形态、分布等方面进行景观空间格局分析。结果表明：秦安县农村居民点分布特点受坡度、坡向、高程、...     

基于空间连续数据的小流域景观格局破碎化研究

基于空间连续数据，采用局部空间关联指标（LISA）——局部Moran指数（Local Moran Index, LMI），通过探测小流域内景观均质性和异质性的变化情况来反映景观格局破碎化的变化过程。作为一种空间明确的景观格局研究方法，LMI能够发现流域景观格局变化过程中的热点地区，并分析其与流域土地利用变化之间的联系，明确了土地利用变化是引起小流域景观格局变化的最主要的驱动因素。研究表明，基于空间连续数据的局部空间关联指标方法可以作为传统景观格局变化研究方法的有益补充。     

农村中小学布局调整之空间可达性分析——以河南省巩义市初级中学为例

中小学布局调整是教育主管部门面临的一项重要任务,涉及教育资源的公平分配和合理利用,影响到义务教育法的落实和实施.在探讨中小学布局调整原理与方法的基础上,使用地理信息系统(GIS)技术建立人口分布、学校分布和交通条件等数据库,计算空间可达性指标,定量分析每一个居住区位学生上学的便捷程度,评估教育资源的空间分布差异,为学校布局规划提供重要的参考依据.使用比例模型、最近距离模型、机会积累模型、重力模型和改进重力模型,以巩义市初级中学为例,揭示学校分布与人口分布之间的关系,期望为农村中小学布局调整提供评估方法和规划依据.案例研究发现:农村义务教育在资源配置、最近入学距离、择校机会、供需平衡方面仍有一定的不均衡性.建议使用GIS和空间可达性指标评估中小学布局调整的公平性;进一步探索学生择校的空间规律,并使用Huff模型模拟学校与学生的最佳配置,为布局调整奠定定量分析基础.     

DEM误差的空间自相关特征分析

采用空间自相关分析方法,从空间角度对数字高程数据误差的空间分布特征进行了研究。实验表明,利用双线性曲面表示地形表面时,产生的数字高程数据误差的全局Moran’sI指数趋近于0,在整个区域单元上的分布不存在显著的全局空间自相关,邻近区域单元上高程数据误差之间的关系在整体上既不综合表现为趋同,也不综合表现为趋异,高程数据误差的整体空间格局为随机格局;而且数字高程数据误差在空间上的分布与地形坡度和地表粗糙度有一定的联系,一般情况下,平均坡度、地表粗糙度越大,高程数据的全局Moran’sI指数偏离0稍远一些;否则,距离0近一些,但全局空间自相关仍不显著,在整体上表现为随机格局。     

基于GIS的土壤分布及理化性质与地形因子相互关系研究--以西安市为例

土壤空间分布规律的分析一直是土壤学研究的重要课题。以西安市为样区,应用GIS的复合叠置分析、聚类聚合分析、统计学分析等方法,探索了中尺度土壤分布及土壤理化性质随海拔高度变化而变化及土壤枝形分布规律。研究发现:不同海拔高度,土类分布组合不同;不同海拔高度土壤的pH、阳离子代换量及有机质含量变化较大;研究区枝形分布规律明显。以上研究是对传统土壤学描述性说明方法的突破,进而可以揭示土壤分布更深层次的规律;此外研究所采用的GIS学科特有的复合叠置分析方法把土壤信息与地形信息复合叠置分析,探求两者之间的关系,是对传统土壤学研究的补充。     

‘Video Strip Mapping (VSM)’ for Time‐sequential Monitoring of Revegetation of a Pipeline Route

Abstract

A frequent requirement in post‐construction management of a land pipeline route is to detect revegetation status on a time-sequential basis (usually 5‐10 years). The principal advantage of video is the capacity to provide, in a cost‐effective manner, information required for such a very narrow and long strip target utilising the narrow view angle and dynamic stereo coverage. This paper reports that a video strip monitoring technique requiring solely end lap has been specifically developed with focus on such a narrow and long strip target (e.g. 20‐30m wide and several hundred km long). Such large‐scale video systems are often discussed as being inadequate for a change‐detection application due to geometric and radiometric calibration problems. In spite of such limitations, changes of major thematic land cover classes, particularly for the rapidly recovered target of a pipeline corridor, could be detected successfully by visual or quantitative methods and through further ‘patch dynamics’ analysis in a GIS environment. The results of this study indicate that such calibration problems are generally not a major drawback in acquiring change‐detection information in a practical operational application which requires mostly generalized thematic mapping of relatively simple classes. The results also indicate that Video Strip Mapping (VSM) could be extensively used for other examples of linear thematic mapping.     

特征分类与邻近图相结合的建筑物群空间分布特征提取方法

建筑物群综合过程中需要对建筑物群空间分布特征进行认知和识别。本文在分析国内外相关研究的基础上,从描述建筑物空间特征的大量指标中,利用主成份分析方法,总结并提出了有代表性的建筑物空间特征指标集:凸包面积、紧密度IPQ指标、边数和最小面积外接矩形方向,并基于这些指标研究了建筑物群的分类。在利用最小生成树邻近图(MST)划分建筑物空间子群时,考虑了建筑物成群与所处地理环境(河流和道路等因素)的关系。另外,基于最邻近图(NNG)、MST、相对邻近图(RNG)和Gabriel图(GG)4种建筑物群邻近图,提出了自动识别具有特定空间排列建筑物子群的方法,并比较分析了识别结果的影响因素和可用性。最后,选择北京某地区建筑物群为试验对象,实现了对建筑物群的分类和空间聚类,并提取了其中直线型空间排列的建筑物子群。     

土地覆盖变化信息自适应抽样策略及其精度评估

提出了一种面向土地覆盖变化信息局域精度评估的自适应型抽样策略。结合待研究地图的土地覆盖变化信息局部特征（如土地覆盖变化类别、斑块大小、异质性和优势度）,探讨与土地覆盖变化信息精度显著相关的协变量,以预测精度的标准误差作为判断标准,识别需要提高精度预测结果可靠性的区域,以自适应地和逐步定位的方式进行样本采集。基于武汉地区的精度评价结果,自适应的抽取增加100个训练样本使得预测精度的确定系数提高了50.66%,而简单随机抽取的增加样本使得预测精度的确定系数提高了17.22%。试验表明,自适应型抽样策略能显著提高土地覆盖变化信息局域精度预测的抽样效益,减少预测精度的不确定性。模型选择的结果表明,土地覆盖变化类别和优势度指数是最优的协变量组合。     

Simulating urban growth in a megalopolitan area using a patch‐based cellular automata

Although traditional cellular automata (CA)‐based models can effectively simulate urban land‐use changes, they typically ignore the spatial evolution of urban patches, due to their use of cell‐based simulation strategies. This research proposes a new patch‐based CA model to incorporate a spatial constraint based on the growth patterns of urban patches into the conventional CA model for reducing the uncertainty of the distribution of simulated new urban patches. In this model, the growth pattern of urban patches is first estimated using a developed indicator that is based on the local variations in existing urban patches. The urban growth is then simulated by integrating the estimated growth pattern and land suitability using a pattern‐calibrated method. In this method, the pattern of new urban patches is gradually calibrated toward the dominant growth pattern through the steps of the CA model. The proposed model is applied to simulate urban growth in the Tehran megalopolitan area during 2000–2006–2012. The results from this model were compared with two common models: cell‐based CA and logistic‐patch CA. The proposed model yields a degree of patch‐level agreement that is 23.4 and 7.5% higher than those of these pre‐existing models, respectively. This reveals that the patch‐based CA model simulates actual development patterns much better than the two other models.     

Web-based analytical tools for the exploration of spatial data

This paper deals with the extension of internet-based geographic information systems with functionality for exploratory spatial data analysis (esda). The specific focus is on methods to identify and visualize outliers in maps for rates or proportions. Three sets of methods are included: extreme value maps, smoothed rate maps and the Moran scatterplot. The implementation is carried out by means of a collection of Java classes to extend the Geotools open source mapping software toolkit. The web based spatial analysis tools are illustrated with applications to the study of homicide rates and cancer rates in U.S. counties.This research was supported in part by a number of grants from the US National Science Foundation: NSF Grant SBR-9410612, BCS-9978058, to the Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science (csiss), and a grant from the National Consortium on Violence Research (ncovr is supported under grant SBR-9513040 from the National Science Foundation). In addition, support was provided by grant RO1 CA 95949-01 from the National Cancer Institute. Special thanks to Dr. Eugene J. Lengerich of the Pennsylvania State Cancer Institute for providing the data on colon cancer diagnoses.     

采用聚类技术探测空间异常

提出了一种基于聚类的空间异常探测方法。该方法通过空间聚类获得局部相关性较强的实体集合,分别探测空间异常,给出了一种稳健的空间异常度量指标,提高了异常探测结果的可靠性。通过实例验证以及与SOM方法的比较分析,证明了该方法的正确性和优越性。     

基于三级客户机／服务器模式的GIS软件平台设计与实现

Internet/Intranet的快速发展、数据仓库技术的应用，使得GIS空间数据管理与应用呈现多用户、分布式和网络化的特点。面对这一发展趋势，传统GIS软件平台普遍采取的单机或二级客户机／服务器模式存在难以克服的缺陷，开发基于三级客户机／服务器模式的GIS软件平台成为当前研究的重要课题。本文详细介绍了基于三级客户机／服务器模式GIS软件平台的基本设计思路和体系结构，并且在此基础上，运用socket技术构造中间件，建立了一个试验性平台－VirtualWorld，同时介绍了此体系上解决GIS互操作方案，最后对试验进行了简单分析。     

Developing local measures of spatial association for categorical data

This paper describes a procedure for extending local statistics to categorical spatial data. The approach is based on the notion that there are two fundamental characteristics of categorical spatial data; composition and configuration. Further, it is argued that, when considered locally, the latter should be measured conditionally with respect to the former. These ideas are developed for binary, gridded data. Local composition is measured by counting the numbers of cells of a particular type, while local configuration is measured by join counts. The approach is illustrated using a small, empirical data set and an ad hoc procedure is developed to deal with the impact of global spatial autocorrelation on the local statistics.The author gratefully acknowledges financial support from the GEOIDE Network of Centres of Excellence (ENV #4) and the helpful comments of three anonymous reviewers.     

Multicollinearity and correlation among local regression coefficients in geographically weighted regression

Present methodological research on geographically weighted regression (GWR) focuses primarily on extensions of the basic GWR model, while ignoring well-established diagnostics tests commonly used in standard global regression analysis. This paper investigates multicollinearity issues surrounding the local GWR coefficients at a single location and the overall correlation between GWR coefficients associated with two different exogenous variables. Results indicate that the local regression coefficients are potentially collinear even if the underlying exogenous variables in the data generating process are uncorrelated. Based on these findings, applied GWR research should practice caution in substantively interpreting the spatial patterns of local GWR coefficients. An empirical disease-mapping example is used to motivate the GWR multicollinearity problem. Controlled experiments are performed to systematically explore coefficient dependency issues in GWR. These experiments specify global models that use eigenvectors from a spatial link matrix as exogenous variables.This study was supported by grant number 1 R1 CA95982-01, Geographic-Based Research in Cancer Control and Epidermiology, from the National Cancer Institute. The author thank the anonymous reviewers and the editor for their helpful comments.