创建国际型工程公司做大做强"胜利设计"——胜利油田胜利工程设计咨询有限责任公司发展纪实

胜利油田胜利工程设计咨询有限责任公司(简称胜利工程设计咨询公司)是与石油工业共同发展壮大的勘察设计劲旅。经过40多年的奋斗历程,从当年胜利油田开发建设初期的设计室发展成为国内一流的甲级勘察设计单位。连续15年保持了山东省“省级文明单位”光荣称号;连续8年名列中国勘察设计综合实力百强单位;2005年跨入全国工程总承包百强行列。2003年以来,胜利工程设计咨询公司以党的十六大精神和“三个代表”重要思想为指导,以科学发展观统领公司的发展,紧紧围绕创建国际型工程公司的发展目标,不断深化改革,大力加强科技创新、管理创新、基层建…     

The budgeting problem of a searching firm

This paper explores factors to be taken into consideration in determining the optimal exploration budget for a mining company readying itself for detail work within a mineral province. Optimal strategy is shown to be a combination of results from recent conventional reservation value stopping rules and optimal expenditure models appearing earlier in the literature.     

天山冰川储量变化和面积变化关系分析研究

冰川储量的变化对海平面和区域水资源、生态环境以及社会经济等有重要影响,但是对大量冰川的储量变化很难通过实地观测获得。基于天山9条监测冰川储量变化的估算结果,通过统计分析,探讨冰川储量变化和面积变化的相互关系,以期通过测定冰川面积变化来估算冰川储量变化。结果表明：冰川储量变化与面积变化具有线性关系,其决定系数为0.67~0.70。加入其他山区冰川样本以后,决定系数并没有提高。其原因在于,一方面对冰川变化监测和冰川储量估算存在误差;另一方面,不同的冰川区由于冰川的类型、规模及区域气候特征的差异,冰川变化对气候变化响应的敏感程度不同。因此,未来不仅需要更多更准确的冰川储量估算,还需要按冰川形态类型和区域分别研究。     

加强基础地质综合研究探索地调工作创新机制

国土资源部在组织新一轮国土资源大调查时明确提出，要站在历史的新高度，用新理论、新技术和新方法开展工作，力争通过几年的努力，抓出一批新成果，建设一个新体制，形成一套新机制，树立一个新形象。经过一年多来的实践，我们逐步体会到对地质工作管理模式要不断创新，实行科学管理。科学管理应该有三个层次，一是要有一个民主科学的管理机制，二是要有一个强有力的管理层，三是要有一个非常得力的组织实施层。在这三个层次中，核心是要建立一个民主科学的管理机制，这是地质调查工作不可缺少的一个重要环节。在计划经济条件下，地质工作…     

坚持技术进步和发展工程承包加快创建国际型工程公司步伐

1走自主创新之路,建设创新型企业中国五环化学工程公司(以下简称五环公司)始终坚持科学发展观和坚持工程技术自主创新,在大型磷复肥、大型氮肥(合成氨及后加工)等多个领域中,已处于国内工程技术领先的地位,并开发和拥有自主知识产权的工艺技术和工程技术,步入良性循环的快速发展时期,是自主创新推动了公司的跨越式发展,有力地促进了公司创建国际型工程公司的强劲步伐。     

Climate change during the Triassic and Jurassic

The transition from the Triassic to Jurassic is associated with dramatic changes in Earth's climate. Pangaea was breaking up as North America rifted away from Africa, the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province erupted, and the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide increased dramatically. This article summarises the changes in Earth's climate associated with this transition, including a discussion of the various impacts of the increased carbon dioxide on the Earth system, the question of whether the wet episode in the Carnian was a global or regional event, the formation of bauxite deposits, and how dinosaur distributions changed over time. Palaeoclimate model simulations reveal the spatial changes in climate between the Triassic and Jurassic, illustrating the subtropics becoming slightly cooler and wetter despite the warming trend for the Earth's average temperature.     

An innovative priming system - emulsion-based booster

The mineral industry is leading towards a technology driven optimization process. Drilling and blasting are such unit operations in a mine, which can alter the balance sheet of the mine if not planned properly. The development, improvement and utilization of innovative technologies in terms of blast monitoring instruments and explosives technology are important for cost effectiveness and safety of mineral industries.

The ever-growing demand for minerals has compelled the industry to adopt large opencast projects using heavy equipment. This has necessitated use of a few hundred tonnes of explosives in each blast. The bulk delivered fourth generation explosives have solved the problem of explosive loading to a large extent as it provides improved safety in manufacturing, transportation and handling. Bulk delivered emulsion is non-explosive until gasification is complete and a large quantity of explosive can be transported and loaded into blast holes efficiently and with safety. The priming of bulk delivered explosives in Indian mines uses the conventional PETN/TNT-based boosters. The conventional booster possesses safety problems in terms of handling and use, so Indian Explosives Ltd has developed an emulsion-based booster (Powergel Boost).

This paper explores the potential of an emulsion-based booster used as a primer to initiate bulk delivered emulsion explosives used in mines. An attempt has been made at a comparative study between the conventional booster and the emulsion-based booster in terms of the initiation process developed and their capability of developing and maintaining a stable detonation process in the column explosives. The study has been conducted using a continuous velocity of detonation (VOD) measuring instrument, the VODMate two channel system manufactured by Instantel Inc. of Canada. During this study three blasts were monitored. In each blast two holes were selected for study, the first hole was initiated using a conventional booster while the other one used an emulsion-based booster. The findings of the study advocates that the emulsion-based booster is capable of the efficient priming of bulk delivered column explosive with a stable detonation process in the column.     

考虑有雨无雨辨识的多源降水融合方法

多源降水融合是精准估计降水时空分布的重要途径,多聚焦降水量或降水强度的误差订正,对短历时降水雨区辨识的重视不足。提出考虑有雨无雨辨识的多源降水融合框架,耦合地理加权逻辑回归与地理加权回归模型,构建兼顾雨区辨识及雨量估计的降水融合方法,并应用于汉江流域MSWEP V2.1与地面站网观测日降水融合。结果表明：所提方法成功再现有雨无雨空间格局并刻画了降水中心,整体强化了MSWEP V2.1对地面降水的表征能力,降低误报率和误报降水量的幅度超过了60%,提高临界成功指数和Kling-Gupta效率系数达40%以上;较降水空间插值数据,削减误报降水量并提升Kling-Gupta效率系数高于10%;另外,较参考数据,降水融合改善强降水事件(雨强≥50 mm/d)分辨精度的增益不低于60%。所提方法有效改善了降水估计效果,为多源降水融合提供了新思路。     

An improved version of innovative trend analyses

Systematic and random changes occur in any hydro-meteorological record and have significant effects on human activities on time and space scales. Although it is almost impossible to forecast the future behavior of any natural event accurately, researchers can identify trend on systematic variations and seasonality rather accurately with random residual parts. On the other hand, the role of trend is very significant in climate change studies and the Mann-Kendall test is the most employed method for trend identification. However, this method requires restrictive assumptions such as the data length, normality, and serial independence. Recently, innovative trend analysis (ITA) method is suggested for detailed trend determination and classification interpretations in a given time series without restrictive assumptions. In this study, an ITA-change boxes (CB) approach is proposed, taking into account quantitative changes with increasing or decreasing trends of the two half-time series obtained from the data. Given the periodicity of the hydro-meteorological data, the data group is used to obtain two half-time series instead of the data. This allows the researcher to numerically observe changes in trends beyond visualization. This approach assists to make more detailed interpretations about trend possibilities within a given time series. The applications of the proposed approach are presented for daily temperature and monthly rainfall and discharge records from Turkey, UK, and the USA.     

Finite element analyses of bridge abutments on firm clay

In finite element analysis of soil-structure interaction problems involving firm to stiff overconsolidated clay, there have been difficulties in modelling the stress-strain response of the soil. Non-linearity and anisotropy of the soil depend on the inherent anisotropy of its particle structure and the induced anisotropy of its stress history and current stress path. In CRISP modelling of the centrifuge test of an abutment wall and its backfill of sand on the surface of a firm to stiff overconsolidated kaolin, the clay foundation was divided into 6 broad zones in accordance with the stress history and stress path. Undrained movements of the abutment and its subsoil were closely modelled in two analyses; one with a non-linear elastic model and the other with the Schofield model with shear modulus G assigned to the foundation zone in accordance with the estimated strain level as well as stress history and stress path. In the prediction of consolidation movement, there is a difficulty in the current critical state soil model in CRISP. The fe solution incorrectly predicted that substantial horizontal movement would accompany settlement due to consolidation, whereas the centrifuge test showed mainly vertical movement. This is attributable to the pronounced anisotropy separately observed in element tests.     

Experimental,numerical and analytical study on conventional and innovative Grid-Anchor system in the pull-out test

With increasing use of geosynthetic applications in earth structures the need to develop more efficient reinforcement elements becomes evident. In this paper a conventional and an innovative geogrid system (named Grid-Anchor) are tested. The Grid-Anchor system consists of a conventional geogrid with anchors attached to it. The pull-out test has been used to highlight the capabilities of the product. Experimental investigation along with numerical studies using a finite element computer code was carried out. It was found that the ultimate pull-out resistance of a Grid-Anchor is more than that for an ordinary geogrid. Analytical study has been performed and the effect of an anchor group on the ultimate resistance of a geogrid was investigated.     

State University and Russian Academy of Sciences as contributors to the innovative restructuring of Moscow

Both University and Academy of Sciences have traditionally been important economic actors of the Russian capital city, although their research activity was covered mostly from the federal budget. Links with Moscow city authorities have been regulated from the top (Communist party directives etc.) and channelled within focused research programs, hardly financed extra to stable budget salaries. At the present stage, when more and more financial mechanisms are involved, their links with Moscow Government are based on initiative from the bottom and look rather like a survival strategy than as a real motivated innovative activity. Academy seems to be more successful in establishing network of contract research for the city: in 1993– 95 out of 83 proposals 55 have been financed through the cooperation program Academy to Moscow, Moscow to the Academy (most of them in the field of environment, industry, transport, cultural heritage and healthcare). Out of 159 university proposals only 9 were selected and none really financed. In reality links between scientists and Moscow government are much more intensive than officially registered due to their participation in expert commissions, consultancies and research contracts, developed on the basis of informal networks. University science park is a special case-study in this paper, providing an example of a successful innovative activity in Moscow. The main barriers for the use of innovative potential of the main Russian fundamental science centres in Moscow are 1) the lack of economic innovative policy by the city authorities, 2) weakly developed mechanisms of bringing the results of fundamental research into practice, 3) rising taxes, other intermediate charges and bureaucratic obstacles, making any kind of research activity for the benefit of Moscow economically disadvantageous, 4) low synergy effect of technologically innovative research, 5) conservatism of a big part of the personnel (especially in the University) and negative attitude to any kind of commercial activity in cathedrals of science. Nevertheless, there are evident signs that the role of Academy and University in creation of innovative millieu in Moscow is growing, both as producing new knowledge and labour force training, and as centres of direct enterpreneurial activity (see Castells and Hall 1994).     

地下水与环境变化研究

环境变化研究是当前国际地球科学和环境科学界最为活跃的研究领域之一。作为全球水循环的重要环节,地下水是全球环境变化的受体和信息载体。地下水及其沉积物的物理、化学指标,诸如地下水水位、宏量组分、微量组分、同位素、惰性气体等可以用作不同时间尺度上环境变化的指示剂。从地下水及其沉积物中识别和提取高分辨率的环境变化信息,实现对环境变化的预警功能是地下水科学向环境科学延伸的重要方向;而随着全球淡水资源紧缺形势不断恶化,全球环境变化、特别是全球气候变化对地下水资源的影响成为水文地质研究的新课题。     

困境企业在不负债情况下的清算与投资的实物期权分析模型

在企业瞬时收益流符合几何布朗运动的条件下，通过建立数学模型，分析了困境企业在不负债情况下的投资、清算策略。结果表明，在不负债投资经营的情况下，当收益足够高时，股东决定投资；否则股东决定清算。在决定清算时，由于增长期权的影响，困境企业投资经营提高了清算临界值。     

Numerical modeling and mechanical analysis of an innovative soil anchoring system

In this paper, the pull-out performance of an innovative system for soil anchoring is mechanically interpreted on the basis of a preliminary finite element investigation. The system consists of a tie rod equipped with thick steel sockets, extruding into the soil to increase the overall pull-out bearing capacity. The effectiveness of the anchorage is shown to be mainly due to the steel sockets, producing two correlated strength mechanisms: a direct one, associated with the shear/flexural strength of the sockets themselves; and an indirect one, in the form of a remarkable increase in the normal confinement on the tie rod and hence in the mobilizable shear stresses. The numerical results are finally exploited to conceive a simplified mechanical model for the interpretation/prediction of the pull-out anchor performance.     

Gravity change, geoid change and remaining postglacial uplift of Fennoscandia

The result obtained hitherto on the Fennoscandian land uplift gravity line indicates that the postglacial uplift process might be more complicated than a pure horizontal flow of mantle (‘Bouguer model’). Simple formulae, valid for a more arbitrary model, are developed for the change of the geoid and for the remaining land uplift. Numerical applications yield a geoid change of about 0.4 mm yr^-1 and a remaining land uplift of the order of 50 m, but the latter quantity is very difficult to determine with reasonable accuracy.