黄土高原红粘土与黄土古土壤粒度特征对比--红粘土风成成因的新证据

对黄土高原具有代表意义四个剖面的晚第三纪红粘土样品进行了粒度分析,并将结果与典型风成黄土古土壤样品的粒度特征进行详细对比,得到红粘土是风成成因的沉积学证据。结果表明,黄土高原红粘土与其上覆第四纪古土壤形成环境相似,红粘土是在相对于黄土堆积搬运风动力变幅小的条件下沉积的,在沉积之后受到较强的风化成壤改造作用。     

内蒙古准格尔旗红粘土序列的成因、年代及其古气候意义

文章对内蒙古准格尔旗红粘土沉积进行了粒度和磁性地层研究.粒度分析表明,该红粘土序列的粒度分布特征与灵台、泾川剖面的第四纪古土壤、新近纪红粘土十分类似,结合野外观察基本可以确认其风成成因.磁性地层和碳同位素地层研究表明,准格尔旗剖面古地磁极性序列可与标准极性柱C3n.1r～C3An.2n极性段相对应,根据沉积速率外推,其沉积时代为4.13～6.61Ma.该剖面是迄今为止有年龄报道的纬度最高的红粘土沉积,表明黄土高原主体地区红粘土的北界至少在现代毛乌素沙漠以北,其分布北界比黄土更靠北.空间粒度对比表明,红粘土的空间粒度分异远远小于第四纪黄土-古土壤序列,表明新近纪粉尘沉积区至源区的距离远大于第四纪时期.     

黄土高原新近纪红粘土粒度特征及环境意义

黄土高原红粘土的风成成因已得到一致的认可，目前发现最早的红粘土出现在渐新世末中新世初，表明古近纪末中国西北内陆地区干旱化环境就已形成。黄土高原红粘土的粒度特征显示自北而南平均粒径逐渐减小，表明了初始的季风系统已经建立，冬季风对风尘物质的传输具有重要作用。红粘土的粒度分布曲线显示其有两个组分组成，其中粗粒（>20μm）代表了近地面风（冬季风）传输部分，而细粒（<5μm）代表了高空西风传输部分，粒度组成特征很好地记录了大气环流的发展变化。自渐新世末，六盘山以西的红粘土显示在21.3～20.2 Ma、16.0～13.3 Ma和8.7～6.9 Ma三个时期平均粒径增大，沉积速率升高，其可能与全球变冷和青藏高原阶段性隆升有关，其中8.7～6.9 Ma主要受全球变冷控制。而六盘山以东的红粘土剖面，粒度变化特征显示在7.6～6.2 Ma，或至5.4 Ma粒径都较粗，表明冬季风较强；之后至3.6 Ma平均粒径较细，沉积速率较低，指示了冬季风发育较弱，为气候环境较好的阶段；从3.6～2.6 Ma，大多数剖面都显示平均粒径增大，沉积速率增加，冬夏季风同时增强，进入向第四纪冰期过渡的阶段。北极冰...     

2.6Ma前后大气环流重构的黄土—红粘土沉积证据

为重建第三纪红粘土堆积晚期搬运粉尘的主导性风向,我们在黄土高原采集４年南北向分布的红粘土剖面,分析了它们的沉积学特征;此外,还对黄土高原一条南北向断面上的过去０．１３Ｍａ以来的黄土地层进行了沉积特征分析。结果表明,红粘土的颗粒粗细并没有南北向分异现象,从而与粒度从北到南快速变细的黄土沉积形成鲜明对比。     

渤海湾西部表层沉积物粒度特征与沉积混合

根据渤海湾西部135个表层沉积物样品的粒度分析结果,分析了表层沉积物的粒度特征与规律。整体上由研究区东北部沿海岸向南沉积物粒度变细,由砂和粉砂质砂变为砂质粉砂,再变为粘土质粉砂。沉积物粒度频率曲线显示,由研究区东北部至北部,沉积物粗组分含量减少,由单峰逐渐过渡为主峰或弱峰,到中部粗组分减少为粗尾形态,到南部粗组分几乎缺失;而沉积物细组分的变化趋势则与之相反。沉积物粗组分在粒度频率曲线上的表现由单峰逐渐过渡至主峰或次峰,粗峰含量减少,到中部粗组分减少为粗尾形态,到南部粗组分几乎消失;而沉积物细组分的变化趋势则与之相反。沉积物粒度参数的平面分布规律和粒度参数之间的相关性变化形态显示出粗细2种母质组分以不同比例的沉积混合的特征,即来自东北部的粗组分与来自南部的细组分发生混合,这可能主要与区内双向的沿岸环流输运有关。     

吕梁山西麓红粘土和水成堆积物之间的关系

通过对吕梁山前（西）山西保德剖面和柳林剖面的野外考察,结合前人研究成果,研究了新近纪地层的组成及空间分布。新近纪地层自下而上可以分为三段:下段为水成砂砾石层,上段为风尘堆积的红粘土,中部则为二者的过渡带。柳林剖面的详细研究揭示了水成堆积物与红粘土的细部特征:粗粒的砾岩和砂岩常切穿红粘土层,而粒度与红粘土相近的泥岩则常与红粘土平行产出。野外调查结合区域资料分析表明新近系各组成成分空间分布具有明显的规律性:靠近吕梁山（保德剖面）下部水成堆积物粒度较粗且厚度较大,红粘土厚度相对较薄;背离吕梁山下部水成堆积物逐渐变细且厚度减薄（柳林剖面、府谷剖面）直至尖灭（佳县剖面）,与之伴生的是红粘土厚度逐渐增大;中间过渡带中水成堆积物与红粘土的比例与此相似,即区域上吕梁山前的水成堆积物呈楔状“侵入”于红粘土的中下部。红粘土与水成堆积物的关系的确立为更好的理解红粘土的成因、吕梁山的新生代隆升历史及恢复新近纪晚期的古气候演变具有重要意义。     

红粘土的磁学性质研究

本文对陕西宝鸡剖面红粘土上部进行了详细的岩石磁学研究，确定了该地区红粘土的主要磁性矿物是磁铁矿。赤铁矿相对含量很少，对剩余磁性贡献较小。磁性质不稳定的磁赤铁矿存在于红粘土中，但不影响剩磁稳定性。特征剩磁载体主要是磁铁矿。磁性矿物的粒度是以准单畴为主。红粘土的短时间弛豫粘滞剩磁很强，因此在零磁空间进行退磁和剩磁测量是非常重要的。     

灵台黄土-红粘土序列的磁性地层及粒度记录

甘肃灵台县任家坡黄土－红粘土剖面的磁性地层学研究表明;中国北方连续的风成堆积可下推到705MdB．P。第三纪红粘土的粒度组成从上到下变化很小,与黄土－古土壤序列的粒度大幅度变化形成强烈的反差,意味着晚第三纪时期的气候总体上要比第四纪时期稳定。在705～2．6MaB．P．的红粘土沉积中,可分出的110～115个土壤B层与钙质结核层的组合,初步表明在这个时期有约110～115次气候旋回。     

泾川晚第三纪红粘土的磁性地层及其与灵台剖面的对比

本文对甘肃泾川的一套325m厚的黄土-红粘土序列进行了沉积学和磁性地层学研 究。泾川剖面红粘土序列的粘度特征表明,其与上覆黄土一样同为风成成因。古地磁测量结果确定该剖面的底界年龄约为8．0MaB．P．。根据野外观察,可以将泾川剖面红粘土序列从顶到底划分为6套地层。与泾川剖面相比,灵台红粘土序列保存了上部的5套地层。泾川和灵台两个红粘土剖面的地层对比表明,中国北方晚中新世以来的红粘土沉积是基本连续的。     

甘肃临夏盆地新近纪红粘土粒度组成的古环境意义①

临夏盆地十里墩剖面新近纪红粘土粒度组成特征、磁化率值分析表明:8.2Ma以来,临夏盆地经历了干旱化的逐级发展和东亚冬季风的逐渐加强过程。8.2～7.4Ma,东亚冬季风形成,干旱化已经发生,风成红粘土开始在盆地沉积;7.4～6.8Ma,亚洲冬季风逐渐加强,开始影响黄土高原地区,形成大面积的红粘土堆积,盆地为半干旱～半湿润的气候环境;6.8～6.0Ma气候与构造稳定,基本维持了前期的气候特点;5.9～5.3Ma,盆地冬季风强度略有增加,为干湿与干凉交替的气候环境;5.3～4.8Ma盆地冬季风盛行、干旱化程度强烈,气候特征为干凉;4.8～4.0Ma,夏季风开始盛行,气候变的湿润。4.0Ma后,青藏高原开始发生又一次强烈隆升。     

Aeolian origin and palaeoclimatic implications of the ‘red clay’ (north China) as evidenced by grain‐size distribution

The ‘Red Clay’ is an important deposit underlying the Quaternary loess–palaeosol sequence in the Chinese Loess Plateau, being regarded as an excellent record of palaeoclimate changes in the late Tertiary. Several properties of the ‘Red Clay’ have been measured previously in order to derive climatic information. However, the sedimentary processes involved and the origin of the materials remain controversial. Here we present results of grain‐size analyses of the ‘Red Clay’ from four representative sites in the Chinese Loess Plateau. In particular their grain‐size distribution is compared with that of typical Quaternary aeolian loess–palaeosol, as well as lacustrine and fluvial sediments. It appears from the sedimentological evidence that the major part of the ‘Red Clay’ is of aeolian origin. It is rather similar in some of its properties to the Quaternary loessic palaeosols. The dust forming the ‘Red Clay’ was transported by a wind system that was weaker than that involved in the accretion of the Quaternary loess. Furthermore, the ‘Red Clay’ sediment has been modified by post‐depositional weathering. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatial and temporal patterns of grain size and chemical weathering of the Chinese Red Clay Formation and implications for East Asian monsoon evolution

Palaeoclimatic interpretation of the Red Clay in the Chinese Loess Plateau is particularly important for understanding of the East Asian monsoon evolution from Pliocene to the Quaternary. In this study, a N-S transect involving five loess-Red Clay sections across the Loess Plateau was selected for detailed investigation with analyses of grain size and major element geochemistry, in order to address the spatial pattern. Results indicate that the Red Clay contains large amount of coarse (<6?, i.e. >16 μm) fraction and shows a prominent N-S decreasing gradient much similar to that of the overlying loess, suggesting that the dust transport was dominantly by low-level northerly/northwesterly winds. Compared with overlying loess, the Red Clay is markedly fine and rather constant through all the sections, implying a distant and steady dust-source area about 200 km further north during most of the Pliocene time. Pedogenic leaching intensities inferred from geochemical data display a clear decreasing trend from south to north both for the Red Clay and the loess, suggesting that the modern spatial pattern of the East Asian monsoon regime has been maintained at least for the past 5 Ma. The N-S spatial gradient, however, might be smaller during the Pliocene than the Quaternary period. Temporally, two short periods of climatic deterioration implied by marked grain-size coarsening and low weathering intensity occurred at 5.3 and 3.5 Ma, respectively, which divide the Pliocene into two major stages. The 5.3-3.5 Ma stage is characterized by a steady state climate through the entire region, consistent with other records. In the 3.5-2.7 Ma stage, the Red Clay in the Jingbian section shows a noticeable coarsening in grain size than the previous stage, indicating some southward extension of the deserts, in agreement with mass accumulation rate record in the north Pacific. But the eolian dust deposition remained relatively stable in major part of the Loess Plateau until 2.7 Ma. The Red Clay deposition was then terminated by massive and coarse loess deposition in the entire region, suggesting dramatic intensification of the winter monsoon in response to the onset of extensive glaciation of Northern Hemisphere.     

黄土高原红粘土成因及上新世北方干旱化问题

本文通过对黄土高原第三纪红粘土的野外观察，以及沉积学和地球化学分析，得到能证明红粘土为风成沉积的新证据。另外，佳县红粘土沉积的土壤学特征表明，上新世时期的东亚夏季风强度总体强于第四纪。     

甘肃西峰6.2～2.4MaB.P.红粘土中孢粉记录及古植被演化

通过对甘肃西峰赵家川6.2～2.4MaB.P.红粘土地层的孢粉学研究,建立了3个孢粉组合带。孢粉组合特征显示该区在此阶段总体为干旱的草原环境,6.2～5.8MaB.P.为灌丛草原;5.8～4.2MaB.P.是稀疏森林草原,植被由大量中生性草本植物和少量喜湿性的乔木植物组成,反映当时气候相对湿润;4.2～2.4MaB.P.植被中旱生植物藜科和麻黄明显增多,反映典型草原-荒漠草原。分析认为研究区自6.2MaB.P.干旱草原环境的格局就已经形成。红粘土中孢粉记录的植被演化信息与青藏高原隆升有时代上的耦合性,也与北极冰盖的起源和演化历史有着密切的联系。     

Zr/Rb ratio in the Chinese loess sequences and its implication for changes in the East Asian winter monsoon strength

The long-term dust accumulation sequences on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) provide a valuable opportunity to study the evolution of East Asian winter monsoon strength. Grain size of bulk samples of loess deposits, though widely used, is a modified measure of the strength of winter monsoon wind due to modification by post-depositional weathering and pedogenesis. This study proposes a new and reliable geochemical climate proxy that records the variability of the East Asian winter monsoon on the CLP. Six loess-paleosol sections on the Plateau were selected for measuring concentrations of the trace elements Zr and Rb as well as grain size. Variations of the Zr/Rb ratio in all the sections encompassing the last 130 ka display a generally similar pattern to that of mean grain size of bulk samples (MGSB). Though a positive correlation exists between the Zr/Rb ratio and MGSB, the correlation coefficient decreases in southern and eastern sections where intense pedogenesis occurred in the relatively warm and humid climates. Long-term Zr/Rb variation in the Lingtai section exhibits amplitudes and frequencies similar to those in MGSB and the mean grain size of quartz particles (MGSQ, accepted as a more reliable proxy than MGSB) in the upper loess-paleosol sequence over the past 2.6 Ma. However, for the underlying Red Clay formation, in the interval from about 7-2.6 Ma B.P., the MGSB record is relatively stable, whereas both the Zr/Rb ratio and MGSQ show distinct variability and display amplitudes similar to those observed in the overlying loess-paleosol sequence. These results demonstrate that the Zr/Rb ratio reflects original eolian grain size and may serve as a reliable index of the strength of East Asian winter monsoon winds.     

新疆伊犁黄土化学风化特征及其控制因素

       通过对伊犁盆地昭苏黄土剖面元素地球化学分析,结合与黄土高原典型第四纪风成堆积洛川剖面的对比,对伊犁黄 土常量元素分布规律及化学风化特征进行初步研究发现,伊犁昭苏剖面黄土和古土壤主要元素含量具有较好的一致性,暗 示着沉积后两者所经历的风化作用相似。与黄土高原相比,伊犁黄土和古土壤除CaO,MgO和Na2O,P2O5分别出现较大程度的 富集和较小程度的亏损外,其它常量元素含量的变化趋势基本一致;CIA指数、Na/K比值及A-CN-K图解显示伊犁黄土和古土 壤均经历了低等强度的化学风化作用,弱于黄土高原的洛川黄土及古土壤,黄土和古土壤风化分异作用不明显。气候条件 尤其水热组合模式（降水、温度和蒸发量等）对伊犁黄土化学风化的起着重要的制约作用。     

Comparison of particle size characteristics of the Tertiary 'red clay' and Pleistocene loess in the Chinese Loess Plateau: implications for origin and sources of the 'red clay'

The origin of the Tertiary ‘red clay’ underlying the Pleistocene loess in the Chinese Loess Plateau remains controversial, although several lines of evidence have suggested a wind‐blown origin. This study examines the particle‐size parameters of the late Miocene and Pliocene ‘red clay’ by comparing it with those of the late Pleistocene loess. The particle‐size distribution of a total of 15 339 loess and 6394 ‘red clay’ samples taken from 12 loess sections along a north–south transect and two ‘red clay’ sequences at Lingtai and Jingchuan was systematically analysed. The median grain size, skewness and kurtosis of the late Pleistocene loess all show a systematic southward change and are principally influenced by distance from source region. The spatial and temporal differentiation of dust deposits is expressed in a skewness–kurtosis–median grain size ternary diagram, from which the distance to the source region can be inferred. The particle‐size characteristics of the Tertiary ‘red clay’ sediments are very similar to those of the palaeosols within the late Pleistocene loess deposits, suggesting an aeolian origin for the ‘red clay’. Based on the comparison of ‘red clay’ and loess in the ternary diagrams, it is inferred that the source–sink distance was greater in the Neogene than in the last and penultimate interglacials, and that the dust source region in north‐western China underwent a progressive expansion during the period from at least 7·0 Ma to the present.     

兰州地区新生代最老的风成沉积

黄土高原西部风成沉积的研究,是近年古气候研究的重要问题之一,但对新生代风成沉积底界的认识仍存在争议。渐新世晚期发育于兰州地区的咸水河组的岩性特征与黄土高原的风尘沉积有相似的特征,对其进行系统的沉积相和沉积环境研究对认识黄土高原西部早期风尘沉积有重要意义。本研究对兰州以北厚约916m的凤凰山剖面进行了岩石磁学、粒度、成份分析和电镜等多种分析,初步结果表明,咸水河组大部分黏土没有水平层理,其粒度概率分布曲线、概率累积曲线、组成特征和磁化率、元素含量及扫描电镜与典型黄土、古土壤和红黏土非常相似,为风成沉积,是目前发现的兰州地区新生代最老的风成沉积。这套黏土的色调和磁化率等环境代用指标与黄土高原的第四纪黄土接近,指示了第三纪早期一个低温干旱的地质环境。咸水河组中出现的砂砾石层,以颗粒大、分选差、一般无水平层理或层理不明显为特征,其粒度概率曲线、累积概率曲线与典型河流沉积物非常相似,是河流沉积物,指示了多期河流发育,可能与青藏高原的隆升有关。     

青藏高原东部黄土沉积元素地球化学示踪

青藏高原东部广泛分布着典型黄土沉积,对气候变化有着敏感的响应。对青藏高原东部地区典型表土、黄土、古土壤以及砂样,进行系统的常量、微量元素组成分析,结果显示,高原东部黄土常量元素氧化物主要为SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃和CaO,黄土中SiO₂和CaO含量差别较大;Rb、Sr、Ba、Zr、V含量占了微量元素含量的大部分,表土、黄土、古土壤微量元素含量差别不一。与高原东部的风沙沉积、黄土高原黄土、河西走廊黄土的对比结果表明,青藏高原东部黄土组分的常量元素之间的比值（SiO₂/Al₂O₃、TiO₂/Al₂O₃）、常量与微量元素之间的比值（Zr/Al、Zr/Ti）、常量元素三角图（Ca-Mg-K、Ca-Mg-Na）等与其他地区黄土有明显差异,而青藏高原东部黄土与高原表土沉积物及河流砂、风成砂样品比较接近。这些异同点指示青藏高原东部黄土与黄土高原黄土的物源不同;其物源可能主要来自于青藏高原内部,高原内部的河流沉积物、冰碛物等粉尘物质可能为青藏高原东部黄土的主要物源。