H2O in metamorphism and unexpected behaviour in the preservation of metamorphic mineral assemblages

The preservation of mineral assemblages that were fluid‐present during their prograde history is primarily related to the consumption of the fluid by growth of more hydrous minerals as the retrograde history begins. The range of behaviour relating to the preservation of mineral assemblages is examined using calculated phase diagrams for fluid‐saturated conditions, contoured for the H₂O content of the mineral assemblage. At equilibrium, as a mineral assemblage crosses contours of decreasing H₂O content along a pressure–temperature path, it dehydrates, the fluid being lost from the rock. If the assemblage crosses contours of increasing H₂O content, the mineral assemblage starts to rehydrate using any fluid on its grain boundaries. When the rock has consumed its fluid, the resulting mineral assemblage is that preserved in the rock. Conditions relating to the preservation of mineral assemblages are discussed, and examples of the consequences of different pressure–temperature paths on preservation in a metapelitic and a metabasic rock composition are considered on phase diagrams calculated with thermocalc .     

扬子地台早寒武世梅树村早期的古地理及其磷块岩展布特征

梅树村早期的地层,是在海退背景下形成的一套富含小壳动物化石的白云岩、磷块岩和硅质岩等岩石组合,主要分布扬子西区。该期的古地理轮廓,是在灯影期古地理的基础上演化而来的,是一个四周被深水环绕的较为特殊的碳酸盐台地。工业磷块岩主要分布于靠近“康滇古岛”东侧较拗陷的地区,成磷盆地呈近于南北向带状依次间隔展布,可能是受近南北向同生断裂和近东西向隆起、拗陷的控制有关。     

黔中隆起及其周缘地区“下组合”油气地质特征

黔中隆起及其周缘地区包括滇黔北部坳陷、黔中隆起、滇东隆起、黔西南坳陷、黔南坳陷和武陵坳陷等六个一级构造单元。“下组合”包括震旦系、寒武系、奥陶系和志留系,具有丰富的油气资源和较好的油气成藏条件。两套区域性海相烃源岩,包括下寒武统牛蹄塘组碳质页岩和上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组石灰岩和碳质页岩,Ro值普遍在2%以上,主体处于高成熟晚期—过成熟早期。上震旦统陡山沱组发育地区性黑色页岩和碳质灰岩等烃源岩。主力储层包括上震旦统灯影组、中—上寒武统、下奥陶统桐梓组—红花园组及下志留统石牛栏组。区域盖层发育于下寒武统下部和下志留统下部,皆以泥质岩为主。各区块海相“下组合”纵向生储盖组合发育情况有所差异,黔中隆起区和黔南坳陷有两套组合,滇黔北部坳陷则有四套组合。以下寒武统牛蹄塘组为烃源岩、上震旦统灯影组白云岩为储层、下寒武统泥岩为盖层的生储盖组合,是黔中隆起及其周缘地区“下组合”勘探的主要目的层系。     

北秦岭小寨变质沉积岩系的地质特征及其构造意义

原岩恢复、沉积建造及变形变质综合研究表明,北秦岭小寨变质沉积岩系属活动陆缘性质沉积建造,形成于二郎坪弧后盆地消减俯冲带的海沟盆地-海沟斜坡环境,是古俯冲带的重要证据之一,其变形序列反映了弧后盆地构造演化过程,并与构造混杂岩、俯冲型花岗岩及高压变质带一起构成相对完整的古俯冲带标志,为探讨秦岭古生代板块构造演化提供了重要信息。     

Early cretaceous radiolarian assemblages from the East Sakhalin Mountains

Three-dimensional radiolarian skeletons isolated from rock matrix in HF solution and then studied under scanning electron microscope substantiate the Early Cretaceous age of volcanogenic-cherty deposits sampled from fragmentary rock successions of the East Sakhalin Mountains. Accordingly the Berriasian age is established for jasper packets formerly attributed to the Upper Paleozoic-Mesozoic Daldagan Group; the Valanginian radiolarians are identified in cherty rock intercalations in the Upper Paleozoic (?) Ivashkino Formation; the Berriasian-Barremian assemblage is macerated from cherty tuffites of the Jurassic-Cretaceous Ostraya Formation; and the Aptian-early Albian radiolarians are characteristic of tuffaceous cherty rocks sampled from the Cretaceous Khoe Formation of the Nabil Group. Photographic documentation of radiolarian skeletons specifies taxonomic composition and age of the Berriasian, Valanginian, Berriasian-Valanginian, Barremian, and Aptian-Albian radiolarian assemblages from the East Sakhalin Mountains, and their evolution as related to abiotic events is considered. Coexistence of Tethyan and Pacific species in the same rock samples evidence origin of radiolarian assemblages in an ecotone. Consequently, the assemblages are applicable for intra- and interregional correlations and paleogeographic reconstructions.     

Low-Pressure Metamorphism of Granulite Facies in an Early Proterozoic Orogenic Event in Central Inner Mongolia1

Abstract According to the kinds of feldspar and rock associations in the Al-rich gneisses, the low-pressure metamorphic crust of the Early Proterozoic granulite facies in central Inner Mongolia can be divided into southern and northern belts which are composed of six rock associations. They represent the relevant rock sequences of the layered metamorphic rock series formed under specific metamorphic temperature and pressure conditions as well as tectonic environments. Mineral inclusions and reaction texture have recorded that the medium-temperature high-pressure mineral assemblages are replaced by the high-temperature low-pressure mineral assemblages, thus, giving rise to: garnet+quartz? hypersthene+plagioclase; kyanite? sillimanite and garnet+ kyanite / sillimanite+quartz? cordierite. The deformation fabrics of the rocks, the change of mineral assemblages and the PTt path of metamorphism indicate that the contempranceous high-temperature normal-slip ductile shearing is the main cause of the formation of the low-pressure metamorphic crust of granulite facies. In the orogenic event, the co-action of thrusting and extension resulted in the change of a medium-temperature high-pressure metamorphic environment into the high-temperature low-pressure metamorphic conditions.     

东北地区深层侏罗系火山—沉积序列与储盖组合及勘探意义——以海拉尔盆地侏罗系为例

为揭示东北地区侏罗系火山—沉积序列与储盖组合等地质特征,进一步评价深层油气勘探潜力,本文基于勘探现状,利用露头调查、钻测井对比、岩芯观察、结合地震解释等方法,分析了东北地区侏罗纪盆地构造背景,认为早—中侏罗世和晚侏罗世具有不同的构造环境和盆地性质。早—中侏罗世为受控于蒙古-额霍茨克造山作用的挤压型断陷-坳陷盆地,受到了后期构造的强烈改造。晚侏罗世为陆内伸展环境下与火山活动相关的火山断陷盆地。东北地区晚侏罗世火山活动频繁,形成广泛分布的火山—沉积序列。海拉尔盆地晚侏罗世塔木兰沟组发育典型火山—沉积序列,以火山岩与沉积岩的互层为特征,表现为砂泥岩—中酸性火山岩—砂泥岩—中基性火山岩序列。岩石组合在不同凹陷单元差异性较大,中部凹陷带以火山岩和砂泥岩为主,外围凹陷以火山岩和砂砾岩为主。火山—沉积序列的岩性复杂,储层岩石类型多样,主要有"火山岩、火山碎屑岩、砂砾岩"3类岩性储层,储层物性普遍较低,总体属于中低孔极低渗储层-致密储层。依据火山—沉积序列的不同岩石组合及油气显示情况,可识别出砂泥岩或砂灰泥岩储盖组合、火山岩内幕储盖组合、火山岩-沉积岩复合岩类储盖组合、基岩风化壳储盖组合等四大类九小类...     

河南省侵入岩构造单元的划分及其特征

河南省岩浆活动显示多期活动的特征,侵入岩较发育,占全省基岩出露面积的23.5%以上,岩石类型齐全,与其有成生联系的矿产资源丰富。文章参考潜力评价全国构造侵入岩带的总体划分方案,结合河南省岩浆岩分布特征、岩石类型、岩石组合及岩浆岩的演化规律,划分出2个构造侵入岩省、5个构造侵入岩带、12个构造侵入岩亚带、进一步划分出22个构造侵入岩段,并对其基本特征及与成矿关系进行总结。     

酒西盆地下沟组湖相白烟型喷流岩岩石学特征

酒西盆地下白垩统下沟组首次发现的湖相白烟型喷流岩,以其复杂的矿物组分和丰富的沉积构造业已引起众多地质工作者的重视。本文通过深入系统的岩石学研究,按物质组分的组合特征,从此类喷流岩中划分出6种热水矿物组合,分别为钠长石-铁白云石或铁白云石-钠长石组合、石英-钠长石-铁白云石组合、石英-重晶石-钠长石-铁白云石组合、石英-方沸石瑚长石-铁白云石组合、地开石-铁白云石组合和单-铁白云石组合,根据热水矿物组合和结构构造特征。可将下沟组喷流岩划分成4种成因类型,分别为脉状充填型、水爆角砾型、盆地沉积型和区域扩散型,不同成因类型的喷流岩具有不同的热水矿物组合特征和热水沉积地质意义,在此基础上,建立了下沟组湖相白烟型喷流岩热水沉积模式。     

阿尔泰山东部阿尔沙特地区酸性火山岩锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

阿尔泰山东部诺尔特-阿尔沙特地区晚古生代火山岩十分发育,其中阿尔沙特一带出露一套片理化蚀变流纹岩与含凝灰质英安流纹岩的岩石组合,呈北西-南东向带状展布,前人将其划为石炭系红山嘴组a段,其岩性组合明显区别于红山嘴组b、c段地层,且稳定成规模出露。本次工作笔者对其进行了LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年,获得锆石的206Pb/238U和207Pb/235U谐和年龄为(400.5±4.6)Ma,206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为(400.4±3.6)Ma,代表岩浆结晶年龄,时代为早泥盆世,较前人认为的石炭纪早。结合区域地质资料分析认为,(400.4±3.6)Ma区内古大洋俯冲已达到顶峰阶段,该火山岩形成于活动大陆边缘构造环境。     

滇西哀牢山构造带:结构与演化

哀牢山构造带是藏东(东南亚)地区的一条重要线性构造,它分隔了扬子—华南地块与印支地块,并保存了多阶段复杂大地构造演化的记录。哀牢山构造带内由东向西依次发育了晚太古代—新元古代深变质岩系、新生代构造-岩浆活动带(剪切带)、金平—沱江晚二叠—早三叠世裂谷带残余和哀牢山早石炭世—早三叠世混杂岩带。具有不同特点的地质单元间被以新生代为主发育的断裂构造所间隔;而不同时期异地就位或混合岩化成因的花岗质岩石在构造带中普遍存在。哀牢山构造带在不同地质历史阶段具有多重大地构造属性,总体上经历了3个重要大地构造演化阶段:前特提斯演化、特提斯演化和新生代陆内演化阶段。前特提斯演化时期,主体部分(尤其是其东部带)具有亲扬子地块的属性,保留了自晚太古代到新元古代地壳演化的记录。一直到早古生代时期,哀牢山构造带的大地构造属性与扬子—华南地区依然具有密切的亲缘关系。自晚古生代—早中生代时期古特提斯洋打开之后,该带与华南-扬子板块之间分化成2个属性不同的构造域,始于早石炭世打开的哀牢山洋与始于早二叠世打开的金平—沱江洋依次消亡。特提斯洋的闭合,一方面形成了古哀牢山造山带,同时使得扬子—华南地块与印支地块回复到一个统一的陆内环境中;印度—欧亚板块之间的交互作用,对这一地区有着深刻的影响,相继形成了早新生代哀牢山造山带、晚渐新世—早中新世造山后区域性伸展与高钾碱性岩浆活动性和晚渐新世—早中新世印支地块的大规模南东向逃逸、哀牢山大型左行走滑剪切作用及伴生的钙碱性岩浆活动性。     

川中地区大安寨段分子标志物异常组合及其地球化学意义

在川中地区大安寨段烃源岩抽提物中检测出丰富的重排藿烷系列、重排补身烷系列、重排甾烷系列及C26+长链三环萜烷系列的分子标志物组合。结合烃源岩的有机质来源、沉积环境、热演化程度特征,探讨上述甾烷、萜烷分布特征指示的地质地球化学意义。结果表明：重排类化合物与C26+长链三环萜烷系列存在着某些相同的富集途径,重排藿烷系列富集途径多于重排补身烷系列、重排甾烷系列及C26+长链三环萜烷系列; 特殊的甾烷、萜烷分布特征指示,烃源岩中有机质以湖泊内源(藻类和细菌等)为主,形成于范围局限的弱还原环境,高丰度的重排化合物指示,有机质热演化处于成熟阶段。此外,特殊的甾烷、萜烷分布特征还可能指示了特定的酸性粘土矿物、钙质沉积催化和形成环境中发育的特殊生物族群。综上,研究结果对分子标志物异常组合的地球化学应用具有重要的示范意义。     

岩性探测在煤田测井分析中的应用——以沁水煤田韩庄井田为例

根据数字声波测井和密度测井资料，讨论了山西沁水煤田韩庄井田主要可采煤层顶底板的稳定性，对顶底板岩组的分布及岩体质量优劣做了分级、分区评价。     

华北地台北缘中段中新元古代地块的pTt轨迹及构造演化研究

内蒙古温都尔庙至白乃庙一带分布了一系列的中新元古代地块,其变质程度均已达到角闪岩相,是研究华北地台北缘中段中新元古代构造演化的主要对象．通过对白乃庙群、乌拉乌苏斜长角闪岩地层和德言其庙岩系等不同时代典型地块的岩石组合特征和ｐＴｔ轨迹的对比研究发现,这些地块主要是拉张条件下板底垫托作用过程中形成的,与表壳岩系的绿片岩相岩石组合特征相一致,分别代表了同一拉张构造环境中不同构造层次的产物,反映了华北地台北缘在中新元古代经历了漫长的拉张过程,也是华北地台北缘遍布了支离破碎的中新元古代地块的根本原因．     

Pumpellyites and coexisting minerals in different low-grade metamorphic facies of Liguria, Italy

Pumpellyite from four-phase assemblages (pumpellyite + epidote + prehnite + chlorite; pumpellyite + epidote + actinolite + chlorite; pumpellyite + epidote + Na-amphibole + chlorite, together with common excess phases), considered to be low variance in a CaO-(MgO + FeO)-Al₂O₃-Fe₂O₃ (+Na₂O + SiO₂+ H₂O) system, have been examined in areas which underwent metamorphism in the prehnite-pumpellyite, pumpellyite-actinolite and low-temperature blueschist facies respectively. The analysed mineral assemblages are compared for nearly constant (basaltic) chemical composition at varying metamorphic grade and for varying chemical composition (basic, intermediate, acidic) at constant metamorphic conditions (low-temperature blueschist facies). In the studied mineral assemblages, coexisting phases approached near chemical equilibrium. At constant (basaltic) bulk rock composition the MgO content of pumpellyite increases, and the X_Fe3+ of both pumpellyite and epidote decreases with increasing metamorphic grade, the Fe³⁺ being preferentially concentrated in epidote. Both pumpellyite and epidote compositions vary with the bulk rock composition at isofacial conditions; pumpellyite becomes progressively enriched in Fe and depleted in Mg from basic to intermediate and acidic bulk rock compositions. The compositional comparison of pumpellyites from high-variance (1–3 phases) assemblages in various bulk rock compositions (basic, intermediate, acidic rocks, greywackes, gabbros) shows that the compositional fields of both pumpellyite and epidote are wide and variable, broadly overlapping the compositional effects observed at varying metamorphic grade in low-variance assemblages. The intrinsic stability of both Fe- and Al-rich pumpellyites extends across the complete range of the considered metamorphic conditions. Element partitioning between coexisting phases is the main control on the mineral composition at different P-T conditions.     

北山造山带公婆泉岩浆弧的组成、时代及其大地构造意义

公婆泉岩浆弧近东西向展布于北山造山带牛圈子-洗肠井蛇绿混杂岩带北侧的公婆泉-石板井-小黄山一带,其物质组成、不同岩石组合的形成时代及其空间展布规律对于研究北山造山带早古生代地质构造演化具有十分重要的意义.在对三十余幅1:5万区调填图数据研究分析的基础上,明确了公婆泉岩浆弧主要由510~470 Ma的辉长岩-闪长岩侵入岩组合和玄武岩、470~430 Ma片麻状英云闪长岩-花岗闪长岩和少量的闪长岩-石英闪长岩组合及大面积分布的安山岩、430~410 Ma正长花岗岩-二长花岗岩组合等3期较强的构造岩浆作用组成.结合区域地质认识以及上述岩石组合的地球化学资料提出,3期岩浆作用分别形成于早期俯冲、主俯冲期和后碰撞期3个不同的构造演化阶段.其中主俯冲期的花岗岩组合的空间展布,具有由南向北的分布规律,物质提出指示了月牙山-洗肠井洋具有往北俯冲的极性.      

准噶尔盆地南缘二叠—三叠纪原型盆地性质与沉积环境演化

准噶尔盆地南缘(简称"准南")二叠—三叠纪原型盆地性质与沉积环境演化一直以来备受争议。通过准南6个地层小区18条典型剖面野外实测、岩相和沉积环境分析以及区域地层对比,认为准南西部(88°E以西)和准南东部(88°E以东)二叠—三叠纪在岩石组合、地层序列、沉积特征和沉积环境等方面存在差异:准南西部以碎屑岩、火山岩和火山碎屑岩组合为特征;准南东部以碳酸盐岩、火山岩和碎屑岩组合为特征。准南西部早—中二叠世地层普遍缺失或被埋藏,晚二叠世—早三叠世为陆相冲积扇—扇三角洲的粗碎屑岩沉积,中—晚三叠世发育滨浅湖相细碎屑岩。准南东部晚石炭世发育深水浊流,早—中二叠世以滨浅海相细碎屑岩为主,中二叠世后期以芦草沟组潟湖相油页岩和碳酸盐岩发育为特征;晚二叠世,普遍进入河湖相演化阶段,以细至粗碎屑岩为主;中—晚三叠世发生湖泛,主要发育三角洲和滨浅湖相碎屑岩。研究表明,准南及邻区二叠—三叠纪为裂谷盆地,经历了断陷—坳陷沉积演化阶段,准南西部和东部伸展程度的差异性导致沉积特征的不同。     

靖边气田北部中奥陶统马家沟组五_4~1储层沉积微相组合与储层非均质性控制因素

中奥陶统马家沟组上部马五41储层是鄂尔多斯盆地靖边气田主力产气段,根据该层段的岩石学特征和沉积构造等,可划分为3个亚相以及9个微相组合。该储层的储集性能具有强烈的非均质性,微观上表现为低孔低渗,以微细喉、细喉为主;纵向上表现为反韵律、随机韵律、均质韵律3种韵律模式,平面上表现为平均岩心孔隙度、渗透率分布的非均一性。沉积微相及微相组合差异性是控制岩石孔隙发育的基础,成岩作用决定了孔隙发育的程度,古岩溶地貌类型对储层分布有着明显制约作用,最终导致该区储集性能在纵横向上的非均质性。     

阜新盆地辽阜地2井下白垩统岩石地层特征

辽阜地2井是阜新盆地油气勘探以来第一口高产工业油流井,抽汲试采日产油15.3 m3.通过分析辽阜地2井钻遇下白垩统的岩石组合特征,结合部分测井曲线以及油层深度,明确了阜新盆地下白垩统沙海组下段、沙海组上段、阜新组和孙家湾组的岩石组合及测井曲线形态特征,建立盆地1200 m以内具有成功油气开发经历钻孔地层综合柱状图,为今后阜新盆地的油气勘探开发研究和地层划分对比提供参考和借鉴.     

阿尔金红柳沟蛇绿混杂岩中MORB与OIB组合的地球化学证据

阿尔金红柳沟地区早古生代蛇绿混杂带中含有地幔橄榄岩、辉长辉绿岩、细碧化玄武岩、硅质岩、复理石等岩石组合。笔者研究证实，该地区蛇绿岩中变基性岩具有过渡型洋中脊玄武岩（T－MORB）的特征，并发现蛇绿岩在混杂带中与洋岛玄武岩（OIB）共生。在球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素配分图上，T－MORB型变基性岩配分型式为平坦型；OIB中TiO2含量高，近3％，富集高场强元素Nb、Ta等，稀土元素配分型式为轻稀土富集型。MORB和OIB组合的出现说明早古生代时，该地区存在过洋盆。这一组合可与北祁连进行对比。