Failure Mechanism and Control of Surrounding Rock of Mining Roadway Under Overlying Goaf

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Aiming at the deformation and failure of roadway surrounding rock and its control problems under goaf in upper and lower coal seam mining of Buertai Coal...     

Investigation of the Failure of a Concrete-Lined Steel Pipe

The present paper documents the failure of a large diameter concrete-lined steel sewage pipe, buried in a clay soil profile. The project consisted of a 3.5 km long gravity pipe in central Israel which failed before being taken into service. The paper reports on the failure of the pipe/trench system. Field and laboratory testing provided significant insight into the probable cause(s) of failure. The basic physical mechanism leading to the failure appears to be related to softening and swelling of the clay subgrade upon saturation. Failure of the pipe system can be attributed to incompatibility between the mechanical behaviour of the pipe and the methodology employed in its design. The study illustrates the effects of a basic design flaw resulting from lack of adherence to well accepted standard engineering practices. In addition, investigation of the failure illustrates the effectiveness of a simple field test as a diagnostic tool to evaluate site conditions.     

抚顺西露天矿南帮边坡破坏机理及内排压脚措施

为了研究抚顺西露天矿南帮边坡的破坏机理,抑制边坡的滑移变形,应用微震监测技术和卫星监测技术,研究了南帮边坡的滑移破坏轮廓,基于RFPA（rock failure process analysis）强度折减法原理,研究了开采到最终境界时的边坡破坏机理,提出了两阶段内排压脚的防治措施,并分析了内排压脚对滑坡变形的抑制效果。研究结果表明：1）边坡破坏机理为,破坏最先发生在边坡上部,在边坡中部沿着弱层和破碎带运动,到边坡下部不整合面处受到抑制,最后在边坡底部沿中间弱层切出坑底,形成滑坡轮廓;2）两阶段内排压脚方案能明显抑制弱层的错动,当内排到-262 m水平时,可部分抑制底部弱层处滑移,底鼓现象消失;当内排到-212 m水平时,可完全抑制住底部弱层的滑动,此时边坡安全系数为1.324,满足安全要求。     

以破坏概率为目标的岩质边坡平面滑动破坏反分析

把可靠性理论和反分析方法相结合,对岩质边坡平面滑动破坏进行了反分析,讨论了分别以稳定系数和破坏概率为目标的反算方法,阐述了平面滑动破坏反分析的计算过程,根据无后缘张裂缝的岩质边坡平面滑动极限状态函数,运用Monte Carlo方法对某核电工程基坑边坡平面滑动破坏进行了反分析。指出了基于稳定系数的常规定值反分析中的不足,讨论了变异系数、截尾位置、相关系数对计算结果的影响。认为抗剪强度指标的变异系数和相关系数对反算结果影响不大,截尾位置按照“3σ”原则兼顾变异系数经验范围的设置方法可以满足要求。     

Locating the Multiple Failure Surfaces for Slope Stability Using Monte Carlo Technique

Owing to the complicated slope stratigraphy (e.g., multiple soil layers and multiple benches or gradients in side slopes), multiple failure surfaces for slope stability have been recognized in geotechnical discipline. This paper aims to develop a systematic and probabilistic approach to locate the multiple failure surfaces combining the traditional limit equilibrium method with Monte Carlo Simulation. Each of the multiple failure surfaces is selected from a large pool of failure surfaces and the correlation coefficient between two failure surfaces in factor of safety (FS) is adopted to characterize the extent to which two failure surfaces are correlated. After eliminating those highly correlated failure surfaces, the multiple failure surfaces can be gradually identified. The number of failure samples and the number of exclusive failure samples corresponding to each of multiple failure surfaces are determined within the proposed methodology. These data are reanalyzed to find the critical failure surface with the maximum failure probability, the critical failure surface with maximum simplified risk, and those failure surfaces dominating the risk of slope failure. The proposed approach is illustrated through two examples excerpted from the literature and validated against the results from the commercial software package and literature. The comparative study manifests that the critical failure surface with the minimum FS does not always coincide with that with the maximum failure probability and with the maximum simplified risk. In addition to FS, the failure surfaces should be received much attention. The proposed methodology provides an effective tool in decision making for slope stabilization and rehabilitation process.     

Stability Analysis and the Stabilisation of Flexural Toppling Failure

Flexural toppling is a mode of failure that may occur in a wide range of layered rock strata in both rock slopes and large underground excavations. Whenever rock mass is composed of a set of parallel discontinuities dipping steeply against the excavated face plane, the rock mass will have the potential of flexural toppling failure as well. In such cases, the rock mass behaves like inclined superimposed cantilever beams that bend under their own weight while transferring the load to the underlying strata. If the bending stress exceeds the rock column’s tensile strength, flexural toppling failure will be initiated. Since the rock columns are “statically indeterminate,” thus, their factors of safety may not be determined solely by equations of equilibrium. The paper describes an analytical model with a sequence of inclined superimposed cantilever rock columns with a potential of flexural topping failure. The model is based on the principle of compatibility equations and leads to a new method by which the magnitudes and points of application of intercolumn forces are determined. On the basis of the proposed model, a safety factor for each rock column can be computed independently. Hence, every rock column will have a unique factor of safety. The least factor of safety that exists in any rock column is selected as the rock mass representative safety factor based on which simple equations are proposed for a conservative rock mass stability analysis and design. As a result, some new relations are established in order to design the length, cross-sectional area and pattern of fully grouted rock bolts for the stabilisation of such rock mass. Finally, the newly proposed equations are compared with the results of existing experimental flexural toppling failure models (base friction and centrifuge tests) for further verification.     

Failure criteria of anisotropically damaged materials based on the critical plane concept

The damage state of a cracked material is assumed to be specified by crack density distribution on physical planes. The critical plane approach is used with account for damaged and intact area fractions on the plane. The maximum of failure function is specified for all potential failure planes and the critical plane orientation is determined. The resulting failure condition is applied to study strength evolution for triaxially compressed specimens with varying orientation of principal stress and damage tensor axes. Both Coulomb and non‐linear failure conditions of Mohr type are applied to specify the representative critical plane. A general stress state is considered and the failure condition is specified for different relative orientations of orthotropy and principal stress axes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

金川软岩蠕变破坏机理电镜实验研究

为探讨金川矿岩石蠕变破坏机理,应用微观扫描电镜(SEM)对蠕变受力情况下岩石破坏断口微观形态进行了观察研究,并分析了其产生的微观破坏机制。结果表明:岩石蠕变断裂的微观机制主要是拉伸、剪切作用下岩石发生脆性断裂,从岩石断裂微观形态研究岩石蠕变断裂,可以更好的揭示岩石断口微观形貌特征、裂纹生核、扩展、及断裂方式与岩石蠕变演进过程的联系。     

开挖卸荷条件下抗拔桩破坏机理及承载力分析

随着大型基础施工进度和地层限制等要求的提高,抗拔桩基础先于基坑开挖施工逐渐成为发展趋势。伴随着基坑开挖产生的大面积卸荷,抗拔桩受力状态和极限承载力将产生重大变化。本文将颗粒流数值模拟与极限平衡理论分析相结合,剖析开挖卸荷条件下,抗拔桩破坏机理和极限承载力特征。分析表明：抗拔桩周边土体的破坏特征为倒锥台形,存在线性破坏面和破坏角;开挖卸荷对桩周土的破坏角影响不大,但桩长对破坏角的影响显著;根据机理研究结果,建立理论分析模型,推导出较实用的抗拔桩承载力及其损失比理论公式,并针对前人的模拟试验结果对理论公式进行了检验。     

无粘性土的一种破坏准则

研究表明,在三轴压缩和伸长试验条件下,土的抗剪强度与莫尔-库仑准则是一致的,而对于一般应力状态下,土体破坏时的应力状态与莫尔-库仑准则有一定的出入。结合以往的真三轴试验结果,建议了一个复杂应力状态下的等效内摩擦角,在此基础上提出了一个考虑中主应力影响的无粘性土（c＝0）的破坏准则。通过和真三轴试验结果比较,发现该准则在π平面内比莫尔-库仑准则更接近于试验结果。该准则有望推广应用到粘性土中。     

三轴压缩条件下裂隙性黄土的破坏特征

通过裂隙性黄土样的三轴压缩试验,利用土样裂隙和侧壁标记的网格在试验前后的对比与直观反映,描述了具有不同裂隙空间形态的不同性状土样在不同试验围压下的破坏特征,总结了其变形破坏规律,试验结果显示,裂隙性黄土的破坏分为脆性破坏和塑性破坏两种类型,表现为极强软化型、强软化型、软化型、理想塑性型（或弱软化型、弱硬化型）和硬化型5种型式,其破坏特征与土样原裂隙的空间形态及性质、试验围压等因素密切相关,形成的破裂面位置主要受土样的原裂隙、变形方式和上下底面透水石的边界控制。     

Failure Loci of Some Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks

Summary Experimental evidence from true triaxial tests on dense rocks are analysed with emphasis on the failure modes of these materials under multiaxial loading, ambient temperature and external pressure. The strong dependence of the modes of fracture on the secondary components of applied stresses, and especially on the intermediate principal stress, indicated that the failure surface of these brittle materials may be appropriately described by a failure tensor polynomial criterion. As such, the elliptic paraboloid failure criterion was found to conveniently describe their mode of failure, by considering also the severe influence of anisotropy of the material.  For this purpose, a method developed recently (Theocaris and Panagiotopoulos, 1995a, 1995b) was applied, defining anisotropic hardening plasticity through an appropriate sequence of anisotropic elasticity problems. Assuming a particular path of loading or unloading, we measured the instantaneous tension and compression yield stresses along the transient principal-stress directions. These parameters completely define the instantaneous state of anisotropy of the body for the corresponding loading step, by applying the theory of the elliptic paraboloid failure locus (EPFS) (Theocaris, 1989a). A parameter identification problem was formulated on the constitutive expressions for this most general failure criterion. Then, by applying convenient constraints derived from the EPFS theory, which serve as filters throughout the whole procedure, the characteristic values of terms defining the variable components of the failure tensor polynomial were calculated, as the material was continuously loaded from the elastic into the plastic region and up to the ultimate failure load. Accurate simple tests in uniaxial tension and compression provided sufficient data for the definition of the yield loci of the material, at the considered loading step. These tests may be complemented with biaxial and triaxial modes of loading of the specimens. The results improve the accuracy and sensitivity of the method. All such data were used as input values, for establishing the mode of plastic deformation of the body during particular loading paths.  Moreover, the method employed allows the complete definition of the components of the failure, H, and the strength differential effect, h, tensors at each loading step. These quantities define completely the failure tensor polynomial for each material. Therefore, it presents the important advantage over other experimental methods by clearly indicating the parts contributed to the failure mode (either by plasticity, or by the strength differential effect) and their evolution during plastic deformation.  As convenient prototype materials for testing the method, specimens of metamorphic rocks such as Westerly granite (G), or quartzite (Q) were selected. Interesting results concerning the mechanical and especially the failure modes of such materials were obtained. Furthermore, the mechanical tests indicated clearly some basic properties of these materials as concerns the mode of their structure.     

应变软化边坡渐进破坏模式及稳定性可靠度

针对现有考虑应变软化效应的边坡渐进破坏分析模型中计算假定条件不符合实际情况的不足,以三峡库区赵树岭滑坡为研究对象,考虑地下水位波动和地震力的影响,提出用于分析多场耦合条件下应变软化边坡渐进破坏模式及稳定性可靠度的方法.结果表明,地下水位波动和地震力会不同程度地影响滑坡的渐进破坏模式和破坏概率.滑坡在145 m、175 m水位和库水位从175 m陡降为145 m三种工况下整体稳定,但分别有14.119%、20.266%和21.797%的概率发生局部渐进破坏;在烈度为Ⅶ的地震力作用下同时考虑3种蓄水工况,该滑坡分别有34.067%、38.061%和38.405%的概率发生整体渐进破坏;根据滑坡渐进破坏模式指出最佳加固位置应在沿江大道前沿.该分析方法具备可靠性,可为边坡的渐进破坏模式及稳定性评价研究提供参考.      

Application of the Christensen Failure Criterion to Intact Rock

The Christensen criterion, originally introduced in materials science, has a simple mathematical form and uniaxial tensile and compressive strength as the only parameters, making it an attractive candidate for rock engineering purposes. In this study, the applicability of the criterion to rock materials is examined. Explicit equations for application of the criterion under biaxial, triaxial compression, triaxial extension, and polyaxial states of stresses are derived. A comprehensive strength data set including the results of tests on synthetic rock, chert dyke, Carrara marble and Westerly granite is utilized to examine the accuracy of the Christensen criterion to the failure of rock material. The two surprising findings about the Christensen criterion are the zero values of tensile strength and the very low slopes of the failure envelope obtained from fitting analyses for chert dyke and Westerly granite. It is shown that the two problems are interrelated and the values of tensile strength tend to zero to produce higher slopes. It is then mathematically proven that the maximum initial slope of the Christensen failure envelope is limited to 4 in triaxial compression and 2.5 in triaxial extension which is considerably lower than the slope of experimental data. The accuracy of the Christensen criterion was found to be significantly lower than the well-established Hoek–Brown criterion. The circular π-plane representations and brittle-to-ductile transition limits from the Christensen criterion are also inconsistent with the observed behavior of rocks.     

端部岩桥直剪破坏试验及断裂条件

以重庆鸡尾山岩质滑坡为代表的前缘“关键块体”型滑坡具有较强的隐蔽性,研究“关键块体”前缘锁固段岩桥的破坏性质对滑坡预警具有重要意义。以鸡尾山滑坡地质条件为基础,在岩样端部预制不同长度边缘裂缝,填入软弱材料,形成软弱夹层节理,在不同法向压力下进行直剪试验,分析了前缘端部岩桥的裂纹扩展规律、块体剥落特征信息和岩桥断裂条件,提出了临滑阶段剪应力变化率k值。试验结果表明：软弱夹层节理长度对岩桥破坏模式和块体剥落剧烈程度有重要影响,且端部岩桥越长,破坏前临滑阶段剪应力增速k值越小。端部岩桥破坏模式为剪切破坏、拉剪破坏和张拉破坏,且不同破坏模式决定了相同节理岩桥块体剥落的剧烈程度。岩桥块体剥落点与破坏点剪应力比值百分数平均值为79.5%～92.2%,且端部岩桥临滑阶段时间快慢依次为短节理慢、中间节理居中和长节理快。端部岩桥3种破坏模式满足一定断裂条件,且呈现出3个阶段和裂纹稳定扩展。通过本直剪试验研究揭示的端部岩桥破坏特征信息和断裂条件,可对前缘“关键块体”锁固段型岩质边坡失稳破坏评价提供理论依据。     

煤层底板破坏的断层效应模拟及其在防治水中的应用

梁北煤矿已发生5 次寒武系灰岩底板突水事故,造成重大经济损失。根据矿井的水文地质条件,建立了煤层开采的FLAC 数值模型,利用岩石力学及渗流力学理论,分别模拟了无断层和有断层条件下煤层底板采动破坏带的演化规律,重点讨论了断裂深度及断层空间位置对底板破坏深度的影响。结果表明,断层的存在可使底板采动破坏深度增加20%~33%,断层是突水重点防范区域,遇断层前10 m 直到过断层15 m 须加强防治水工作。根据模拟结果设计了梁北矿11041, 11151,11111 三个工作面底板的注浆加固工程,重点注浆层位分别为底板破坏范围和寒武系顶部裂隙发育带,注浆工程增强了底板的阻水能力,实现了工作面的安全回采。     

New Observations on the Brittle Failure Process of Simulated Crystalline Rocks

A biaxial testing program has been performed to study the process of brittle failure in crystalline rocks. Dental plaster has been selected as a model material, and mixing with different ratios of distilled water, different types of common minerals of crystalline rocks have been simulated in the form of brick-like small elements. These elements have been interlocked together according to four systematic patterns and final specimens with 180 × 180 × 76 mm dimensions have been obtained. Details of different types of cracks observed during loading process, effects of mechanical, geometrical and confining pressure on the cracking intensity, the influence of different types of heterogeneity on the macroscopic properties of a system of interlocked elements, and the sequence of events during the failure process are presented in this paper. Based on these observations, a revised mechanism for brittle failure is proposed.     

A Study of the Failure Mechanism of Planar Non-Persistent Open Joints Using PFC2D

Particle flow code 2D (PFC2D) was adopted to simulate the shear behavior of rocklike material samples containing planar non-persistent joints. Direct shear loading was conducted to investigate the effect of joint separation on the failure behavior of rock bridges. Initially calibration of PFC was undertaken with respect to the data obtained from experimental laboratory tests to ensure the conformity of the simulated numerical models response. Furthermore, validation of the simulated models were cross checked with the results of direct shear tests performed on non-persistent jointed physical models. Through numerical direct shear tests, the failure process was visually observed, and the failure patterns were found reasonably similar to the experimentally observed trends. The discrete element simulations demonstrated that the macro-scale shear zone resulted from the progressive failure of the tension-induced micro-cracks. The failure pattern was mostly influenced by joint separation, while the shear strength was linked to the failure pattern and failure mechanism. Furthermore, it was observed that the failure zone is relatively narrow and has a symmetrical pattern when rock bridges occupy a low percentage of the total shear surface. This may be due to the high stress interactions between the subsequent joints separated by a rock bridge. In contrast, when rock bridges are occupying sufficient area prohibiting the stress interactions to occur then the rupture of surface is more complex and turns into a shear zone. This zone was observed to be relatively thick with an unsymmetrical pattern. The shear strength of rock bridges is reduced by increasing the joint length as a result of increasing both the stress concentration at tip of the joints and the stress interaction between the joints.     

岩石破坏的机理再认识

岩石的各种强度准则一直是解释岩石或岩体破坏机理的主要理论。此外,从流变现象出发,通过数值模拟、实验对照、理论分析、进一步对岩石破坏机理的解释进行了探讨,认为受力岩石或岩体内差异流动变形也是导致岩石破坏的原因。     

黄莲树滑坡破坏变形机理浅析

以三峡库区奉节县黄莲树滑坡的破坏变形为例,以地表位移、降雨、地下水、库水位的监测为依据,综合分析研究了监测参数的变动和致灾因子相互作用对滑坡稳定性的影响关系,开展破坏变形机理探讨研究,总结形成了初步的研究成果。该研究成果对滑坡的监测预警预报技术具有重要的理论意义,并且对其它以库水位涨落和降雨为主要致滑因子的滑坡的监测临滑预报具有重要的参考价值和指导意义。