长三角经济高速发展地区土壤pH时空变化及其影响因素

通过调查和分析长三角地区张家港市2004年和第二次土壤普查时(1980)的土壤pH,探讨了该市近20年来基于经济高速发展影响下的土壤pH变化及影响因素。结果表明,自第二次土壤普查以来,该市土壤pH变化明显。南部人为土地区绝大部分土壤pH值都下降了一个单位,平均值由7.39降至6.33;北部雏形土区,两个时期的土壤pH值分别为7.92和7.98。土壤pH的降低可能同该地区长期施用化学肥料、酸雨及工业酸性“三废”排放的增加有关。此外,土地利用和田间管理也对土壤pH变化起着较为重要的作用,而土壤地球化学性质差异则是导致南北地区土壤pH变化不同的内在因素。     

河南黄淮平原土壤中Cu的生态安全评价

在分析河南黄淮平原土壤和小麦籽实中Cu含量分布特征的基础上,利用单项污染指数法对研究区小麦籽实中Cu的污染状况进行评价。其结果为：研究区小麦籽实中Cu的单项污染指数Pi的平均值为0．473,说明研究区小麦籽实未受Cu的污染。Cu的状况良好。进一步讨论了土壤中Cu的含量与小麦籽实中Cu含量间的关系。认为小麦籽实中Cu的积累与土壤中的总Cu无明显的相关关系,而与土壤中的有效态Cu含量具有明显的相关性。据此,将土壤有效态Cu作为土壤Cu生态安全评价的指标。并建立了小麦籽实Cu与土壤有效Cu的响应关系模型,确定了土壤中有效Cu的安全界限值。     

西藏冈底斯地块中新生代中酸性侵入岩特征与构造环境

冈底斯地块上的中新生代中酸性岩浆活动，是北部班公湖一怒江和南部雅鲁藏布两个特提斯演化及其后的陆内汇聚碰撞造山和后造山伸展等大地构造事件的完整记录。地块上的中酸性岩浆活动可划分为三个带，其中北部岩带岩浆岩形成于燕山期，其类型从早期的Ⅰ型到中期的过渡型再演化为晚期的S型，分别形成于板块俯冲-缝合-碰撞等构造条件下，是北部班公湖一怒江特提斯演化的集中反映。中部和南部岩浆岩带则集中体现了南部雅鲁藏布特提斯时空演化的完整经历，其中，南部岩带岩体以燕山晚期为主，喜山早期次之，成因及形成环境与特提斯洋壳向北俯7中作用密切相关(燕山晚期)，同时俯冲结束后的同碰撞条件下的岩浆活动在该岩带内也有明显的反映(喜山早期)；中部岩带岩体以喜山早期为主，燕山晚期次之，岩体大部分为同碰撞环境下岩浆活动的产物，它表征了随着洋壳板块向北俯冲程度的加深和强度的加剧，岩浆活动中心在不断向北迁移，并最终缝合碰撞的过程。因此，该岩带内岩浆岩主要形成于俯冲的晚阶段及缝合后的同碰撞条件下。喜山晚期的小斑岩体实际上广泛出露于整个冈底斯地块上，它反映的是该区在经历了碰撞造山后发生的陆内伸展的构造过程。     

Spatial patterns of Holocene glacier advance and retreat in Central Asia

Glaciers in the southern Himalayas advanced in the early Holocene despite an increase in incoming summer solar insolation at the top of the atmosphere. These glacier advances are in contrast to the smaller alpine glaciers in the western and northern regions of Central Asia. Two different glacier mass-balance models are used to reconcile this Holocene glacier history with climate by quantifying the change in equilibrium-line altitudes (ELA) for simulated changes in Holocene climate. Both ELA models clearly show that the lowering of ELAs in the southern Himalayas is largely due to a decrease in summer temperatures, and that an increase in monsoonal precipitation accounts for less than 30% of the total ELA changes. The decrease in summer temperatures is a dynamic response to the changes in solar insolation, resulting in both a decrease in incoming shortwave radiation at the surface due to an increase in cloudiness and an increase in evaporative cooling. In the western and northern zones of Central Asia, both ELA models show a rise in ELAs in response to a general increase in summer temperatures. This increase in temperatures in the more northern regions is a direct radiative response to the increase in summer solar insolation.     

近40a来江河源区生态环境变化的气候特征分析

利用月气象资料,对过去40a江河源气候变化特征进行分析,并与全球、全国、青藏高原进行了比较.结果表明:江河源区气温具有增暖趋势,近40a两地年平均气温分别增加约0.8℃和0.7℃,为高原异常变暖区.黄河源区变暖的主要特征是最低气温变暖,日照时数增加;最低、最高气温的显著变暖,以及较黄河源区增加更长的日照时数是长江源区变暖的主要特征.长江源区冬季变暖的作用不是主要的,春季、夏季和秋季的变暖作用比冬季还要大;黄河源区的变暖也并不主要是冬季变暖造成的,秋季变暖的作用与其相当,其它季节的变暖作用也不能忽视.近40a来江河源区降水量略有增加,主要体现在20世纪80年代中后期以来春季与冬季降水量的明显增加,夏季降水量虽然总体上没有明显变化,且局地夏季降水量呈持续减少趋势.与全球、全国以及高原区对比显示,江河源区对全球气候变暖的响应最敏感,变暖首先从长江源和整个高原发端,之后15a.黄河源和全国才进入显著温暖期.黄河源与长江源北部降水量的增加表明,气候变暖有利于高原增加降水量.     

Petroleum Migration Direction of the Silurian Paleo-pools in the Tarim Basin, Northwest China

The results obtained in this paper indicate that carbazole-type compounds have high thermal stability and also show stability in oxidation and bio-degradation. This kind of compounds still has a high concentration and complete distribution in the analyzed dry asphalt samples, showing that they are particularly useful in studying petroleum migration of paleo-pool. During the basin＇s first-stage of oil-gas pool formation in the Silurian in Tazhong and Tabei areas of Tarim Basin （at the end of Silurian period） and the second-stage in the Awati area （in Permian）, the petroleum experienced a long-distance migration. During the formation of the Silurian paleo-pools in Tazhong Uplift at the end of Silurian, the petroleum mainly came from the lower and middle Cambrian source rocks in the Manjiaer sag. The petroleum migrated towards the southwest-south entering the Silurian reservoir beds in Tazhong first. Then, it further migrated within Silurian from northwest to southeast along the highs of the Structural Belts to the region of the Silurian pinchout boundary in Tazhong. In Tabei Uplift, during the first-stage of pool formation, the petroleum was also from the lower and middle Cambrian source rocks in the Manjiaer sag. It migrated northwest entering the Silurian reservoir beds in the Tabei Uplift firstly, and then the migration continued in the same direction within the Silurian reservoirs and finally the petroleum was trapped in higher positions. During the second-stage pool formation in the Silurian beds in the areas around Awati sag, the petroleum mainly came from the lower-middle Cambrian source rocks in the Awati sag. The petroleum migrated from the generation center to Silurian reservoirs in all directions around the sag through major paths, and the petroleum was finally trapped in higher locations.     

华北古大陆南缘构造格架与成矿

东秦岭地区在前海西期表现为大陆边缘的构造活动,到海西期后特别是燕山期已属于陆内造山作用,因此称之为古大陆边缘。在对前海西期构造格架重塑的基础上,以不同建造、岩浆活动和分隔构造单元断裂资料分析为依据,以控制不同构造单元的断裂为界,自北而南将构造单元划分为：华山-熊耳山陆缘带、宽坪陆缘增生带、二郎坪弧后断陷带、秦岭古岛弧带和南秦岭泥盆纪断陷海盆。据陆缘构造发展阶段的沉积建造和岩石组合特点分为：华北陆块南缘太古宙古陆核边缘活动性沉积、早元古代华北陆块南缘古陆核边缘活动性缓慢沉积、中-新元古代华北陆块南缘拉张构造体制下的被动陆缘、加里东早期华北古陆南缘活动陆缘、早古生代华北陆块南缘太平洋型活动大陆边缘;中生代扬子与华北板块已经拼接,进一步发生陆内A型俯冲,构造型式为近南北向的深部构造作用。根据区域成矿的物质组成以及空间和时间上的分布特点,划分为5个成矿系统：前长城纪陆核活动性边缘沉积成矿系统、中-新元古代被动大陆边缘成矿系统、早加里东期构造体制转换期成矿系统、古生代活动大陆边缘成矿系统和中生代陆内碰撞造山成矿系统。     

云南个旧松树脚锡矿西部成矿地球化学特征及找矿方向

通过对个旧锡矿松树脚矿田不同成矿部位的岩体和矿床的地球化学特征研究,以已知主要矿体分布地段为对比标准,用七类21项地球化学指标对与主要矿体分布地段毗连的普查区作出了成矿地球化学条件评价,这一评价为近来的工程揭露初步证实,并取得了较好的找矿效果。     

典型喀斯特地区马尾松纯林及马尾松-阔叶树混交林营养元素生物循环研究——以贵州龙里为例

以龙里典型喀斯特地区马尾松纯林及马尾松- 阔叶树混交林为研究对象,研究了两个群落的生物量、营养元素贮量、分布及循环特征。结果表明: 马尾松纯林、马尾松- 阔叶树混交林的生物量分别为40. 62t /hm2、48. 32t /hm2 ,混交林的乔木层总生物量比马尾松纯林高18. 97% ,根系生物量较纯林高65. 12%。混交林乔木层各器官营养元素的含量整体大于马尾松纯林,两群落乔木层N、P、K、S的含量表现出一致的趋势,叶> 根> 枝> 干。混交林乔木层各元素的积累量分别比纯林高47. 97%～ 197. 67% ,凋落物层各元素贮量比纯林高85. 40%～ 318. 301%。混交林的年归还量、年存留量和年吸收量均大于马尾松纯林,且各元素循环系数大于马尾松纯林。马尾松林与阔叶树混交可以有效地提高群落生物量和营养元素循环的能力。      

南海海域新生代沉积盆地构造演化的动力学特征及其油气资源

通过对构造环境、地球物理场特征、盆地生储盖层发育等方面对比研究, 讨论南海南北部沉积盆地的油气资源分布特征, 为在南海进行油气勘查指明方向.目前油气勘探实践证明, 南海南部的油气资源比北部丰富, 究其原因, 南海北部为被动大陆边缘, 张性沉积盆地的烃源岩体积较小, 而南部挤压环境下形成的沉积盆地的烃源岩体积大; 北部的地热流较南部小, 因此地温梯度也较小, 如北部陆架上的珠江口盆地的热流值在5 3~ 87mW /m2之间, 平均6 7mW /m2, 而南海南部大曾母盆地平均热流值达97mW /m2, 最大值达130mW /m2, 故南部边缘烃源岩的成熟度比北部高; 由于南部边缘处于挤压构造环境, 因此在沉积盆地中形成了许多挤压构造, 而北部边缘一直处于张性构造环境, 形成的构造较少且较小; 同时, 南部边缘沉积盆地中, 烃源岩生烃与构造形成在时间上搭配较好.因此, 在南海南部边缘沉积盆地中形成了许多大型油气田, 而南海北部边缘沉积盆地中, 大型油气田较少, 中小型油气田较多.这就是为什么南海南部边缘的油气资源比北部丰富的地质原因.      

基于灰色理论的西藏暴雨洪涝预测

以西藏38个气象站点1985-2014年实测降水量为基础数据,应用灰色预测模型和长序列趋势拟合方法预测2015-2019年的年降水量和季节降水量,经2015-2017年的实测降水数据验证,其结果良好,最后以调整后的降水距平百分率为洪涝指标,分析2018年、2019年的洪涝预测情况。结果表明,西藏2018年降水集中在东南部地区的林芝、米林、波密和察隅一带, 2019年降水主要集中在芒康地区,季节上春季降水主要集中在雅鲁藏布江大拐弯地区,夏季主要在索曲河、怒江上游地区,秋季主要在嘉黎、林芝、波密一带,冬季降水集中在聂拉木地区。2018年和2019年洪涝易发生在春季和冬季,洪涝情况都相对正常,大部分县区为无涝或正常状态,少数县区为轻微洪涝,极少数县区为中涝或特涝, 2019年洪涝情况相较于2018年整体偏多,其中在2018年的拉孜县和2019年的拉萨城关区,极有可能出现特涝灾害。     

天山山区近40a夏季降水变化及与南北疆的比较

利用新疆1959-1998年的降水资料,分析了天山山区近40a来夏季降水变化特征,并与南疆、北疆进行了比较.结果表明:天山山区近40a来的夏季降水在干湿阶段、最干最湿年份、降水变化的周期方面均与南北疆有别;天山山区夏季降水空间上的同步性变化比南疆及北疆弱一些;天山山区近40a来夏季降水年代际变化与北疆较为相近.新疆近40a来夏季降水最多的年代是90年代,天山山区偏多12%,南疆偏多25%,北疆偏多21%.     

Mercury in the sedimentary deposits of Lake Baikal

Mercury distribution was examined in the sediments of Lake Baikal that were sampled within the scope of the Baikal Drilling International Project in 1996–1999. The Hg concentrations in the ancient sediments are close to those in the modern sediments with the exception of a few peak values, whose ages coincide with those of active volcanism in adjacent areas. Mercury was demonstrated to be contained in the sediments in the adsorbed Hg⁰ mode, predominantly in relation with organic matter. When the organic matter of the bottom sediments is decomposed in the course of lithification, Hg is retained in the sediments adsorbed on the residual organic matter, and the concentration of this element corresponds to its initial content in the bottom sediments during their accumulation. Mercury concentrations in lithologically distinct bottom sediments of Lake Baikal and its sediments as a whole depend on the climate. Sediments that were formed during warm periods of time contain more Hg than those produced during cold periods or glaciation. Periodical variations in the Hg concentrations in the bottom sediments of Lake Baikal reflect the variations in the contents of this element in the Earth’s atmosphere in the Late Cenozoic, which were, in turn, controlled by the climatic variations on the planet and, thus, can be used for detailed reconstructions of variations in the average global temperature near the planet’s surface.     

Change in seismic activity in the Tokai region related to weakening and strengthening of the interplate coupling

We investigate the relationship between changes in seismicity and crustal deformations in the Tokai region. We describe how seismicity in the subducted slab increased remarkably in the fall of 2000 and decreased in the fall of 2001, while in contrast, the crust seismicity decreased in the fall of 2000 and increased in the fall of 2001. We note that the trend of horizontal displacement at GPS stations changed coincidentally and we propose interpreting the increase and decrease in seismic activities and the changes in crustal deformations in a unified way based on changes in the state of the interplate coupling, i.e., the back-slip rate was reduced in the fall of 2000 and was partially restored in the fall of 2001. We explain why reduction of the back-slip rate increases seismogenic stress in the slab and decreases stress in the crust. We also describe the substantial positive dilatation observed in the region around Mt. Fuji in the fall of 2000 and suggest that the remarkable increase of low-frequency earthquakes beneath Mt. Fuji in October 2000 may have been caused by deceleration of the converging motion of the Izu micro-plate with the Eurasian plate. The decrease of the subduction velocity of the Izu micro-plate on the Suruga Trough in late 2000 would also have contributed to weakening of the interplate coupling beneath the Tokai region, since reduction of the relative velocity between overriding and subducting plates produces the same effect on the plate interface as a diminishing back-slip rate. However, subduction of the Izu micro-plate on the Suruga Trough was accelerated in early 2003, which may have caused increases in both slab and crust seismicities in that period.     

甘肃黑河中下游影响绿洲植被发育的某些因素

黑河下游额济纳绿洲区和中下游沿黑河干流河床附近的潜水位埋深较浅,是维系地表植被生长的重要因素。中游高台附近潜水位存在每年双峰值的变化,较之下游额济纳绿洲潜水位每年单峰值的变化更有利于植被的生长。在包气带剖面中,同一时刻水土势、含水量、含盐量随深度的变化趋势基本相同。采样点包气带土壤中易溶离子含量相对较低,全盐量小于5%,中游采样点土壤中以HCO3-为主,下游以SO42-为主,由SO42-、Cl-和Na+、Ca2+组成的盐类构成了包气带土壤中的主要盐分。土壤中易溶离子含量自地表至潜水面之间随深度总体上呈减小趋势。植被的根系分布对包气带土壤含水量、水土势和易溶离子含量随深度的分布有着重要的影响,在植物根系发育带的土壤中含水量、水土势和易溶离子含量升高。     

Magnitude of industrialization in Jordan

In spite of Jordan's insignificant natural resources and geopolitical problems, industrial development is being emphasized in Jordan since 1972. Industries are now the second largest sector of economy. Industries contributed 10% of the GDP in 1972, 19.5% in 1989 and 17.4% in 1993. This is remarkable as the national investment in industries is declining. The investments for industrial development was 30% of the total national investment in five year development plans (1976–1980), 23% in the next plan (1981–1985), and 13% in the following plan (1986–1990).The number of; industries has increased from 2500 in 1959 to 4684 in 1974, to 8533 in 1984, and 18600 in 1992. The employment or labor force also increased from 10,000 in 1959 to 70,000 in 1988, and to 110,000 in 1992. It represents about 16.4% of the total labor force in Jordan, the index number of industrial production also increased from (100) in 1979 which was the same base year, to (151) in 1983 to (205) in 1987 and to (215) in 1993. The study was based on three hypotheses: (i) the magnitude varies from one industry to another at the national (Jordan) and local (governorate levels), (ii) temporal change in the magnitude of industries has taken place during the period 1979–1992, (iii) the temporal change in the magnitude of industries was positive in some industries and negative in others.     

湘南多金属矿床方解石形态及表面微形貌的研究

对湘南多金属成矿区方解石的研究表明，产于钨矿床中的方解石以层状晶体发育为特征，晶体形态主要为｛０００１｝和｛０１２｝＋｛１０１０｝，晶体表面具有菱形生长阶梯；产于铅锌矿床中的方解石一般不出现层解石，晶体形态主要为｛２１３１｝，｛０１１２｝＋｛１０１０｝和｛０００１｝＋｛１０１０｝＋｛０１１２｝，晶体表面平行纹发育；远矿正常灰岩内方解石晶体形态主要为｛４０４１｝。     

鄂尔多斯盆地黄陵、东胜地区地温场对比

鄂尔多斯盆地黄陵、东胜铀矿区分别处于盆地南部渭北隆起的北侧边缘和盆地北部伊盟隆起的东部,赋矿层位都是中侏罗统直罗组。盆地南、北铀矿区在现今地温场及古地温场都存在明显差异,南部现今大地热值及热演化程度明显高于北部。对于下侏罗统延安组和石炭—二叠系煤层,黄陵地区镜质体反射率都高于东胜地区。通过镜质体反射率资料得出同一埋深的一套地层经历的最大古地温和对应的古地温梯度也有南部高于北部的现象。由于早白垩世后期盆地普遍整体抬升使得现今地温相对古地温降低,南部黄陵地区抬升剥蚀量大于北部东胜地区,导致古、今地温差异也大于后者。盆地南部庆阳—富县一带局部构造热运动,导致南部异常地温场的形成,使得南部热演化程度高于北部。     

Contrast in Fluid M etallogeny between the Tianmashan Au-S Deposit and the Datuanshan Cu Deposit in Tongling, Anhui Province

A comprehensive contrast of ore-forming geological background and ore-forming fluid features, especially fluid ore-forming processes, has been performed between the Tianmashan and the Datuanshan ore deposits in Tongling, Anhui Province. The major reasons for the formation of the stratabound skarn Au-S ore deposit in Tianmashan and the stratabound skarn Cu ore deposit in Datuanshan are analyzed in accordance with this contrast. The magmatic pluton in Tianmashan is rich in Au and poor in Cu, but that in Datuanshan is rich in Cu and Au. The wallrock strata in Tianmashan contain Au-bearing pyrite layers with some organic substance but those in Datuanshan contain no such layers. Moreover, the ore-forming fluids in Tianmashan are dominantly magmatic ones at the oxide and sulfide stages, but those with high content of Cu in Datuanshan are mainly groundwater fluids. In addition, differences in compositional evolution and physicochemical condition variation of the ore-forming fluids result in gradual dispersion     

吐鲁番盆地古近纪和新近纪的气候变化

新疆吐鲁番盆地的连木沁剖面古近系与新近系的沉积厚度约1770m,是研究吐鲁番盆地这一时段古气候的良好载体。通过对连木沁剖面沉积物中常量元素地球化学分析,表明吐鲁番盆地在晚古新世阶段和晚始新世阶段,气候炎热湿润,但后者波动比较频繁。在渐新世,气候温暖干旱。中新世的气候变化明显可分为两个阶段,早期气候炎热潮湿,而晚期阶段温暖干旱。到上新世,气候显著干旱化。