Principles of Probabilistic Regional Mineral Resource Estimation

Five principal sources of uncertainty in quantitative mineral resource estimation are listed and illustrated by means of a simple example (mosaic model) and a case history study for large copper deposits in the Abitibi area of the Canadian Shield. Abitibi copper potential originally was estimated on the basis of 1968 estimates of production and reserves totalling 3.12 Mt Cu. This prognostication now could be evaluated on the basis of 2008 copper production and reserves totalling 9.50 Mt Cu. An earlier hindsight study performed on the basis of 1977 data (totalling 5.23 Mt Cu) showed seven new discoveries occurring either in the immediate vicinities of known deposits or on broad regional copper anomalies predicted from the 1968 inputs. By 1977, the global geographic distribution pattern of large copper deposits in the Abitibi area had stabilized. During the next 30 years, new copper was essentially found close to existing deposits, much of it deeper down in the Earth's crust. In this paper, uncertainties associated with copper ore tonnage are analyzed by comparison of 2008 data with 1968 data using (a) log-log plots of size versus rank, and (b) lognormal QQ-plots. Straight lines fitted by least squares on these plots show that 1968 slopes provide good estimates of 2008 slopes but 1968 intercepts are much less than 2008 intercepts. In each linear log-weight versus log-rank plot, the slope is related to fractal dimension of a Pareto frequency distribution, and in a lognormal QQ-plot it is determined by logarithmic variance. The difference between 2008 and 1968 intercepts represents the increase in copper ore production and reserves from 1968 to 2008. The Pareto model fits actual copper and massive sulphides increase over the past 40 years better than the lognormal frequency distribution model for 10 km×10 km cells on favorable environments in the Abitibi area.      

Geology and mineralization of the Tiegelongnan supergiant porphyry-epithermal Cu (Au,Ag) deposit (10 Mt) in western Tibet,China: A review

The Tiegelongnan Cu(Au,Ag)deposit in central Tibet contains more than 10 Mt of copper ranking 29 th in the world.It is characterized by typical porphyry-epithermal alteration and mineralization.In order to improve the understanding of porphyry-epithermal copper deposit in Tibet,new zircon U-Pb age and sulfur isotope data along with published data in the Tiegelongnan are presented to investigate the formation and preservation mechanism.Ore-related intrusive rocks in the Tiegelongnan including Early Cretaceous(about 120 Ma)granodiorite porphyry and diorite porphyry are closely related to the northward subduction of Bangongco-Nujiang ocean.Sulfur mainly comes from deep magma,and ore-forming fluid is affected by both magmatic and meteoric water.The metallogenic setting of Tiegelongnan is consistent with those of Andean porphyry copper deposits in South America.The cover of the Meiriqiecuo Formation volcanic rocks,Lhasa-Qiangtang collision and India-Eurasian collision have significance in the preservation and uplift of the deposit.The formation,preservation and discovery of Tiegelongnan play an important role in exploration of ancient porphyry-epithermal deposits in Tibet.     

Carbon cycle variability in tropical Atlantic across two Early Eocene hyperthermals

Early Eocene hyperthermals are geologically short-lived global warming events and represent fundamental perturbations to the global carbon cycle and the Earth’s ecosystem due to massive additions of isotopically light carbon to the ocean-atmosphere system.They serve as ancient analogs for understanding how the oceanic carbonate system and surface-ocean ecosystem would respond to ongoing and future climate change.Here,we present a continuous carbonate record across the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2(ETM2 or H1,ca.54.1 Ma)and H2(ca.54 Ma)events from an expanded section at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1258 in tropical Atlantic.The abundant calcareous nannofossils and moderate carbonate content throughout the studied interval suggest this record was deposited above the calcite compensation depth(CCD),but below the lysocline and under the influence of terrestrial dilution.An Earth system model cGENIE is used to simulate the carbon cycle dynamics across the ETM2 and H2 to offer insights on the mechanism of the rapid warming and subsequent recovery in climate and ecosystem.The model suggests moderate changes in ocean pH(0.1–0.2 unit)for the two scenarios,biogenic methane from a rechargeable methane capacitor and organic matter oxidation from thawing of the permafrost.These pH changes are consistent with a recent independent pH estimate across the ETM2 using boron isotopes.The carbon emission flux during the ETM2 is at least an order of magnitude smaller than that during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum(PETM)(0.015–0.05 Pg C yr^-1vs.0.3–1.7 Pg C yr^-1).The comparable pre-and post-event carbonate contents suggest the lysocline did not over deepen following the ETM2 at this tropical Atlantic site,indicating spatial heterogeneity in the carbonate system due to strong dilution influence from terrestrial weathering and riverine discharge at Site 1258.     

Geochronological and geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of late Mesoproterozoic mafic and granitic rocks in the southwestern Yangtze Block

Late Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks in the SW Yangtze Block are important for understanding the role of it in reconstruction of the Rodinia supercontinent.In the present study,we report new geochronological,geochemical,and Nd-Hf isotopic data for the Cuoke plagioclase amphibolites and granites in the SW Yangtze Block.Geochronological results show that the plagioclase amphibolites and granites have similar late Mesoproterozoic zircon U-Pb ages of 1168-1162 Ma,constituting a bimodal igneous assemblage.The plagioclase amphibolites have high and variable TiO2 contents(1.15-4.30 wt.%)and Mg#(34-66)values,similar to the tholeiitic series.They are characterized by enrichment in LREEs and LILEs,and have OIB-like affinities with positive Nb and Ta anomalies.The plagioclase amphibolites have positive whole-rockεNd(t)(+3.2 to+4.3)and zirconεHf(t)(+4.3 to+10.7)values,indicating that they were derived from an OIB-like asthenospheric mantle source.The granites belong to the reduced peralkaline A-type series and have negativeεNd(t)value of-6.0 andεHf(t)values of-5.8 to-13.8,indicating a derivation from the partial melting of ancient mafic lower crust.In combination with the~1.05-1.02 Ga bimodal igneous assemblage in the SW Yangtze Block,we propose that the Cuoke 1168-1162 Ma igneous rocks were likely formed in a continental rift basin and argue against the existance of Grenvillian Orogen in the SW Yangtze Block during the late Mesoproterozoic.     

Analysis of prospecting polymetallic metallogenic belts by comprehensive geophysical method

This paper is based on the analysis and research on the silver-lead-zinc polymetallic ore in New Ballyhoo Banner in southern Manzhouli of Inner Mongolia.Because metal mineralization brings rock formations,the geophysical features such as low resistivity,high polarization rate and uneven distribution of magnetization,the comprehensive geophysical methods are adopted including high-precision magnetic measurement,high-power induced polarization,IP field middle gradient and controlled source audio-frequency magnetotellurics.In the survey work of multi-metal ore deposits,from surface sweeping to single point measurement,and from single point to section going deeper layer by layer,the resolution of measurement is continuously improved,and various geophysical methods support and complement each other,so explorers can successfully predict the direction,scale and volume of the metallogenic belts in conjunction with geochemical exploration,geological survey and drilling.It has provided a strong basis for completing the exploration task of predicting the reserve volume of ore bodies.The research conclusions of this exploration case have thus a high reference value in the same type of exploration work.     

利用Grapher绘制彩色渐变剖面平面图

在物探扫面工作中,有大量的剖面数据需要绘制成剖面平面图,要求寻找一个高效快速的制图方法.通过对Grapher 自动化功能的分析和实践,编制程序实现了快速绘制彩色渐变剖面平面图的需求,说明利用自动化脚本能够在获得精美图件的同时,可以极大地提高作图效率.     

冷生风化作用对边坡稳定性影响

The experiment shows that considerable influence on density rock properties are subjected by nival weathering conditions. The main parameter defining the rock suitability for solution various engineering and geological problems is its firmness limit on single axis pressing. The firmness properties of sandstone being in absolutely dry condition for Kabakta suite at the beginning of investigation was 64.7 MPa, for Nerungri suite sandstones it was 48. 7 MPa. The investigations showed how much the nival conditions of cryohypergenesis of rock sandstones in Kabakta and Nerungri suites have destructive influence in comparison with aquale and more over aerale conditions. In the aerale conditions sedimentary rock firmness of Kabakta suite decreased to 23.2 MPa, in aquale conditions to 16.5, and in the nivale conditions to 8.9 MPa. In Nerungri suite sandstones are according to 17.7 MPa, 11.1 MPa, and 6 MPa after 300 freezing and thawing cycles. The common sandstone firmness decrease of Kabakta suite was 25 %,of Nerungri suite it was 23.8%. Marlstone samples after 400 FTC decrease to 62% in the nivale conditions and to 33 % in the aerale conditions. After 3～5 years of exploitation marlstone will destruct due to structural and textural inhomogenesis up to gruss, i.e. it will not meet the requirements of durability.Judging by the results of carried out experiment it should be concluded that by cryogenic weathering the sedimentary rocks (sandstones) and rocks with schistose lithogenic texture (marlstone) are subjected to disintegration. The primary rock samples firmness considerably influences on the disintegration rate.     

Cenozoic Sea‐land Transition and its Petroleum Geological Significance in the Northern South China Sea

The process of Cenozoic sea-land changes in the northern South China Sea(SCS)controlled the sedimentary filling pattern and played an important role in the petroleum geological characteristics of the northern marginal sedimentary basins.Under the control of the opening process of the SCS,the northern SCS Cenozoic transgression generally showed the characteristics of early in the east and late in the west,and early in the south and late in the north.The initial transgression occurred in the Eocene in the Taixinan Basin(TXNB)of the eastern SCS,while the transgression occurred until the Pliocene in the Yinggehai Basin(YGHB)of the western SCS.International Ocean Discovery Program(IODP)expeditions(Expeditions 367/368)revealed that the initial transgression of the SCS basin occurred at approximately 34 Ma,which was the initial opening time of the SCS.The period of drastic changes in the sedimentary environment caused by large-scale transgression corresponded to the opening time of the southwestern subbasin(approximately 23 Ma),which also represented the peak of the spreading of the SCS.The sea-land transition process controls the distribution of alternating continent-marine facies,marine facies source rocks and reservoirs in the basins.The marine facies source rocks of the basins in the northern SCS have a trend of gradually becoming younger from east to west,which is consistent with the regional process of gradual transgression from east to west.Regional sea-level changes were comprehensively influenced by SCS opening and global sea-level changes.These processes led to the early development in the east and south and late development in the west and north for the carbonate platform in the SCS.Carbonate platforms form another type of"selfgenerating and self-accumulating"oil-gas reservoir in the northern SCS.The sea-land transition controlled the depositional filling patterns of different basins and laid the foundation of marine deposits for oil and gas resources.The source-reservoircap assemblage in the northern SCS was controlled horizontally by provenance supply and sedimentary environmental changes caused by sea-land transition and vertically by the tectonic evolution of the SCS and regional sea-level changes.     

《同一个地质计划》的进展与对策

《同一个地质计划（OneGeology）》最初由英国地质调查局于2006年2月提出,已得到全球地学组织的支持。到2007年底,国际地球科学联合会等10个全球学术团体与国际地学组织、2个跨国公司、2位知名人士和67个国家的地质调查局参加了该计划。《同一个地质计划》是各个国家的地质调查局贡献给国际行星地球年的、约1：100万比例尺的、可在网络上很容易取得最好世界地质图数据的计划。该计划的目标是：使可用的地质图数据能被更多的人使用,使需要的人受益,促进互操作能力的增强。《同一个地质计划》的实施,可以提升全球、大陆、行星、海洋地球科学图的编制和出版的合作能力。深化对一些地区地质问题的研究,并可作为国际地球行星年一个切实可用的成果,提升国家地质调查局的形象;运用管理地学知识的领导能力和经验,通过教育、科学、文化和交流。能够处理全球污染对社会、经济和环境的影响问题。促进全球环境保护公约的执行,减缓自然灾害,使全球经济可持续发展,人们的居住环境更安全、更繁荣。精神生活更丰富、更快乐。因此,实施该计划不仅有现实意义,更有重要而深远的政治意义。     

Geochemical Characterizations of Source and Depositional Environment of Hydrocarbons in the Lake Albert Rift Basin

Despite the upsurge in hydrocarbon exploration in the Lake Albert Rift Basin(LARB)over the past three decades,systematic characterization of hydrocarbon compositions remains lacking,leading to uncertainties in source rock and oil generation determination.We characterized crude oil compositions and oil sand samples in the northern and southern subbasins of LARB.The relative abundance of normal and branched linear alkanes,hopanes,steranes,and aromatic hydrocarbon suggest that northern and southern hydrocarbons were deposited in anoxic to suboxic lacustrine environments and share similar biological source compositions(i.e.,a mixture of plants and aquatic algae and bacteria).Relative to southern samples,northern samples show more negative δ¹³C values for oils,saturates and aromatics,indicating longer migration paths,and exhibit higher MPI-1,DNR-1 and 4-/1-MDBT ratios,indicating higher maturity.Between the two possible sets of source rocks(upper Miocene and Jurassic strata),the positive δ¹³C values of saturated hydrocarbons(average=-20.5‰)suggest that the upper Miocene lacustrine shale is the most likely candidate.Oleanane index(<5% in our samples)does not exclude either source rock possibility,and C₂₈/C₂₉ regular sterane(average=0.63)may be biased by high terrestrial inputs in a lacustrine setting.Together,our data show that northern and southern oils originate from the same source rocks but different oil kitchens.Given the similar geochemical characteristics of southern and northern oils,previous exploration successes in the northern subbasin likely suggest similar potential in the southern sector,while other elements influencing exploration success must be also evaluated.     

东昆仑二叠纪单通道筵对判别冈瓦纳大陆北界的局限性

东昆仑木孜塔格地区的赋存二叠纪单通道筵的岩石为浊流与喷溢流成因，也就是说为异地沉积，因而用单通道筵现在的位置来判别冈瓦纳大陆的北界就有其局限性，而且与其共生的生物组合中含有暖温型Misellina动物群，Misellina动物群属特提斯大区的华夏特提斯生物地理分区。上部原地的中厚层生物碎屑灰岩夹珊瑚礁灰岩中含有大量暖水型动物群，如Pseudoshwagerina、Misellina minor、Parafusulinaaustralis。因此把冈瓦纳北界移至木孜塔格一线的证据不够充分。     

REPORT OF THE WORK OF THE GEOGRAPHIC-EXPLORATION PARTY OF THE KOLA EXPEDITION OF 1930

The Niva River valley extending from Lake Imandra to the Kandalaksha Gulf on the Kola peninsula has a complex geologic and geomorphic history of Tertiary to Recent faulting, uplift, glaciation, and marine deposition and erosion. The area's crystalline basement of biotite and hornblende gneisses was folded and faulted but only the faulting is reflected in the existing alignment of streams and lakes. Quaternary alluvium, as thick as 80 meters, was deposited in association with two principal southeast-moving glaciers. Several terraces resulted from intermittent lowering of glacial lakes as lower outlets were developed or as the rate of downcutting varied. in response to lithologic variations of stream channels. Continuing uplift of the Kola peninsula is an additional complex factor in the geomorphologic development of the area. — M. Russell     

就乐平组的穿时论东吴运动

目前普遍认为我国南方上、下二叠统之间存在一平行不整合,并以此代表东吴运动。本文从江西乐平组垂向与横向岩性、岩相变化的资料出发,提出不主张使用“东吴运动”这一专名。所谓“东吴运动”实际上是一次升降运动,规模很有限。时间从茅口期开始一直延续至龙潭期末,大约占有1500万年之久,其中包括了三次次一级的升降。乐平组及其各亚组均有明显的穿时现象。上下二叠统之间总体说来为连续沉积,并不存在平行不整合。     

辽西变质杂岩特征和变质作用的PTt轨迹

辽西早太古宙变质杂岩是由85%～90%长英质片麻岩(主要是英云闪长岩—花岗间长岩—花岗岩组合(简称TTG)的深成花岗杂岩)和10%～15%上壳岩(包括层状火山—沉积岩、脉岩及基性超基性侵入岩等)组成.斜长角闪岩和基性麻粒岩可与世界变质拉斑玄武岩对比.TTG岩石可能由中酸性岩浆与围岩熔融而成.麻粒岩相是中压区域高温变质作用的产物,变质作用的演化为退变质、近等压冷却(IBC)反时针型的PTt轨迹.     

城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场的综合勘查

城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场，必须进行水文地质工程地质环境地质综合勘查。长沙市的生活垃圾卫生填埋场勘查，采用了地形测量、水工环地质综合测绘、工程物探、工程钻探、压（注、抽）水试验、原位测试及室内试验等方法手段，提交的技术成果满足了设计、施工要求。     

地应力对坝基岩体抗滑稳定的效应

在对地应力系统研究的基础上,本文指出地应力场中的坝基岩体稳定分析应考虑计算块体侧面的阻滑力。本文就此提出了一个坝基岩体稳定分析的三维计算方法,并以长江葛洲坝工程坝基岩体为例进行计算。结果表明此稳定分析方法可进一步挖掘岩体稳定的潜力,提高安全系数。     

夏朝前夕洪水发生的可能性及大禹治水真相

文章首先根据古文献学、考古学以及天文学等多学科交叉研究的成果,分析了史前洪水可能发生的时代,然后利用高分辨率的气候代用指标重建了“大禹治水”传说时期的气候背景,推测传说中尧舜禹时期的大洪水发生于4200～4000aB·P.左右,即一次对世界许多地区早期文明发展进程产生重大影响的全球性气候异常时期;根据气候突变与东亚季风降水之间的关系论证了洪水发生的可能性,探讨了大禹治水的历史真相;认为夏朝建立前夕的史前大洪水是真实发生过的,而大禹之所以能够治水成功可能主要得益于4000aB·P.以后的气候好转而并非人力之所为。研究结果较好地解释了多数学者对史前发生洪水的相信但却对大禹能否成功治水的怀疑之间矛盾。     

化石Anabarites的发现及再论玉尔吐斯组的时代归属

本文根据在新疆阿克苏—乌什地区下寒武统玉尔吐斯组中发现的真正Anabarites化石,纠正了过去误定为Anabarites的几个化石,再次论证了玉尔吐斯组的时代归属.与梅树村阶可以对比.本文还阐述了玉尔吐斯组中,与小壳化石共生的高肌虫是一类较原始的最古老的甲壳类高肌虫,区别于筇竹寺阶的高肌虫.     

丽江盆地城市地下水脆弱性评价

选择七个参数，采用DRASTIC方法和GIS技术，对丽江盆地地下水进行脆弱性评价。结果表明：73．2％属于较高脆弱区，25．8％属于高脆弱区，仅有1％为中等区，应杜绝污染性项目，减少化肥、农药施用量，防止地下水污染。     

昆阳磷矿磷块岩的矿物组成

昆阳磷矿是我国下寒武统最大的磷块岩矿床之一,矿层赋存于下寒武统渔户村组的中谊村段地层中(罗惠麟等,1982),矿层有上、下两层,分别称之为“上磷层”和“下磷层”,中间为一“白泥层”(含磷粘土页岩)分隔(Yeh Lien-tsun et al.,)。含磷岩系的岩性序列特征见图5。罗惠麟等认为,本段地层均为台凹相沉积,其中“下磷层”的形成环境为潮下低能及间歇性高能带,“白泥层”为潮下低能带,“上磷层”为潮下高能带,再往上则向潮间坪过渡。本文研究磷块岩的矿物组成,主要是矿石矿物磷灰石和粘土矿物的特点,并讨论磷灰石成份同矿石类型和形成环境等问题。