中国对流层大气辐射平衡

本文根据辐射传输理论和某些物理近似,提出一个计算对流层大气辐射平衡的半经验半理论的气候学方法。使用十年平均气候资料,计算了我国对流层大气的辐射平衡及其有关分量,给出了这些量的分布特征,并简要讨论了影响我国对流层大气辐射平衡的主要因子。     

Possible association of the western Tibetan Plateau snow cover with the decadal to interdecadal variations of northern China heatwave frequency

Northern China has been subject to increased heatwave frequency (HWF) in recent decades, which deteriorates the local droughts and desertification. More than half a billion people face drinking water shortages and worsening ecological environment. In this study, the variability in the western Tibetan Plateau snow cover (TPSC) is observed to have an intimate linkage with the first empirical orthogonal function mode of the summer HWF across China. This distinct leading mode is dominated by the decadal to inter-decadal variability and features a mono-sign pattern with the extreme value center prevailing over northern China and high pressure anomalies at mid- and upper troposphere over Mongolia and the adjacent regions. A simplified general circulation model is utilized to examine the possible physical mechanism. A reduced TPSC anomaly can induce a positive geopotential height anomaly at the mid- and upper troposphere and subsequently enhance the climatological high pressure ridge over Mongolia and the adjacent regions. The subsidence associated with the high pressure anomalies tends to suppress the local cloud formation, which increases the net radiation budget, heats the surface, and favors more heatwaves. On the other hand, the surface heating can excite high pressure anomalies at mid- and upper troposphere. The latter further strengthens the upper troposphere high pressure anomalies over Mongolia and the adjacent regions. Through such positive feedback effect, the TPSC is tied to the interdecadal variations of the northern China HWF.     

我国北方地区对流层中下层臭氧收支

为了揭示我国北方地区对流层中下层臭氧(O₃) 的形成机理以及周边地区的污染输送对我国北方地区对流层中下层O₃收支的影响, 在与外场观测数据比较分析的基础上, 利用全球化学输送模式(MOZART-2) 采用收支分析方法定量分析了影响我国北方地区对流层中下层O₃的各个物理化学过程。结果表明:我国北方地区对流层下层O₃最重要的来源是光化学生成作用, 约占总来源的58.3%(41.5 Tg), 光化学生成反应中HO₂对于O₃生成的贡献最大; 最大的汇是干沉降过程, 约占总汇的43.2%(26.2Tg); 水平净输送作用对我国北方地区对流层中下层O₃收支的影响非常大, 在我国北方地区对流层下层, 41.6%左右的O₃来自水平净输送, 随高度增加, 水平输送影响增大, 我国北方地区对流层中层大约81.5%的O₃来自水平净输送。     

区域海气耦合模式对华北夏季大气水汽输送模拟结果的检验及其与单独气候模式的比较分析

将区域海气耦合模式RegCM3-POM和区域气候模式RegCM3 40年(1963-2002年)的模拟结果与NCEP/NCAR再分析资料进行对比,检验区域海气耦合模式对中国华北地区夏季大气水汽含量和水汽输送特征的模拟能力,比较耦合模式与单独区域气候模式的差异.结果表明,区域海气耦合模式RegCM3-POM的模拟性能相对于单独区域气候模式RegCM3,大气水汽输送特征的模拟能力有了较大的改进.分析显示两种模式都能够较好地再现东哑地区气候平均夏季大气水汽储量浅红和水汽输送的空间分布特征,而耦合模式对大气水汽输送的模拟更为合理.在对流层中低层更接近观测;耦合模式对中国华北地区夏季平均大气水汽输送通量在垂直方向卜的分布型及水平4个边界水汽输送收支的模拟,相对于单独大气模式有了一定的改进;耦合模式对伴随华北地区夏季早涝的大气水汽异常输送也具有较好的模拟能力,其模拟的水汽输送异常的来源与观测基本一致,尤其是在20°N以北地区,耦合模式结果相对于单独区域气候模式有了很大的改进.但同时耦合模式在低纬度海洋上对气候平均夏季大气水汽含量模拟的偏差比区域气候模式显著;与观测相比,耦合模式对来自孟加拉湾地区的大气水汽输送模拟偏弱,而对西太平洋副热带高压西侧水汽输送模拟偏强,与华北夏季旱涝相联系的水汽输送异常的模拟在低纬度海洋上也存在明显偏差.     

A case study on the role of water vapor from Southwest China in downstream heavy rainfall

Based on the observation data analysis and numerical simulation, the development of an eastwardmoving vortex generated in Southwest China during the period 25 27 June 2003 is studied. The water vapor budget analysis indicates that water vapor in the lower troposphere over Southwest China is transported downstream to the Yangtze and Huaihe River valleys by the southwesterly winds south of the vortex center. A potential vortieity （PV） budget analysis reveals that a positive feedback between latent heat release and low-level positive vortieity plays a vital role in the sudden development and eastward movement of the vortex. Numerical simulations are consistent with these results.     

北半球冬季110°—120°E垂直经向环流的年际变化及其与中国东部同期降水的关系

利用NCEP／NCAR再分析月平均风场资料和中国东部120个站的降水资料,分析了1951--2010年北半球冬季110°-120°E经向环流的气候特征,定义了北半球冬季110°-120°E低纬Hadley环流和中高纬气流强度指数,并分析了其强度的长期变化趋势以及对中国东部同期降水的影响。结果表明：（1）北半球冬季110°-120°E经向环流主要包括低纬Hadley环流和中高纬度从高层到低层较-致的偏北下沉气流。（2）北半球冬季110°-120°EHadley环流和中高纬气流强度有明显的年际和年代际变化,二者在长期变化趋势上表现-致,即在1990年以前呈约20a的振荡周期,且波动更大,而在1990年以后呈约10a的振荡周期,波动相对较小。（3）北半球冬季110°-120°E经向环流强度指数对中国东部同期降水的年际变率具有较高的解释率,二者在统计上呈显著的负相关关系。北半球冬季110°-120°EHadley环流强度和中国东部同期降水相关程度大值区集中在江南、华南及江淮地区,中高纬气流强度和中国东部同期降水相关程度大值区集中在西北、江淮及江南地区。（4）东亚地区冬季经向环流异常的显著差异主要表现在中高纬度反向的异常气流和中低纬度反向异常环流圈的变化。强（弱）经向风年,北半球中高纬度从高层到低层为异常的偏北（南）气流,中低纬度对流层存在顺时针（逆时针）方向闭合的异常经向环流,对应中国东部降水显著减少（增多）。     

中国东部地区夏季对流层大气辐射加热的研究

应用TOVS资料及MORTRAN3模式，研究中国东部夏季对流层的太阳短波辐射和红外辐射对大气的加热状况。考虑不同纬度，不同大气状况下12个站点43个样本的太阳加热率和红外冷却率情况，分析发现：在夏季的对流层，太阳加热率随着距地面的高度增加而减小，它的大小及变化率与纬度、天顶角及当时大气的状况有关，同时，太阳加热率也存在日变化。红外冷却率在对流层中、高层有极小值，它的大小及变化率与当时的大气状况及纬度有关。将本文的结果与前人的结论及实况相比较，发现本文较为真实地反映了中国东部地区夏季对流层的辐射加热情况，利用卫星资料计算的结果基本可信，     

RESEARCH ON THE INTERANNUAL AND INTERDECADAL VARIABILITIES OF THE MONSOON TROUGH AND THEIR IMPACTS ON TROPICAL CYCLONE GENESIS OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN

In this paper, we mainly summarize and review the progresses in recent climatological studies (by CMSR, IAP/CAS and some associated domestic and international institutions) on the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of monsoon troughs and their impacts on tropical cyclones and typhoons (TCs) geneses over the western North Pacific Ocean. The climatological characteristics of monsoon troughs and four types of circulation patterns favorable to TCs genesis over the western North Pacific Ocean in summer and autumn are given in this paper. It is also shown in this paper that the monsoon trough over the western North Pacific Ocean has obvious interannual and interdecadal variabilities. Especially, it is revealed in this paper that the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of the monsoon trough over the western North Pacific Ocean influence the TCs genesis not only through the impact on distributions of the vorticity in the lower troposphere and the divergence in the upper troposphere, the water vapor in the mid- and lower troposphere and the vertical shear of wind fields between the upper and lower troposphere over the western North Pacific Ocean, but also through the dynamical effects of the transition between convectively coupled tropical waves and providing disturbance energy. Besides, some climatological problems associated with TCs activity over the western North Pacific Ocean that need to be studied further are also pointed out in this paper.     

五道梁地区的辐射特征

本文分析了1986年中美联合考察期间五道梁站的地面辐射平衡的气候学特征。五道梁地区夏季直接太阳辐射强,空气洁净,大气透明度好。太阳辐射在大气中的削弱以分子散射和臭氧吸收为主。总辐射中以散射为主。光谱反射率中太阳短波反射率为0.13,太阳红外反射率为0.25,雪面上二者接近;反射率受土壤湿度影响明显,在太阳高度角较小时,各波段反射率有不同的变化趋势。地表比辐射率约为0.90。地表净辐射和地面热源强度大。太阳紫外辐射大,占总辐射的比例也大。     

冰晶增长对热量收支的影响

使用二维云分辨模式研究冰晶增长过程(云水到冰晶的冻结增长和通过水汽凝华冰晶到雪的增长)对热量收支的影响。采用4种冰晶增长参数化方案模拟了热带到中纬度地区的4个降水个例。研究发现:(1)高冰核浓度的ZENG方案和SHEN方案引起对流层中上层辐射加热增多,这与它们模拟的冰晶在对流层中上层增多有关。(2)高冰核浓度的ZENG方案导致模拟区域—平均的局地温度变化在对流层上层出现异常减小值,这与它在热带个例中导致垂直热量通量辐合减少和在中纬度个例中导致潜热加热减少有关。(3)尽管高冰核浓度的ZENG方案引起质量加权平均的辐射加热增多,但是它在热带个例中引起地表感热通量减少和在中纬度个例中引起潜热加热减少,最终导致4种参数化方案计算的模拟区域—质量加权平均的局地温度变化基本一致。     

长江中游和下游夏季降水季节内振荡的差异

利用1979~2013年中国站点逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对长江中下游夏季降水的季节内振荡最显著周期进行了分析研究。结果表明长江中游最显著周期为10~30天,长江下游最显著周期为30~60天。为了揭示这种差异产生的物理原因,进一步利用位相合成的方法对这两个区域不同周期的季节内振荡降水、高低空风场和高度场以及垂直结构和水汽等循环过程的演变特征进行分析。在200 hPa环流场上,长江中游的降水主要受到高纬度自西向东传播的波列影响,而长江下游的降水与鄂霍次克海的高度场的变化相关。在风场的垂直涡度和散度的位相结构演变过程中,10~30天的垂直涡度和散度有自北向南的移动,30~60天的垂直涡度和散度在长江以南地区有自南向北的传播。水汽输送的位相发展过程表明,长江中游的水汽分别来自于南海的向北输送和长江以北地区向南的水汽输送;长江下游地区的水汽则主要来自于热带东印度洋经孟加拉湾的向东输送并在南海的北向输送,以及西太平洋水汽向西输送到南海再向长江下游的输送。从高层大尺度环流场和整层积分的水汽通量输送上解释了长江中游10~30天降水的自北向南移动,和长江下游30~60天降水自南向北传播的原因。     

Climate variability in the southern Indian Ocean as revealed by self-organizing maps

Using a non-linear statistical analysis called “self-organizing maps”, the interannual sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the southern Indian Ocean are investigated. The SST anomalies during austral summer from 1951 to 2006 are classified into nine types with differences in the position of positive and negative SST anomaly poles. To investigate the evolution of these SST anomaly poles, heat budget analysis of mixed-layer using outputs from an ocean general circulation model is conducted. The warming of the mixed-layer by the climatological shortwave radiation is enhanced (suppressed) as a result of negative (positive) mixed-layer thickness anomaly over the positive (negative) SST anomaly pole. This contribution from shortwave radiation is most dominant in the growth of SST anomalies. In contrast to the results reported so far, the contribution from latent heat flux anomaly is not so important. The discrepancy in the analysis is explained by the modulation in the contribution from the climatological heat flux by the interannual mixed-layer depth anomaly that was neglected in the past studies.     

季风湿润区夏季水汽收支的年代际变化特征

采用1983—2002年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和我国660站降水资料,对我国东部季风湿润区夏季水汽收支变化与大气环流和我国降水异常特征的关系进行研究。结果表明:20世纪80—90年代夏季水汽收支时间序列表现出明显的年代际变化增加趋势,与降水时间序列的相关系数为0.71;水汽收支高值、低值年代不仅能够指示季风湿润区经向风的异常变化,还能够指示东亚夏季风的强弱和降水异常变化。合成的水汽输送年代际异常在东亚—西太平洋区表现为4个异常环流,异常水汽通量辐合区位于长江流域及以南地区。水汽收支高值年代,亚洲大陆高纬度地区低压偏弱,大陆表面温度及西太平洋海温偏高,我国东部沿海盛行异常偏南风,低层气流辐合、高层气流辐散强,垂直上升运动强烈;低值年代则相反。合成的经向水汽收支占总收支的71.3%,合成的异常降水量最大达100 mm以上。     

What controls equatorial Atlantic winds in boreal spring?

The factors controlling equatorial Atlantic winds in boreal spring are examined using both observations and general circulation model (GCM) simulations from the coupled model intercomparison phase 5. The results show that the prevailing surface easterlies flow against the attendant pressure gradient and must therefore be maintained by other terms in the momentum budget. An important contribution comes from meridional advection of zonal momentum but the dominant contribution is the vertical transport of zonal momentum from the free troposphere to the surface. This implies that surface winds are strongly influenced by conditions in the free troposphere, chiefly pressure gradients and, to a lesser extent, meridional advection. Both factors are linked to the patterns of deep convection. Applying these findings to GCM errors indicates, that, consistent with the results of previous studies, the persistent westerly surface wind bias found in most GCMs is due mostly to precipitation errors, in particular excessive precipitation south of the equator over the ocean and deficient precipitation over equatorial South America. Free tropospheric influences also dominate the interannual variability of surface winds in boreal spring. GCM experiments with prescribed climatological sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) indicate that the free tropospheric influences are mostly associated with internal atmospheric variability. Since the surface wind anomalies in boreal spring are crucial to the development of warm SST events (Atlantic Niños), the results imply that interannual variability in the region may rely far less on coupled air–sea feedbacks than is the case in the tropical Pacific.     

青藏高原地面-对流层系统的能量收支

利用CCM3中的辐射模式CRM，计算了1月和7月地－气系统、地面－对流层系统和地面辐射能收支，研究了青藏高原地面－对流层系统辐射能收支的冬、夏季节特征及其与地面和地－气系统辐射能收支的关系，并与东部平原地区和高原北侧干旱地区比较。文中还讨论了云和高原冬季地面积雪对辐射能收支的影响，比较了大气辐射加热和地面感热通量对夏季高原对流层大气加热的贡献。     

基于拉格朗日方法的江淮梅雨水汽输送特征分析

利用NCEP再分析资料,引入基于拉格朗日方法的气流轨迹模式(HYSPLITv4.9),结合用于海量轨迹分析的气块追踪分析方法,探讨了江淮梅雨气候平均的水汽输送特征以及梅雨异常年水汽输送的差异。结果表明,在气候态下,江淮梅雨的水汽主要来自印度洋、孟加拉湾—中国南海、太平洋和欧亚大陆4个区域,其对江淮梅雨的水汽输送贡献分别为35%、19%、22%和19%。其中,印度洋、孟加拉湾—中国南海和太平洋上的输送气流主要来自850 hPa以下的对流层低层,而欧亚大陆的输送气流主要来自600 hPa左右的对流层中层。进一步对比梅雨异常年水汽输送的差异,发现孟加拉湾—中国南海、太平洋和印度洋的水汽输送对江淮梅雨的异常有重要影响,梅雨偏多年来自孟加拉湾—中国南海的水汽输送较多,其对江淮梅雨的水汽输送贡献为24%,比梅雨偏少年约增加了13%,梅雨偏少年则是来自太平洋和印度洋的水汽输送较多,对江淮梅雨的水汽输送贡献分别达到了40%和30%,比梅雨偏多年约增加了5%和10%。     

气候系统模式FGOALS模拟的南亚夏季风：偏差和原因分析

本文通过与观测和再分析资料的对比,评估了LASG/IAP发展的气候系统模式FGOALS的两个版本FGOALS-g2和FGOALS-s2对南亚夏季风的气候态和年际变率的模拟能力,并使用水汽收支方程诊断,研究了造成降水模拟偏差的原因。结果表明,两个模式夏季气候态降水均在陆地季风槽内偏少,印度半岛附近海域偏多,在降水年循环中表现为夏季北侧辐合带北推范围不足。FGOALS-g2中赤道印度洋"东西型"海温偏差导致模拟的东赤道印度洋海上辐合带偏弱,而FGOALS-s2中印度洋"南北型"海温偏差导致模拟的海上辐合带偏向西南。水汽收支分析表明,两个模式中气候态夏季风降水的模拟偏差主要来自于整层积分的水汽通量,尤其是垂直动力平流项的模拟偏差。一方面,夏季阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾的海温偏冷而赤道西印度洋海温偏暖,造成向印度半岛的水汽输送偏少;另一方面,对流层温度偏冷,冷中心位于印度半岛北部对流层上层,同时季风槽内总云量偏少,云长波辐射效应偏弱,对流层经向温度梯度偏弱以及大气湿静力稳定度偏强引起的下沉异常造成陆地季风槽内降水偏少。在年际变率上,观测中南亚夏季风环流和降水指数与Ni?o3.4指数存在负相关关系,但FGOALS两个版本模式均存在较大偏差。两个模式中与ENSO暖事件相关的沃克环流异常下沉支和对应的负降水异常西移至赤道以南的热带中西印度洋,沿赤道非对称的加热异常令两个模式中越赤道环流季风增强,导致印度半岛南部产生正降水异常。ENSO相关的沃克环流异常下沉支及其对应的负降水异常偏西与两个模式对热带南印度洋气候态降水的模拟偏差有关。研究结果表明,若要提高FGOALS两个版本模式对南亚夏季风气候态模拟技巧,需减小耦合模式对印度洋海温、对流层温度及云的模拟偏差;若要提高南亚夏季风和ENSO相关性模拟技巧需要提高模式对热带印度洋气候态降水以及与ENSO相关的环流异常的模拟能力。     

Study on cut-off low-pressure systems with floods over Northeast Asia

Summary The cut-off lows (COLs) during the period from June to August 1998 leading to the record flood in Northeast Asia, especially in Northeast China, has been investigated in this paper. The results are as follows: the blocking highs benefited significantly the formation and maintenance of COLs over Northeast China; an obvious frontogenesis zone existed in Northeast China and it implies that baroclinity played an important role in the initiation of COLs, especially in middle and upper troposphere; the maxima of the potential vorticity anomaly were located in the upper troposphere, then extended downwards to the middle and the lower troposphere. The pronounced interaction between systems in upper-middle and low troposphere can be revealed; the moisture supply was from South China, and even from East China Sea and South China Sea. The strong southerly current transported very rich moisture to Northeast China. The maximum of the convergence of moisture flux was below 850 hPa. Obvious interaction between the middle and lower latitude systems was found in the study. Also, the summer monsoon showed significant impacts on the sustained heavy rainfalls related with the COLs over Northeast China; the upward motion could be caused by the lifting of the large scale dynamic forcing and there was no obvious releasing of latent heating in the upper-middle troposphere. The cold dome in the COLs was quite different both from the warm core in tropical cyclone and from the weaker warm core in Meiyu (Baiu) front low. The calculation of vorticity budget shows that both the horizontal advection term and horizontal divergence term contributed importantly to the maintenance and the strengthening of positive relative vorticity. Finally, the complex dynamical characteristics regarding the COLs are discussed and further investigation is proposed.     

南海夏季风爆发前后华南地区大气结构和能量收支的变化

本文计算、分析了1981年南海夏季风爆发前后华南地区平均的大气动力学和热力学结构,水汽和能量收支情况。分析表明,在季风爆发前后这些物理量场,特别是垂直运动场,都经历了一次明显的变化。南海夏季风的建立,是以副热带高压从南海东撒,越赤道气流北进为特征。它与以"爆发性涡旋"为开始,降水与西南气流同时开始的印度夏季风有所不同。另外,南海夏季风建立过程,主要变化发生在中、上层大气之中。这说明夏季风的建立,主要是大气环流季节性调整的结果,海陆差异需要有合适的大气环流配合才能产生明显的季风。对大气能量收支的分析表明,夏季风爆发前,华南地区主要是动能向总位能转换。所产生的总位能部分辐散到边界之外,部分消耗在对流层上层非绝热冷却过程之中,因而在对流层下部总位能才有稍明显的增长。夏季风爆发后,整个能量循环几乎相反。总位能大量转换为动能,以维持南海夏季风的增长。而整层大气中的非绝热加热以及总位能的辐合又补充了大气中总位能的损耗。潜热释放是夏季风爆发后大气的主要非绝热加热过程,它是南海夏季风维持,发展的主要能源。      

Summer Extreme Temperatures over East China during 1984-2004 Simulated by LASG/IAP Regional Climate Model CREM

The authors examine extreme summer temperatures over East China during 1984-2004 using a regional climate model named CREM(the Climate version of Regional Eta-coordinate Model),which was developed by LASG/IAP.The results show that the main features of the extreme summer temperatures over East China are reproduced well by CREM,and the skill for the minimum temperature is higher than that for the maximum temperature,especially along the Yangtze-Huai River Valley(YHV).The simulated extreme temperatures are lower than those of observation,especially for the maximum temperature.The bias of extreme temperatures is consistent with the cold bias of the climatological mean summer surface air temperature.The skill of the model in simulating the interannual variability of extreme temperatures increases from north to south.The simulated interannual variation of the minimum temperature is more reasonable than the maximum temperature.The underestimation of net solar radiation at the surface leads to a cold bias of the climatological mean temperature.Furthermore,the model underestimates the light and moderate rain,while overestimates heavy rain.It causes the simulated minimum temperature more reasonable than the maximum temperature.