兴蒙造山区及邻区早白垩世盆地岩石地层格架 与沉积古地理演化

在重点梳理兴蒙造山区及其相邻地区早白垩世地层分布与沉积古地理特征的基础上,从地层沉积学角度探讨了研究区早白垩世沉积盆地特征。兴蒙造山区中东部在晚侏罗世巨厚粗碎屑沉积建造之上发育了巨厚的酸性－中性火山岩－火山碎屑岩与河流－湖泊相沉积岩系,构成中国东北部巨型NE向火山岩－沉积岩带。兴蒙造山区中东部早白垩世早中期以断陷（裂谷）盆地为主,古地貌以高地、河流和湖泊共存为特征,气候温湿且炎热,热河生物群萌生;早白垩世中晚期,北东向地壳强烈伸展并进一步向外围地区扩展,沉积盆地及充填建造和热河生物群也相应地向更广泛区域辐射发展。兴安岭-燕山沉积-火山岩带与古太平洋板块俯冲无关,板内软流圈上涌导致的区域性伸展是其主要的成因动力机制,也是中国东部早白垩世中晚期更大规模区域性伸展作用的序幕。兴蒙东部早白垩世晚期沉积盆地发育和古地理格局受Izanagi板块向亚洲大陆东部俯冲弧后伸展构造机制约束。     

塔里木盆地西南缘中生代沉积古环境恢复

对塔里木盆地西南缘中生代沉积相和沉积环境的研究,不仅可以了解晚三叠世—晚白垩世塔里木板块南缘活动大陆边缘的历次碰撞事件,也为研究新生代中亚地区强烈的陆内变形活动提供了重要信息。本文利用野外地质调查结果和地球物理资料,在沉积相和地震相分析基础上,重建中生代沉积体系和沉积环境。结果表明:塔里木盆地西南缘中生界的原始分布受晚三叠世弧后前陆冲带冲断作用和造山后伸展作用形成的古地形控制。早侏罗世发育了一系列独立分割的小断陷,以巨厚的冲积扇、辫状河三角洲沉积为特征,其受控于NWW—SEE走向的正断层,而非NW—SE走向的古塔拉斯-费尔干纳右旋走滑断裂;早侏罗世晚期—中侏罗世广泛发育滨浅湖和河流-沼泽相沉积,可能存在一个连通了塔里木盆地南缘、吐拉以及柴达木盆地西缘的统一沉积坳陷;至晚侏罗世,冲积环境再次出现,发育的粗粒碎屑岩为早白垩世湖盆扩张前的产物;早白垩世,丰富的陆源碎屑在古昆仑山前形成多个相互叠置的冲积扇—扇三角洲—扇三角洲平原沉积体;晚白垩世,随着海水自西向东侵入,塔里木盆地西南缘陆相碎屑沉积向东逐渐退却,海相沉积占有优势。     

江达—维西陆缘火山弧的形成演化及成矿作用

江达－维西陆缘火山弧为金沙江弧后洋盆向西俯冲消减和斜向碰撞过程中形成,其过程经历了俯冲造弧－碰撞成弧－张裂成盆的复杂发展历史。早二叠世晚期－晚二叠世（Ｐ＾２１－Ｐ２）形成储冲型弧火山岩,早中三叠世（Ｔ１＋２）形成碰撞型弧火山岩,晚三叠世早期（Ｔ＾１３）于裂谷盆地中发育“双峰式”火山岩。晚三叠世早期（Ｔ＾１３）裂谷分国地从北向南形成生达－车所－鲁麻弧后盆地、徐中－鲁春－红坡上叠（弧后）裂谷盆地和箐口     

内蒙古东北部额尔古纳地区上护林-向阳盆地中生代 火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学特征

LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,研究区中生代火山岩可分为2期,分别是早白垩世早期(约144Ma)吉祥峰组流纹岩类和早白垩世晚期(约125Ma)上库力组流纹岩类与梅勒图组玄武岩类。早白垩世早期吉祥峰组流纹岩富硅、富碱、富钾(K2O/Na2O>1),富集轻稀土元素和Rb、Th、U等元素,亏损重稀土元素、高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)及Sr、P,具有A型流纹岩的特征,暗示其形成于伸展环境。早白垩世晚期火山岩显示双峰式岩石组合特征,基性端元富碱、高钾,富含轻稀土元素和Rb、Ba,亏损重稀土元素和高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti、Y),类似于钾玄质玄武岩,酸性端元显示A型流纹岩的特征。双峰式火山岩组合的存在暗示其形成于陆内拉张的构造环境。结合区域上中生代火山岩的空间分布规律,认为早白垩世早期火山岩的形成与蒙古-鄂霍次克缝合带的演化有关,早白垩世晚期双峰式火山岩的形成与古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆下的俯冲作用相联系。     

日喀则弧前盆地碎屑铬尖晶石地球化学与物源判别

该工作在藏南日喀则弧前盆地砂岩中发现了大量碎屑铬尖晶石。电子探针化学成分分析显示这些铬尖晶石具有高铬(铬指数Cr#为0.52~0.89)、低Fe3+含量(Fe3+/ Fe2+<0.5)、低TiO2含量(多小于0.2%)的特征,指示这些铬尖晶石来源于与洋壳俯冲作用有关的橄榄岩和火成岩,因此弧火山岩和SSZ型蛇绿岩套是其最可能的物源。考虑到日喀则弧前盆地的碎屑物主要来源于拉萨地体,而拉萨地体北侧的班公-怒江缝合带的碎屑物质不可能穿过晚白垩世时期已经隆起的冈底斯岩浆弧。笔者推测,铬尖晶石可能来自于冈底斯弧和拉萨地体内部已经消失的古蛇绿岩套。     

内蒙古东北部额尔古纳地区上护林-向阳盆地中生代火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学特征

LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,研究区中生代火山岩可分为2期,分别是早白垩世早期（约144Ma）吉祥峰组流纹岩类和早白垩世晚期（约125Ma）上库力组流纹岩类与梅勒图组玄武岩类。早白垩世早期吉祥峰组流纹岩富硅、富碱、富钾（K2O/Na2O〉1）,富集轻稀土元素和Rb、Th、U等元素,亏损重稀土元素、高场强元素（Nb、Ta、Ti）及Sr、P,具有A型流纹岩的特征,暗示其形成于伸展环境。早白垩世晚期火山岩显示双峰式岩石组合特征,基性端元富碱、高钾,富含轻稀土元素和Rb、Ba,亏损重稀土元素和高场强元素（Nb、Ta、Ti、Y）,类似于钾玄质玄武岩,酸性端元显示A型流纹岩的特征。双峰式火山岩组合的存在暗示其形成于陆内拉张的构造环境。结合区域上中生代火山岩的空间分布规律,认为早白垩世早期火山岩的形成与蒙古-鄂霍次克缝合带的演化有关,早白垩世晚期双峰式火山岩的形成与古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆下的俯冲作用相联系。     

准噶尔盆地南缘中-新生界碎屑成份特征与构造期次

准噶尔盆地南缘晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期、晚白垩世及晚新生代发育的近源粗碎屑沉积显示构造活动的存在。野外剖面及镜下碎屑成份统计表明:砾岩的砾石成份、砂岩碎屑成份的物源属性主要是再旋回造山带和晚古生代的岩浆弧,但盆地南缘东段与西段的岩屑组成及物源属性存在较大的差异。其中,沉积岩岩屑在晚侏罗世—早白垩世早期、晚白垩世和晚新生代发生了相应的增加,显示盆缘沉积岩物源的隆升—剥蚀作用和构造活动的相对活跃。砂岩碎屑特征、重矿物相对含量及重矿物组合特征证明盆地南缘东、西两段的物源属性存在较大差异,特别是不稳定重矿物的增加显示晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期、晚白垩世和晚新生代为构造相对活跃的构造环境。综合中-新生界沉积碎屑特征及差异分析,准噶尔盆地南缘中-新生代盆山格局发生了3次较大的转变过程,分别对应于上述3个时期。中-新生代3次构造活动对含油气系统形成具有重要控制作用,构造活动期次与油气藏形成、调整的期次也有良好的对应关系。     

中国东北中生代构造体制与区域成矿背景: 来自中生代火山岩组合时空变化的制约

本文系统总结了东北地区中生代火山岩的年代学、岩石组合及其时空分布规律,以便对环太平洋构造体系和蒙古——鄂霍茨克构造体系中生代的演化历史及其东北地区中生代区域成矿背景给出制约。基于火山岩中锆石U——Pb定年结果,东北地区中生代火山作用可划分成六期:晚三叠世(200～228Ma)、早——中侏罗世(173～190Ma)、中——晚侏罗世(158～166Ma)、早白垩世早期(138～145Ma)、早白垩世晚期(106～133Ma)和晚白垩世(88～97Ma)。晚三叠世火山作用主要分布在吉黑东部和小兴安岭——张广才岭地区,前者为A型流纹岩,后者为双峰式火山岩组合,它们共同揭示了古亚洲洋最终闭合后的伸展环境;早——中侏罗世火山岩主要分布在吉黑东部、小兴安岭——张广才岭和额尔古纳地区,吉黑东部和额尔古纳地区早——中侏罗世钙碱性火山岩的存在分别标志着古太平洋板块和蒙古——鄂霍茨克洋板块俯冲作用的发生,而小兴安岭——张广才岭早——中侏罗世火山岩则以双峰式火成岩组合为特征,反映了双向俯冲的弧后伸展环境;中——晚侏罗世和早白垩世早期火山岩主要分布在松辽盆地以西和冀北——辽西地区,前者为碱性——亚碱性的过渡系列,主要由玄武粗安岩、粗安岩和少量粗面岩组成,后者为A型流纹岩或碱性流纹岩组成,这些火山岩形成于加厚陆壳的坍塌或拆沉阶段;早白垩世晚期火山岩广泛分布于东北地区,吉黑东部为钙碱性火山岩组合,而松辽盆地和大兴安岭地区则主要为双峰式火山岩组合,前者标志着古太平洋板块的俯冲,后者与早期加厚陆壳的拆沉和/或类似弧后的伸展环境有关;晚白垩世火山岩主要分布在吉黑东部和陆内,前者为钙碱性火山岩组合,后者为碱性玄武岩,反映了来自东部环太平洋构造体系的俯冲作用。综合上述中生代火山岩的岩石组合及时空分布特征,可以判定:1)环太平洋构造体系对东亚大陆下的俯冲始于早侏罗世,中生代期间存在早侏罗世、早白垩世晚期和晚白垩世三次俯冲事件,其影响的空间范围主要在松辽盆地及其以东地区,陆缘和古俯冲带是寻找斑岩型矿床的有利场所,而陆内的伸展区域主要与浅成低温热液矿床有关;2)蒙古——鄂霍茨克构造体系经历了中生代早期的俯冲事件和中侏罗世及早白垩世早期两次陆内推覆事件,其影响的空间范围主要在松辽盆地以西地区和华北地块北缘,中生代早期的俯冲事件主要与活动陆缘背景下的斑岩型矿床关系密切,而晚侏罗世和早白垩世两次与加厚陆壳拆沉有关的伸展背景有利于多金属矿床的形成。     

裂谷作用对层序地层充填样式的控制——以西非裂谷系Termit盆地下白垩统为例

Termit盆地位于尼日尔东南部,属于西非裂谷系的北延部分,是发育于前寒武系—侏罗系基底之上的中、新生代裂谷盆地。该盆地早白垩世—古近纪经历了"裂谷—坳陷—裂谷"的构造演化过程及"陆相—海相—陆相"的沉积演化过程,表现为晚白垩世大规模海侵、早白垩世和古近纪两期裂谷叠置的特点。基于构造作用影响裂谷盆地层序发育的观点,分析了Termit盆地下白垩统裂谷阶段内的层序地层充填样式。根据裂谷作用的强弱,将早白垩世裂谷阶段划分为裂谷初始期、裂谷深陷期及裂谷萎缩期3个阶段。裂谷初始期层序断裂活动弱,构造沉降小,长轴物源体系较为发育,陡坡带为加积至退积型河流或三角洲沉积,缓坡带发育加积型河流或三角洲体系。裂谷深陷期层序断裂活动强烈,构造沉降大,陡坡带形成退积型水下扇或滑塌扇沉积,缓坡带发育退积型三角洲体系,盆地中心为泥岩充填。裂谷萎缩期层序断裂活动减弱并趋于停止,陡坡带为进积型扇三角洲沉积,缓坡带发育进积型三角洲体系。研究表明:裂谷作用对层序地层充填样式具有明显的控制作用,以构造作用为主线的裂谷盆地层序地层分析方法,能有效预测沉积体系和储层分布。     

青藏东缘昌都-思茅构造带中新生代陆内裂谷作用

中三叠世末,三江联合地体形成,昌都—思茅构造带进入陆内演化阶段,堑垒相间的古地貌、具双峰式火山岩的火山-沉积组合、显双峰特点以及普具伸展因子的岩浆作用等显示,其在晚三叠世至新生代发生了广泛的陆内裂谷作用。裂谷岩浆活动主要为两侧火山地堑发育的双峰式火山活动,同期的岩浆侵入活动也呈双峰态势。岩浆喷发活动具有东强西弱的特点,其中东部江达—云岭—绿春地堑带,因局部出现洋壳而具有陆间裂谷性质;岩浆侵入活动自印支晚期向燕山期具有规模减小、范围增大的特点,到燕山期、喜马拉雅期,中央地带也发生岩浆侵入活动,形成中央热隆带。岩浆侵入活动具有明显继承性,由于昌都—思茅地体两侧于晚海西期至中三叠世发育陆源岩浆弧,岩浆岩在岩石化学上或多或少显弧岩浆特点。陆内裂谷作用在中生代经历了火山-地堑、陆内岩石圈挠曲凹陷演化阶段。裂谷作用持续到了新生代。     

Tectonic evolution of the southern margin of Laurasia in the Black Sea region

The Black Sea region comprises Gondwana-derived continental blocks and oceanic subduction complexes accreted to Laurasia. The core of Laurasia is made up of an Archaean–Palaeoproterozoic shield, whereas the Gondwana-derived blocks are characterized by a Neoproterozoic basement. In the early Palaeozoic, a Pontide terrane collided and amalgamated to the core of Laurasia, as part of the Avalonia–Laurasia collision. From the Silurian to Carboniferous, the southern margin of Laurasia was a passive margin. In the late Carboniferous, a magmatic arc, represented by part of the Pontides and the Caucasus, collided with this passive margin with the Carboniferous eclogites marking the zone of collision. This Variscan orogeny was followed by uplift and erosion during the Permian and subsequently by Early Triassic rifting. Northward subduction under Laurussia during the Late Triassic resulted in the accretion of an oceanic plateau, whose remnants are preserved in the Pontides and include Upper Triassic eclogites. The Cimmeride orogeny ended in the Early Jurassic, and in the Middle Jurassic the subduction jumped south of the accreted complexes, and a magmatic arc was established along the southern margin of Laurasia. There is little evidence for subduction during the latest Jurassic–Early Cretaceous in the eastern part of the Black Sea region, which was an area of carbonate sedimentation. In contrast, in the Balkans there was continental collision during this period. Subduction erosion in the Early Cretaceous removed a large crustal slice south of the Jurassic magmatic arc. Subduction in the second half of the Early Cretaceous is evidenced by eclogites and blueschists in the Central Pontides and by a now buried magmatic arc. A continuous extensional arc was established only in the Late Cretaceous, coeval with the opening of the Black Sea as a back-arc basin.     

冈底斯新元古代-中生代沉积盆地演化

青藏高原冈底斯地处印度河-雅鲁藏布江结合带和班公湖-双湖-怒江对接带之间, 其经历了复杂的沉积-岩浆演化史.将青藏高原冈底斯地层区划分为8个构造-地层分区, 并分时段对各个分区的沉积特征进行归纳, 总结了冈底斯从新元古代到中生代沉积盆地的发展与演化历史: 冈底斯震旦纪由陆缘裂谷开始演化; 晚古生代, 前期以稳定宽阔的碳酸盐岩沉积为主, 发育碳酸盐岩台地与台盆, 从石炭纪起, 开始转化为伸展性质的裂陷大陆边缘, 盆地类型主要为陆缘裂谷; 中生代, 班公湖-怒江特提斯洋向南与雅鲁藏布新特提斯洋向北双向俯冲, 大部分区域早期处于隆升状态, 中生代末期发育大型的岩浆弧带, 盆地类型以弧间盆地和弧前盆地为主.      

Cretaceous extensional and compressional tectonics in the Northwestern Andes,prior to the collision with the Caribbean oceanic plateau

The Cretaceous units exposed in the northwestern segment of the Colombian Andes preserve the record of extensional and compressional tectonics prior to the collision with Caribbean oceanic terranes. We integrated field, stratigraphic, sedimentary provenance, whole rock geochemistry, Nd isotopes and U-Pb zircon data to understand the Cretaceous tectonostratigraphic and magmatic record of the Colombian Andes. The results suggest that several sedimentary successions including the Abejorral Fm. were deposited on top of the continental basement in an Early Cretaceous backarc basin (150–100 Ma). Between 120 and 100 Ma, the appearance of basaltic and andesitic magmatism (~115–100 Ma), basin deepening, and seafloor spreading were the result of advanced stages of backarc extension. A change to compressional tectonics took place during the Late Cretaceous (100–80 Ma). During this compressional phase, the extended blocks were reincorporated into the margin, closing the former Early Cretaceous backarc basin. Subsequently, a Late Cretaceous volcanic arc was built on the continental margin; as a result, the volcanic rocks of the Quebradagrande Complex were unconformably deposited on top of the faulted and folded rocks of the Abejorral Fm. Between the Late Cretaceous and the Paleocene (80–60 Ma), an arc-continent collision between the Caribbean oceanic plateau and the South-American continental margin deformed the rocks of the Quebradagrande Complex and shut-down the active volcanic arc. Our results suggest an Early Cretaceous extensional event followed by compressional tectonics prior to the collision with the Caribbean oceanic plateau.     

冈底斯弧的岩浆作用：从新特提斯俯冲到印度亚洲碰撞

位于青藏高原南部的冈底斯岩浆弧形成于中生代新特提斯大洋岩石圈的长期俯冲过程中,而且在印度与亚洲大陆碰撞过程中叠加了强烈的新生代岩浆作用,是世界上典型的复合型大陆岩浆弧,已经成为研究汇聚板块边缘岩浆作用和大陆地壳生长与再造的天然实验室。基于对现有研究成果的总结,我们将冈底斯岩浆弧的岩浆构造演化划分为5个阶段：第1阶段发生在晚白垩世之前,以新特提斯洋岩石圈长期正常俯冲和钙碱性弧岩浆岩的发育为特征;第2阶段发生在晚白垩世时期,以活动的新特提斯洋中脊发生俯冲和强烈的岩浆作用与显著的新生地壳生长为特征;第3阶段发生在晚白垩世晚期,以残余的新特提斯大洋岩石圈俯冲和正常弧型岩浆作用为特征;第4阶段发生在古新世至中始新世,以印度与亚洲大陆碰撞、俯冲的新特提斯洋岩石圈回转和断离,及其诱发的幔源岩浆作用、新生和古老地壳的强烈再造为特征;第5阶段为发生在晚渐新世到中中新世的后碰撞阶段,深俯冲印度岩石圈的回转和断离,或加厚岩石圈地幔的对流移去导致了加厚下地壳的部分熔融和埃达克质岩石的广泛发育,同时伴随幔源钾质超钾质岩浆作用。冈底斯弧岩浆作用与岩浆成分的系统时空变化很好地记录了从新特提斯洋俯冲到印度亚洲大陆碰撞的完整构造演化过程。     

西藏冈底斯东段墨竹工卡地区洞中拉辉绿玢岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年及意义

洞中拉地区的辉绿玢岩出露于冈底斯弧背断隆带东段,地质研究程度很低,过去一直认为形成于古生代二叠纪。为精确地限制洞中拉辉绿玢岩的形成时代,对冈底斯东段墨竹工卡县洞中拉地区的辉绿玢岩进行锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年,结果显示洞中拉辉绿玢岩的年龄为117.1Ma±1.0Ma,为早白垩世中期。与冈底斯带中北部地区带状岩浆大爆发的年龄(大约110Ma)时限和冈底斯弧后裂谷拉张作用的时限(120～95Ma)相一致。洞中拉辉绿玢岩可能是冈底斯弧背断隆东段早白垩世弧间裂谷阶段岩浆侵位的产物,与班公湖-怒江特提斯洋壳向南、新特提斯洋壳向北的双向俯冲有关。     

西藏中冈底斯扎布耶茶卡北部晚侏罗世则弄群火山岩的锆石U-Pb年代学及其成因意义

冈底斯带晚中生代构造演化模式一直存在争议。此次研究了中冈底斯带扎布耶茶卡北部区域则弄群火山岩的野外特 征和锆石U-Pb年龄。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,扎布耶茶卡北部则弄群火山岩主要喷发于154.2~142.1 Ma。研究首次获得 晚侏罗世的则弄群火山岩年龄为154 Ma,比前人提出的则弄群火山岩浆活动起始时间（130 Ma） 提前了24 Ma,据此将则 弄群的时代定为晚侏罗世至早白垩世。根据研究获得的最新年代学数据,结合冈底斯带火山岩的前人研究资料,显示冈底 斯带中生代弧火山岩具有从南向北逐渐年轻的趋势。因此,最早期南冈底斯弧中生代火山岩可能与新特提斯洋板片北向俯 冲有关,晚侏罗世至早白垩世的中冈底斯带弧火山岩受到了新特提斯洋板片北向俯冲和班公湖-怒江洋板片南向俯冲的双 重影响,早白垩世中期的北冈底斯带弧火山岩则与班公湖-怒江洋板片的南向俯冲密切相关。研究成果为冈底斯带晚中生 代构造演化模式提供了火山岩方面的新证据。     

The Late Cretaceous-Paleogene active margin of Northeastern Asia: Geodynamic setting of terrigenous sedimentary basins in the Central Koryak terrane

The northeastern segment of the Late Cretaceous suprasubduction Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt is not an analogue of Andean-type continental margin. During its formation, the belt was separated from the Paleopacific by a complexly built assembly that comprised the Central Koryak continental block and the Essoveem volcanic arc at its margin. Various types of independent terrigenous sedimentary basins were formed in the Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene at the subsided portion of the microcontinent and its slope. The Uchkhichkhil-type basin was characterized by deposition of polymictic clastic sediments produced during erosion of the volcanic arc and pyroclastic material derived from active volcanic centers of this arc that extended along the microcontinent margin that faced the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt. The deposition of quartz-feldspathic flyschoid sequences as products of scouring of sialic basement of the continental block was inherent to the Ukelayat type of sedimentation. The closure of the minor oceanic basin that separated the Asian margin from microcontinent in the late Campanian resulted in the cessation of subduction-related activity of the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt and the Essoveem arc and initiated the formation of the Late Cretaceous accretionary margin of Asia. The deep structure of the central Koryak Highland deduced from the results of seismic surveying with the earthquake converted-wave method has corroborated the geotectonic interpretation.     

闽西武夷山建宁—泰宁地区白垩纪火山-沉积序列:对华南东部晚中生代构造演化的制约

闽西武夷山建宁—泰宁地区发育2套白垩纪火山-沉积序列,构成2个火山-沉积旋回,每套序列由下部火山岩和上部沉积岩地层组成.锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学分析显示,早期中酸性火山岩喷发时代为早白垩世141～135 Ma,具有陆缘火山弧的地球化学亲缘性,并富集Hf同位素(-20.2～1.9);而晚期火山岩活动集中在早、晚白垩世之交(105～97 Ma),呈现弧后伸展特征并相对亏损Hf同位素(-16.1～10.2).通过这两套白垩纪火山-沉积序列区域对比,发现早、晚两套火山活动之间的岩浆活动宁静期呈现自南西向北东逐渐消减的趋势,于120 Ma前后基本结束,这个时期在华南东部陆缘加积了一套河湖相沉积地层,并遭受不同程度的挤压变形.晚期火山-沉积序列受到伸展断陷盆地的控制,其中加积了一套含膏盐红层沉积.研究认为,华南东部陆缘白垩纪2套火山-沉积序列记录了该陆缘2个显著不同的构造演化阶段,从早期陆缘火山弧及其挤压变形到晚期的弧后伸展和断陷湖盆的发展历程.     

Prolonged Variscan to Alpine history of an active Eurasian margin (Georgia, Armenia) revealed by Ar/Ar dating

Variscan to Alpine magmatic activity on the North Tethys active Eurasian margin in the Caucasus region is revealed by ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages from rocks sampled in the Georgian Crystalline basement and exotic blocs in the Armenian foreland basin. These ages provide insights into the long duration of magmatic activity and related metamorphic history of the margin, with: (1) a phase of transpression with little crustal thickening during the Variscan cycle, evidenced by HT-LP metamorphism at 329–337 Ma; (2) a phase of intense bimodal magmatism at the end of the Variscan cycle, between 303 and 269 Ma, which is interpreted as an ongoing active margin during this period; (3) further evolution of the active margin evidenced by migmatites formed at ca. 183 Ma in a transpressive setting; (4) paroxysmal arc plutonic activity during the Jurassic (although the active magmatic arc was located farther south than the studied crystalline basements) with metamorphic rocks of the Eurasian basement sampled in the Armenian foreland basin dated at 166 Ma; (5) rapid cooling suggested by similar within-error ages of amphibole and muscovite sampled from the same exotic block in the Armenian fore-arc basin, ascribed to rapid exhumation related to extensional tectonics in the arc; and finally (6) cessation of ‘Andean’-type magmatic arc history in the Upper Cretaceous. Remnants of magmatic activity in the Early Cretaceous are found in the Georgian crystalline basement at c. 114 Ma, which is ascribed to flat slab subduction of relatively hot oceanic crust. This event corresponds to the emplacement of an oceanic seamount above the N Armenian ophiolite at 117 Ma. The activity of a hot spot between the active Eurasian margin and the South Armenian Block is thought to have heated and thickened the Neo-Tethys oceanic crust. Finally, the South Eurasian margin was uplifted and transported over this hot oceanic crust, resulting in the cessation of subduction and the erosion of the southern edge of the margin in Upper Cretaceous times. Emplacement of Eocene volcanics stitches all main collisional structures.