多频多模GNSS接收机差分相位偏差的短期时变特性

随着中国北斗三号全球导航卫星系统(BeiDou-3 Navigation Satellite System,BDS-3)的建成、欧盟伽利略系统(Galileo)及日本准天顶卫星系统(quasi-zenith satellite system,QZSS)的发展,越来越多的卫星可用于反演大气电离层.通常,接收机差分码偏差(differential code biases,DCB)的短时变化被认为是利用全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)反演电离层的重要误差来源,然而,有研究表明,接收机差分相位偏差(differential phase biases,DPB)的短时变化也有可能影响电离层反演的精度和可靠性.为此,本文提出了基于站间单差模型并采用不变换参考星策略来估计接收机DPB的方法,可实现接收机DPB的连续估计.基于几台可跟踪BDS-3信号的多频多模接收机采集的数据,对BDS-3、Galileo、GPS和QZSS重叠频率组合的DPB进行了分析.结果表明,四系统的接收机DPB日变化都是很明显的,并且和温度有很强的相关性;基于不同系统重叠频率组合的DPB之间存在强相关;基于相同类型接收机的DPB的变化也存在明显的相关性.     

M_DCB: Matlab code for estimating GNSS satellite and receiver differential code biases

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) have been widely used to monitor variations in the earth’s ionosphere by estimating total electron content (TEC) using dual-frequency observations. Differential code biases (DCBs) are one of the important error sources in estimating precise TEC from GNSS data. The International GNSS Service (IGS) Analysis Centers have routinely provided DCB estimates for GNSS satellites and IGS ground receivers, but the DCBs for regional and local network receivers are not provided. Furthermore, the DCB values of GNSS satellites or receivers are assumed to be constant over 1?day or 1?month, which is not always the case. We describe Matlab code to estimate GNSS satellite and receiver DCBs for time intervals from hours to days; the software is called M_DCB. The DCBs of GNSS satellites and ground receivers are tested and evaluated using data from the IGS GNSS network. The estimates from M_DCB show good agreement with the IGS Analysis Centers with a mean difference of less than 0.7?ns and an RMS of less than 0.4?ns, even for a single station DCB estimate.     

Phase center modeling for LEO GPS receiver antennas and its impact on precise orbit determination

Most satellites in a low-Earth orbit (LEO) with demanding requirements on precise orbit determination (POD) are equipped with on-board receivers to collect the observations from Global Navigation Satellite systems (GNSS), such as the Global Positioning System (GPS). Limiting factors for LEO POD are nowadays mainly encountered with the modeling of the carrier phase observations, where a precise knowledge of the phase center location of the GNSS antennas is a prerequisite for high-precision orbit analyses. Since 5 November 2006 (GPS week 1400), absolute instead of relative values for the phase center location of GNSS receiver and transmitter antennas are adopted in the processing standards of the International GNSS Service (IGS). The absolute phase center modeling is based on robot calibrations for a number of terrestrial receiver antennas, whereas compatible antenna models were subsequently derived for the remaining terrestrial receiver antennas by conversion (from relative corrections), and for the GNSS transmitter antennas by estimation. However, consistent receiver antenna models for space missions such as GRACE and TerraSAR-X, which are equipped with non-geodetic receiver antennas, are only available since a short time from robot calibrations. We use GPS data of the aforementioned LEOs of the year 2007 together with the absolute antenna modeling to assess the presently achieved accuracy from state-of-the-art reduced-dynamic LEO POD strategies for absolute and relative navigation. Near-field multipath and cross-talk with active GPS occultation antennas turn out to be important and significant sources for systematic carrier phase measurement errors that are encountered in the actual spacecraft environments. We assess different methodologies for the in-flight determination of empirical phase pattern corrections for LEO receiver antennas and discuss their impact on POD. By means of independent K-band measurements, we show that zero-difference GRACE orbits can be significantly improved from about 10 to 6 mm K-band standard deviation when taking empirical phase corrections into account, and assess the impact of the corrections on precise baseline estimates and further applications such as gravity field recovery from kinematic LEO positions.     

苏通大桥形变的GPS动态监测

针对目前大桥监测的现状及各种监测方法的优缺点,该文结合苏通大桥运营情况,研究了GPS动态监测的原理、系统组成、坐标转换及监测注意事项,并对其进行了GPS动态监测试验。采集了桥面沿轴线方向、横向及竖向位移数据,对大桥在温度、风荷、车载等因素影响下的运营期大桥响应情况进行了分析。表明大桥轴线方向位移与温度正相关,1/4跨处相关系数为0.859;竖向位移与温度负相关,1/4跨处相关系数-0.817。并对数据进行了频谱分析,分析结果表明频谱没有明显变化;大桥各方向振幅在安全范围内,表明运营期的大桥十分健康;同时也表明GPS动态系统监测结果是可靠的。     

GPS Dynamic Monitoring Analysis of Long-Span Experiment and Result Cable-Stayed Bridge

For the sake of timely appraising the working condition of the bridge, measuring the dynamic Characteristics of the bridge structure is very important and necessary. A GPS dynamic monitoring test was carried out in the Wuhan Baishazhou Bridge, which is one of the longest span cable-stayed bridges having been built in China. This paper introduces the experimental implementing scheme and data processing method. The vibration characteristics of the middle span of cable-stayed bridge are availably obtained by use of the spectral analytic approach. The measuring results are very identical to the theoretical designed values. The research demonstrates that, with GPS receiver of the high sampling rate and suitable data processing method, the vibration characteristics of the bridge structure can be determined with high accuracy.     

BDS/GPS载波相位定位病态性对比分析

针对BDS/GPS载波相位定位的病态性问题,该文提出了采用条件数法对比分析BDS/GPS在我国不同地区、不同时段载波相位定位病态性及其在8个地面站的定位精度因子PDOP值变化情况,其中PDOP值能够反映单点定位的病态性。研究结果表明:BDS在我国大部分地区可用性良好,且其平均PDOP值随纬度的增大而线性增加;然而,BDS导航定位的病态性程度比GPS更为严重,BDS载波相位定位病态性程度不仅随观测时长变化,还与所处的位置变化有关,而GPS几乎不受观测地点的影响。研究成果可在BDS/GPS模糊度的快速、准确固定方面提供参考。     

GPS动态观测数据的周跳探测与修复及其分析

从探测与修复周跳的观测值线性组合人手,分析非差方式下M-W组合和电离层残差组合对周跳的探测能力,探讨两种组合相结合的优越性.研究分析相结合算法对地面低动态数据和星载GPS高动态数据的适应能力,实验结果表明此算法对GPS双频动态观测数据的周跳探测、修复具有较好的适用性和实用性.     

GPS动态监测数据优化分析及变形特征的提取

GPS变形监测系统中的监测点的观测资料是与时间有关的信号序列,本文研究应用小波分析优化流程,结合苏通大桥GPS变形监测系统获取的监测点数据序列进行分析.结果表明,选择合适的小波基函数,对数据信号进行小波分解与重构,可以有效地从受到强噪声干扰的监测数据序列中提取有用的特征信号,较好解决了传统处理技术对GPS动态观测数据去噪以及特征信息提取的局限性.     

天线相位中心改正模型对南极GPS基线解算的影响

针对南极地区全球定位系统(GPS)数据解算结果精度较差的问题,该文通过选取合适的解算策略来得到高精度的解算结果。采用GAMIT软件对我国南极地区的长城站、中山站及周边的11个IGS站进行数据处理,对比分析了不使用天线相位中心改正模型以及相对和绝对天线相位中心改正模型对基线解算的影响。结果表明,在南极地区进行高精度GPS数据处理时应考虑天线相位中心的影响,绝对相位中心改正模型比相对相位中心改正模型得到的结果更为精确。     

Surface deformation analysis of dense GPS networks based on intrinsic geometry: deterministic and stochastic aspects

In this contribution, the regularized Earth’s surface is considered as a graded 2D surface, namely a curved surface, embedded in a Euclidean space . Thus, the deformation of the surface could be completely specified by the change of the metric and curvature tensors, namely strain tensor and tensor of change of curvature (TCC). The curvature tensor, however, is responsible for the detection of vertical displacements on the surface. Dealing with eigenspace components, e.g., principal components and principal directions of 2D symmetric random tensors of second order is of central importance in this study. Namely, we introduce an eigenspace analysis or a principal component analysis of strain tensor and TCC. However, due to the intricate relations between elements of tensors on one side and eigenspace components on other side, we will convert these relations to simple equations, by simultaneous diagonalization. This will provide simple synthesis equations of eigenspace components (e.g., applicable in stochastic aspects). The last part of this research is devoted to stochastic aspects of deformation analysis. In the presence of errors in measuring a random displacement field (under the normal distribution assumption of displacement field), the stochastic behaviors of eigenspace components of strain tensor and TCC are discussed. It is applied by a numerical example with the crustal deformation field, through the Pacific Northwest Geodetic Array permanent solutions in period January 1999 to January 2004, in Cascadia Subduction Zone. Due to the earthquake which occurred on 28 February 2001 in Puget Sound (M _w > 6.8), we performed computations in two steps: the coseismic effect and the postseismic effect of this event. A comparison of patterns of eigenspace components of deformation tensors (corresponding the seismic events) reflects that: among the estimated eigenspace components, near the earthquake region, the eigenvalues have significant variations, but eigendirections have insignificant variations.     

高动态载波锁相环设计和性能分析

常规的二阶载波跟踪环路由于环路带宽的限制,无法满足接收机高动态条件下的环路跟踪,为了解决环路的高动态应力引起的噪声响应对环路带宽的要求,需要合并动态应力到误差跟踪控制信号才能满足高动态的性能要求.本文从载波跟踪二阶环路的结构入手,对利用外界速度辅助的三阶环路进行动态稳定性和稳定误差性能进行仿真计算和性能分析,结果表明这种有外界速度辅助的三阶载波锁相环路可以改善信号跟踪环路的动态应力性能.     

Medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances observed by GPS receiver network in Japan: a short review

Medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTID) are wave-like perturbations of the ionospheric plasma with wavelengths of several hundred kilometres and velocities of several hundred metres per second. MSTID is one of the most common ionospheric phenomena that generally induce the perturbations of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) by ∼10¹⁶ electron/m², which corresponds to ∼54 ns (16.2 cm) delay at GPS L1 signal. In the past decade, several new characteristics on MSTIDs have been revealed by the TEC observations using the dense GPS receiver network in Japan. In this paper, we provide a short review of these new observations and summarize the morphological characteristics of MSTIDs in Japan.     

Determining receiver biases in GPS-derived total electron content in the auroral oval and polar cap region using ionosonde measurements

Global Positioning System (GPS) total electron content (TEC) measurements, although highly precise, are often rendered inaccurate due to satellite and receiver differential code biases (DCBs). Calculated satellite DCB values are now available from a variety of sources, but receiver DCBs generally remain an undertaking of receiver operators and processing centers. A procedure for removing these receiver DCBs from GPS-derived ionospheric TEC at high latitudes, using Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde (CADI) measurements, is presented. Here, we will test the applicability of common numerical methods for estimating receiver DCBs in high-latitude regions and compare our CADI-calibrated GPS vertical TEC (vTEC) measurements to corresponding International GNSS Service IONEX-interpolated vTEC map data. We demonstrate that the bias values determined using the CADI method are largely independent of the topside model (exponential, Epstein, and α-Chapman) used. We further confirm our results via comparing bias-calibrated GPS vTEC with those derived from incoherent scatter radar (ISR) measurements. These CADI method results are found to be within 1.0 TEC units (TECU) of ISR measurements. The numerical methods tested demonstrate agreement varying from within 1.6 TECU to in excess of 6.0 TECU when compared to ISR measurements.     

On the impact of GNSS ambiguity resolution: geometry,ionosphere, time and biases

Integer ambiguity resolution (IAR) is the key to fast and precise GNSS positioning and navigation. Next to the positioning parameters, however, there are several other types of GNSS parameters that are of importance for a range of different applications like atmospheric sounding, instrumental calibrations or time transfer. As some of these parameters may still require pseudo-range data for their estimation, their response to IAR may differ significantly. To infer the impact of ambiguity resolution on the parameters, we show how the ambiguity-resolved double-differenced phase data propagate into the GNSS parameter solutions. For that purpose, we introduce a canonical decomposition of the GNSS network model that, through its decoupled and decorrelated nature, provides direct insight into which parameters, or functions thereof, gain from IAR and which do not. Next to this qualitative analysis, we present for the GNSS estimable parameters of geometry, ionosphere, timing and instrumental biases closed-form expressions of their IAR precision gains together with supporting numerical examples.     

Time transfer using GPS carrier phase: error propagation and results

 A joint time-transfer project between the Astronomical Institute of the University of Berne (AIUB) and the Swiss Federal Office of Metrology and Accreditation (METAS) was initiated to investigate the power of the time transfer using GPS carrier phase observations. Studies carried out in the context of this project are presented. The error propagation for the time-transfer solution using GPS carrier phase observations was investigated. To this purpose a simulation study was performed. Special interest was focussed on errors in the vertical component of the station position, antenna phase-center variations and orbit errors. A constant error in the vertical component introduces a drift in the time-transfer results for long baselines in east–west directions. The simulation study was completed by investigating the profit for time transfer when introducing the integer carrier phase ambiguities from a double-difference solution. This may reduce the drift in the time-transfer results caused by constant vertical error sources. The results from the present time-transfer solution are shown in comparison to results obtained with independent time-transfer techniques. The interpretation of the comparison benefits from the investigations of the error propagation study. Two types of solutions are produced on a regular basis at AIUB: one based on the rapid orbits from CODE, the other on the CODE final orbits. The rapid solution is available the day after the observations and has nearly the same quality as the final solution, which has a latency of about one week. The differences between these two solutions are below the nanosecond level. The differences from independent time-transfer techniques such as TWSTFT (two-way satellite time and frequency transfer) are a few nanoseconds for both products. Received: 15 November 2001 / Accepted: 6 September 2002 Correspondence to:R. Dach