Peridotitic and gabbroic rocks associated with the shield-forming lavas of réunion

The peridotitic and gabbroic rocks described occur a) as a tectonically emplaced layered body in Piton des Neiges volcano, b) as blocks in basaltic agglomerate, Piton des Neiges, and c) as nodular inclusions in lavas of both Piton des Neiges and Piton de la Fournaise volcanoes. All are associated with the olivine basalts of the early shield-forming growth stages and not later alkaline lavas, thereby contrasting with the Hawaiian situation. Rock-types include dunite, clinopyroxenite, wehrlite, feldspathic wehrlite, olivine eucrite, allivalite, (bytownite) anorthosite and gabbro. The peridotites and most of the gabbroic rocks are inferred to be cumulates formed in floored magma chambers occurring at depths from 30 km upwards. The inclusion suite is probably derived from repetitive layered units consisting predominantly of ol + sp cumulates with sporadic development of ol + cpx±sp and ol + cpx + plag cumulate horizons.     

西天山特克斯晚古生代辉长岩岩石地球化学

西天山特克斯县东北部的哈拉达拉岩体是西天山出露规模最大的层状基性-超基性侵入岩体,主要由橄长岩、橄榄辉长岩、角闪辉长岩和辉长岩组成。本文获得该辉长质岩体锆石SIMSU-Pb年龄为306.2±2.7Ma,属于晚石炭世。该岩体SiO2含量范围为44.49%～48.46%,K2O、Na2O含量低,Mg、Fe含量较高,Mg#平均值达71.4。岩体具有拉斑玄武岩系列特征,且有从低钾拉斑系列向钙碱性系列和高钾钙碱性系列演化的趋势。部分样品的MgO、Al2O3和CaO含量偏高,可能为橄榄石和斜长石的堆晶所致。岩体明显富集Rb、Ba、K、Pb、Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,La/Nb比值大于1.4,与流体交代地幔楔熔融的弧火成岩浆特征类似。岩体具有Th负异常,暗示岩浆活动过程中可能混染了下地壳成分。岩体稀土元素总量较低,轻、重稀土元素分异较弱,由于斜长石堆晶作用,部分样品具有明显的正Eu异常。区域构造演化和岩石学资料等显示西天山在晚石炭世—早二叠世大地构造格架演化发生了转变,特克斯地区处于俯冲碰撞阶段向碰撞后伸展阶段变化的过渡环境中,特克斯晚古生代辉长岩体很可能是在这种构造体制的转变过程中形成的,指示了西天山大地构造演化从弧环境下的挤压碰撞到陆内伸展环境的转变。     

东天山似斑状角闪辉长岩类与铁钛氧化物矿床的关系

似斑状角闪辉长岩类是东天山镁铁-超镁铁杂岩的一部分,以含有嵌晶角闪石为特征,其中部分岩体的似斑状角闪辉长岩赋存铁钛氧化物矿床。为探讨东天山似斑状角闪辉长岩类和铁钛氧化物矿床形成的内在成因关系,本次研究对二红洼、牛毛泉和香山西似斑状角闪辉长岩类的斜长石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石以及嵌晶角闪石进行了系统的电子探针成分分析,并对其形成物理化学条件进行了探讨。结果表明,东天山似斑状角闪辉长岩类的母岩浆氧逸度变化范围为NNO-0.37~NNO+1.15,和攀西地区最大的红格岩体的氧逸度一致,侵入于中下地壳,深度介于8.9~15.7km,结晶温度大于914℃。东天山似斑状角闪辉长岩中铁钛氧化物矿床的富集得益于母岩浆的高氧逸度,但铁钛氧化物矿床的形成和规模则受控于各个岩体的岩浆演化程度。二红洼、牛毛泉和香山西的岩浆的演化程度系统增高,演化程度最低的二红洼岩体并未形成铁钛氧化物矿床,而分异演化程度逐渐增高的牛毛泉和香山西似斑状角闪辉长岩类则分别形成了本区一个小型的和一个大型的铁钛氧化物矿床。     

Late Paleozoic gabbroic rocks of the Bridge River accretionary complex,southwestern British Columbia: geology and geochemistry

Gabbroic bodies in the Bralorne-Gold Bridge area of southwestern British Columbia are associated with the oceanic Bridge River complex of the western Canadian Cordillera, one of the suspect terranes accreted to North America in the Jurassic. The gabbros are locally cut by tonalites and are structurally interleaved with ultramafic rocks, phyllites, graphitic cherts, and carbonate lenses that comprise the lower part of the Bridge River complex. Their late Carboniferous crystallization age overlaps the depositional age of affiliated supracrustal rocks (Mississippian-Jurassic), some of which have been metamorphosed to blueschist facies. Compositionally, the gabbros resemble mafic plutonic rocks of ophiolitic complexes and gabbroic rocks of the nearby Shulaps Range. They display some affinity to oceanic island arc tholeiitic suites. The Bralorne and Shulaps gabbros include cumulates and appear to have been derived from a single, light REE-depleted, peridotitic source by melting and subsequent fractional crystallization/accumulation of various combinations of plagioclase, pyroxenes, and olivine. The tonalites are compositionally distinct from typical ophiolitic plagiogranites, but might be related to the associated gabbros. The gabbroic bodies occur within tectonic slivers derived from the oceanic crust that floored a deep ocean basin that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic. The Bridge River complex comprises fragments of oceanic crust that were tectonically incorporated into an east-verging accretionary prism during a middle/late Triassic to Jurassic collisional event.     

A method for quantitatively analysing dynamic recrystallization in deformed quartzitic rocks

Quantification of the microstructural changes brought about by dynamic recrystallization is essential for the interpretation of deformation mechanism histories and for the understanding of recrystallization as a syn-kinematic process. A method is presented for analysing the degree of dynamic recrystallization and for reconstructing the original grain-size distribution from that measured in the deformed specimen. This is based on size distribution measurements and comparative volume calculations between subsets of grains which contain rutile inclusions and subsets which do not. Application of the method to some quartzites from the Kilmory Bay Syncline, S. W. Highlands, Scotland, demonstrates that up to 25% of the apparent matrix grains are new grains produced by the dynamic recrystallization of porphyroclasts, and that the new grains alone compose more than 12% of the total rock volume. These figures are 2–3 times larger than estimates made by normal petrographic inspection. It is also shown that grain-size distributions alone convey little information about the microstructural changes and that grain-size vs volume fraction graphs are more meaningful.     

Petrogenesis of highly depleted peridotites and gabbroic rocks from the Mayarí-Baracoa Ophiolitic Belt (eastern Cuba)

The Moa-Baracoa and Mayarí-Cristal massifs (eastern Cuba) are two ophiolitic complexes mainly constituted by harzburgite tectonites and minor dunites, cut by gabbroic dykes. The Moa-Baracoa massif exhibits a well developed Moho transition zone and an incomplete crustal section made up of layered gabbros and tectonically emplaced pillow basalts. A plutonic crustal section is absent in the Mayarí-Cristal massif and mantle tectonites are in tectonic contact with arc-related volcanic rocks. Mantle peridotites are very refractory in terms of modal composition, whole rock major element and HREE contents implying that Moa-Baracoa and Mayarí-Cristal harzburgites are residues after high degrees (20–30%) of partial melting. The relative enrichment of Th, Nb, Ta and LREE in peridotites is due to re-equilibration of melting residues with percolating melts. Peridotites lost on average 6 wt% of relative MgO by intense seafloor weathering. REE contents and Mg# of melts in equilibrium with cumulate gabbros from the Moho transition zone and crustal section of the Moa-Baracoa massif coincide with those of the spatially-related pillow basalts. On the other hand, no geochemical relation has been inferred between melt in equilibrium with Mayarí-Cristal segregate and the spatially-related arc volcanics. Our results indicate that the Mayarí-Baracoa Ophiolitic Belt formed at an original back-arc spreading centre. The Moa-Baracoa massif represents a portion of MORB-like lithosphere located nearby a back-arc mid-ocean spreading ridge, and the Mayarí-Cristal massif represents a piece of transitional (MORB to IAT) mantle located closer to the paleo-volcanic arc than Moa-Baracoa.     

Late magmatic to subsolidus coronas in gabbroic rocks from the sila massif (Calabria,Italy)

Summary Corona textures between olivine and plagioclase or orthopyroxene and plagioclase are present in Hercynian gabbroic rocks from the Calabrian Sila Massif. They have been studied through optical and SEM investigations together with EDS and WDS analyses. Textural features indicate the existence of two extreme corona types formed during late magmatic stages or during subsolidus cooling. Magmatic coronas are characterized by an inner orthopyroxene layer and an outer orange-brown amphibole layer that might be in optical continuity with orthopyroxene and amphibole poikilites respectively. Subsolidus coronas consist of an inner layer of colourless amphibole and an outer layer of amphibole ± spinel. They sometimes form a collar also around plagioclase enclosed in olivine. A large spectrum in the composition of corona amphiboles from Ti-bearing pargasite to Mg-hornblende was observed. The variation in Ti content of amphibole was interpreted as a consequence of the different conditions of crystallization from late magmatic to subsolidus with temperatures ranging from 880°C to 580°C. The significant gahnite component in spinel possibly indicates that subsolidus reactions occurred in an open system. The pressure of formation constrained by the mineral assemblage of metamorphic basement rocks and by the neighbouring diorites has been estimated at 4 kbar.

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Spätmagmatische und Subsolidus-Koronatexturen in gabbroiden Gesteinen des Sila Massives (Kalabrien, Italien)

Zusammenfassung In herzynischen gabbroiden Gesteinen des Sila Massives in Kalabrien treten Korona-texturen zwischen Olivin und Plagioklas oder Orthopyroxen und Plagioklas auf. Diese wurden mittels optischer Methoden und SEM in Verbindung mit EDS und WDS Analytik untersucht. Textureile Kriterien belegen die Existenz zweier verschiedenartiger Koronatypen die während deospätmagmatischen Stadiums oderwährend der Abkühlung lung im Subsolidus Bereich gebildet wurden. Die magmatischen Koronatexturen sind durch eine innere Othopyrozenschicht und eine äußere orange-braune Ampkibolschicht gekennzeichnet, die in optischer Kontinuatät Orthopyroxen bzw. Amphibihol-poikilitn steht. Subsolidus-Koronas bestehen aus einer inneren Lage eines farblosen Amphiboles und einer äußeren Schicht von Amphibol ± Spinell. Bisweilen umgeben sie ringförmig in Olivin eingeschlossenen Plagioklos. Die Amphibolzusammensetzung in diesen Koronas variiert stark von Ti-führendem Pargasit bis Mg-Hornblende. Die Streubreite dumTi-Gehaltes der Amphibole wird durch unterschiedliche Kristallisations-bedingungen während des spätmagmatischen bis Subsolidusstadiums (880°C bis 550°C) interpretiert. Die signifikante (Gahnitkomponente des Spinells weist auf Subsolidusreaktionen in einem offenen System hin. Der Bildungsdruck, ablegeit aus der Mineral-vergesellschaftung der metamorphen Basementgetsteine und der benachbarten Diorite, wird mit 4kb abgeschätzt.

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With 3 Figures     

Crystal chemical variations in Ba-rich biotites from gabbroic rocks of lower crust (Ivrea Zone,NW Italy)

Biotites from mafic rocks occurring at different stratigraphic levels of the Ivrea-Verbano Mafic Complex are studied. The rocks are gabbros and diorites. All the biotites are intermediate between phlogopite and annite [0.282 (up to 7.14 and 9.32 wt%, respectively) with respect to those of the diorites (up to 1.26 and 6.26 wt%, respectively). Systematic compositional variations support the substitution model 2 ^IV Si+( ^IV R²⁺)2 ^IV Al+ ^VI Ti (R²⁺=Fe+Mg+Mn) in gabbros and ^IV Si+ ^VI Al ^IV Al+ ^VI Ti in diorites. A predominance of disordered stacking sequences, coexisting with 1M, 2M ₁ and 3T polytypes was observed in all biotites. It was possible to carry out structural refinements only on three biotites-2M ₁ from diorites (R-values between 2.68 and 3.77) and one biotite-1M from gabbros (R-value=3.09). It was shown that: (1) the reduced thickness of the tetrahedral sheet in Ba-rich biotites supports the coupled substitution ^IV Si+ ^XII K ^IV Al+ ^XII Ba; (2) the interlayer site geometry is affected by the whole layer chemistry and does not reflect only local chemical variations; (3) in two samples of the 2M ₁ polytype, the M(1) octahedral site is larger and more distorted than the M(2) sites because of the preferential ordering of Fe²⁺ in the M(1) site, whereas one sample shows complete cation disorder in the octahedral sites. Biotite-1M shows that Fe²⁺ can also be located in the M(2) site. Some of the differences between the biotites of gabbros and diorites (e.g. Ba concentration and exchange vectors) may be linked to the host rock composition and to its crystallization process. Biotite occurs in trace amounts in gabbros and its crystallization is related to the interstitial melt which contributed to the adcumulus growth of the main rock forming phases and became highly enriched in K, Ba and Ti. Diorites are the result of equilibrium crystallization of a residual melt rich in incompatible elements, where biotite is a major constituent.     

Gold deposits associated with the gabbroic rocks at Tirek area,western Hoggar,Algeria: fluid inclusion study

The Tirek gold deposit hosted in the Archean shield is one of the richest sources of mined gold for Algeria. The deposit is controlled by the East Ouzzal shear zone (EOSZ), a transcurrent N–S lithospheric fault. The EOSZ is a late Pan-African dextral-ductile shear zone separating two contrasting Precambrian domains: the Archean In Ouzzal block to the west (Orthogenesis with subordinate metasediments reworked and granulitized during the ca. 2 Ga Eburnean event) and a middle Proterozoic block to the east involved in the ca. 600 Ma Pan-African event. The auriferous quartz veins are mainly oriented in two directions, N–S veins hosted in mylonitic rocks and NE–SW veins hosted in gabbroic or gneissic bands. The NE–SW veins contain the richest ore. Gold ore is found in a system of veins and lenticular quartz veinlets arranged in anastomosing networks. The hydrothermal alteration associated with these veins is characteristically a carbonate-sericite-albite-pyrite assemblage. Gold is the main metal of economic importance; it is disseminated in the quartz as grains or fibers along microcracks and as microscopic grains in the host rocks. Microthermometric results and Raman laser data from fluid inclusions demonstrate that the ore-forming fluids contained H₂O-CO₂±CH₄ and were low salinity. Homogenization temperatures are commonly 250–310 °C. In the Tirek deposit, the role of the shear zone that hosts the mineralization was to drain the hydrothermal fluid. Interactions between the fluid and the mafic host rocks and CO₂ also contributed to the formation of the hydrothermal gold deposit at Tirek.     

Partial eclogitisation of gabbroic rocks in a late Precambrian subduction zone (Zambia): prograde metamorphism triggered by fluid infiltration

Gabbros and eclogites occur closely associated in a 200-km-long and up to 40-km-wide area of the Zambezi Belt in central Zambia. This area is interpreted to represent part of a late Precambrian suture zone, with the mafic rocks being relics of subducted oceanic crust. Gradual stages of prograde transformation from gabbro to eclogite are preserved by disequilibrium textures of incomplete reactions. This resulted in kyanite–omphacite-bearing assemblages for eclogites that have Al-poor bulk compositions. Undeformed eclogites typically preserve features of a former gabbroic texture, reflected by replacements of plagioclase and magmatic pyroxene by eclogite facies minerals. Textures of deformed eclogites range from sheared porphyroclastic to porphyroblastic. Relics of magmatic pyroxene are common and complete eclogitisation occurred only in millimetre to centimetre-scale domains in most of the rocks. No evidence for prograde blueschist or amphibolite facies mineral assemblages was found in eclogites. In contrast, the fine grained intergrowth of omphacite, garnet, kyanite and quartz, which replace former plagioclase or was formed in the pressure shadow of magmatic pyroxene relics, indicates that eclogitisation might have affected the gabbroic protoliths directly without any significant intervening metamorphic reactions. Eclogitisation took place under P–T conditions of 630–690 °C and 26–28 kbar, suggesting a large overstepping (>10 kbar) of reaction boundaries. Eclogitisation was initialised and accompanied by a channelised fluid flow resulting in veins with large, subhedral grains of omphacite, kyanite and garnet. The gabbro-to-eclogite transformation was enhanced by a fluid which allowed the necessary material transport for the dissolution–precipitation mechanism that characterises the metamorphic mineral replacements. The process of eclogitisation was limited by reaction kinetics and dissolution–precipitation rates rather than by the metamorphic P–T conditions. Even though ductile deformation occurred and equilibrium phase boundaries were overstepped, the infiltration of fluids was necessary for triggering the gabbro-to-eclogite transformation.Editorial responsibility: J. Hoefs     

Early Cretaceous gabbroic rocks from the Taihang Mountains: Implications for a paleosubduction-related lithospheric mantle beneath the central North China Craton

SHRIMP zircon U–Pb ages and geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data are presented for the gabbroic intrusive from the southern Taihang Mountains to characterize the nature of the Mesozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the central North China Craton (NCC). The gabbroic rocks emplaced at 125 Ma and are composed of plagioclase (40–50%), amphibole (20–30%), clinopyroxene (10–15%), olivine (5–10%) and biotite (5–7%). Olivines have high MgO (Fo = 78–85) and NiO content. Clinopyroxenes are high in MgO and CaO with the dominant ones having the formula of En_42–46Wo_41–50Fs_8–13. Plagioclases are dominantly andesine–labradorite (An = 46–78%) and have normal zonation from bytownite in the core to andesine in the rim. Amphiboles are mainly magnesio and actinolitic hornblende, distinct from those in the Precambrian high-pressure granulites of the NCC. These gabbroic rocks are characterized by high MgO (9.0–11.04%) and SiO₂ (52.66–55.52%), and low Al₂O₃, FeOt and TiO₂, and could be classified as high-mg basaltic andesites. They are enriched in LILEs and LREEs, depleted in HFSEs and HREEs, and exhibit (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.70492–0.70539, ε_Nd(t) = − 12.47–15.07, (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i = 16.63–17.10, Δ8/4 = 70.1–107.2 and Δ7/4 = − 2.1 to − 9.4, i.e., an EMI-like isotopic signatures. Such geochemical features indicate that these early Cretaceous gabbroic rocks were originated from a refractory pyroxenitic veined-plus-peridotite source previously modified by an SiO₂-rich melt that may have been derived from Paleoproterozoic subducted crustal materials. Late Mesozoic lithospheric extension might have induced the melting of the metasomatised lithospheric mantle in response to the upwelling of the asthenosphere to generate these gabbroic rocks in the southern Taihang Mountains.     

Hornblendes from Granitic Rocks of the Central Sierra Nevada Batholith, California

Twenty samples of hornblendes from rocks of 14 plutonic unitsin the central Sierra Nevada and Inyo Mountains, California,have been studied in detail. Optical, density, single-crystaland powder X-ray diffraction, and major and minor element chemicaldata are reported. The compositions of the hornblendes show only limited correlationwith the chemistry of the rocks in which they occurred. Hornblendesfrom granitic rocks of the eastern Sierra Nevada and Inyo Mountainshave a wide range of tetrahedral aluminum content which is oftenas low as three-quarters of an atom per formula unit, whereashornblendes from younger granitic rocks elsewhere in the SierraNevada batholith contain more than one atom of tetrahedral aluminumper formula unit. Because an increase of aluminum in tetrahedralco-ordination is considered indicative of higher temperaturesof crystallization, the observed differences in the hornblendessuggest that older plutonic rocks of the batholith may havebeen metamorphosed regionally or may have been affected by widespreadhydrothermal action prior to consolidation of later graniticrocks.     

花岗岩研究的若干新进展与主要科学问题

花岗岩研究进入到新的时期,需要寻找新的研究思路和研究方法。本文总结了近十年来国际上有关花岗岩前沿研究的新进展,归纳总结了七个方面的主要研究内容,包括:1)地球早期花岗岩与大陆演化;2)源区的不均一性与不平衡熔融;3)岩浆成分变化的同位素示踪;4)壳-幔岩浆混合与花岗岩的形成;5)地壳热带与中酸性岩的形成;6)花岗岩岩体的生长和结晶时间;7)金属稳定同位素在花岗岩研究中的应用。最后在此基础上对花岗岩的研究趋势,建议利用新视角、新方法等着重开展花岗岩源区和岩浆深部过程的精细研究,并揭示花岗岩与早期地壳形成之间的联系。     

Chemical Mineralogy of Hornblendes and Biotites from the Charnockitic Rocks of Kondapalli, India

Complete chemical analyses, structural formulae and trace elementdata are presented for 9 hornblendes and 12 biotites from thecharnockitic and associated rock types of Kondapalli (AndhraPradesh, India), some 200 miles north of the type area nearMadras. The chemical characteristics of the hornblendes are:very high [Al]⁴, nearly constant Ca, very high and nearly constanttotal alkalis (Na₂O > K₂O in the hornblendes of ultrabasiccharnockites and Na₂O < K₂O in those of basic charnockites),very high F and Cl, low total water, and Ni in amount greaterthan Co. The biotites are characterized by high Ti and F, lowMn, total absence of Ca, exceptionally high amounts of Cl, lowtotal water, and have Ni > Co; the biotites from differentgroups of host rocks have different Al and Fe³+ contents. Thevariations in composition of these minerals are interpretedas due to the change in bulk rock chemistry and mineralogy andnot to the change in temperatures of crystallization. The element distributional relationships in hornblende-biotite,hornblende-orthopyroxene, hornblende-clinopyroxene, biotite-orthopyroxene,and biotite-clinopyroxene pairs from the Kondapalli charnockitesare evaluated, with particular attention to the partition ofFe²+, Mg, Mn, Ti, Cr, Ni, Co, and V, and comparisons are madewith similar data available for corresponding mineral pairs.Highly consistent and uniform distribution coefficients forFe²+ and Mg (and a small range of distribution coefficientsfor many of the trace elements) are obtained for most of thedifferent sets of mineral pairs from Kondapalli, suggestingthat equilibrium distribution of the elements between the phaseshad been attained.     

Petrogenetic relationships between peralkaline rhyolite dykes and mafic rocks in the post-Variscan gabbroic complex from Bocca di Tenda (northern Corsica, France)

The Lower Permian complex from Bocca di Tenda (Corsica island, France) consists of a gabbroic sequence crosscut by chilled dykes ranging in composition from basalt to trachyandesite and peralkaline rhyolite. The gabbroic sequence is mostly composed of olivine gabbronorites, quartz gabbronorites/diorites locally displaying high ilmenite amounts, and hornblende-rich tonalites. The quartz gabbronorites/diorites and the hornblende-rich tonalites have similar initial ε_Nd values (+0.9 to ?1.1) and record a fractional crystallization process driven by separation of plagioclase, pyroxene, and ilmenite. The olivine gabbronorites have slightly higher initial ε_Nd than the quartz gabbronorites/diorites and the hornblende-rich tonalites, thereby documenting that the early evolution of the melts that gave rise to the gabbroic sequence was controlled by concomitant fractional crystallization and crustal assimilation. The trachyandesite dykes are rare and rich in dark mica. The selected trachyandesite has initial ε_Nd of +0.4, which is slightly lower than the ε_Nd of the basalt dykes. The basalt and the trachyandesite dykes are most likely genetically related through a process of fractional crystallization controlled by segregation of plagioclase, clinopyroxene and minor ilmenite, and assimilation of crustal material. The peralkaline rhyolites have initial ε_Nd values ranging from +0.3 to ?0.3. Whole-rock chemical variations and trace element compositions of Na-amphibole (arfvedsonite) indicate that the peralkaline rhyolite dykes record a process of fractional crystallization mainly controlled by separation of alkali feldspar and minor ilmenite and arfvedsonite. A plausible petrogenetic hypothesis for the genesis of the peralkaline rhyolite melts implies a protracted process of fractional crystallization from the trachyandesitic melts. This fractionation process would be initially ruled by separation of plagioclase, dark mica, and minor ilmenite. An alternative hypothesis for the origin of the peralkaline rhyolite melts implies partial melting of nearly coeval amphibole-rich mafic intrusives, which formed by crustally contaminated mantle-derived melts. The genesis of the peralkaline rhyolites is in any case correlated with mantle-derived melts that experienced extensive crustal contamination.