Hybrid conventional and Persistent Scatterer SAR interferometry for land subsidence monitoring in the Tehran Basin,Iran

Excessive groundwater extraction has caused land subsidence in a large rural area located southwest of Tehran, Iran. We used radar images to estimate the temporal and spatial variation in the magnitude of the subsidence. Due to the large perpendicular baselines and rapid temporal decorrelation of the available data, the application of conventional synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) to monitor the deformation was not possible. Instead, we applied a recently developed Persistent Scatterer InSAR (PSI) method but found that displacements were underestimated in some areas due to high deformation rates that cause temporal aliasing of the signal. We therefore developed a method that combines conventional InSAR and PSI to estimate the high deformation rates in the southwestern Tehran Basin. We used rates estimated from conventional small temporal baseline interferograms to reduce the likelihood of aliasing and then applied PSI to the residual phase. The method was applied to descending and ascending ENVISAT ASAR images spanning from 2003 to 2009. Mean line-of-sight velocities obtained from both orientations that were further decomposed into horizontal and vertical deformation components were highly compatible with each other, indicating the high performance of the applied method. The mean precision of the estimated vertical component is 2.5 mm/yr. We validated our results using measurements from a continuous GPS station located in one of the subsiding areas. The results also compare favourably with levelling data acquired over a different time interval. Finally, we compared the estimated displacements to hydraulic head variations and geologic profiles at several piezometric wells. We found that the geology is the most important factor controlling the subsidence rate in the southwestern Tehran Basin, regardless of the water level decline.     

InSAR矿区地表三维形变监测与预计研究进展

首先,介绍了InSAR地表形变监测技术的基本原理和技术特点;然后,对当前InSAR矿区地表三维形变监测方法做了系统性分类,并探讨了各自的优缺点和适用范围;之后,综述了当前InSAR矿区地表三维形变预计方法的研究现状和进展;最后,归纳梳理了InSAR矿区三维形变监测预计在多源数据融合和沉降机理分析等方面的前沿问题。     

Ground deformation associated with post-mining activity at the French–German border revealed by novel InSAR time series method

We present a novel methodology for integration of multiple InSAR data sets for computation of two dimensional time series of ground deformation. The proposed approach allows combination of SAR data acquired with different acquisition parameters, temporal and spatial sampling and resolution, wavelength and polarization. Produced time series have combined coverage, improved temporal resolution and lower noise level. We apply this methodology for mapping coal mining related ground subsidence and uplift in the Greater Region of Luxembourg along the French–German border. For this we processed 167 Synthetic Aperture Radar ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT images acquired between 1995 and 2009 from one ascending (track 29) and one descending (track 337) tracks and created over five hundred interferograms that were used for time series analysis. Derived vertical and east–west linear deformation rates show with remarkable precision a region of localized ground deformation located above and caused by mining and post-mining activities. Time series of ground deformation display temporal variability: reversal from subsidence to uplift and acceleration of subsidence in the vertical component, and horizontal motion toward the center of the subsidence on the east–west component. InSAR results are validated by leveling measurements collected by the French Geological Survey (BRGM) during 2006–2008. We determined that deformation rate changes are mainly caused by water level variations in the mines. Due to higher temporal and spatial resolution the proposed space-borne method detected a larger number of subsidence and uplift areas in comparison to leveling measurements restricted to annual monitoring of benchmark points along roads. We also identified one deformation region that is not precisely located above the mining sites. Comparison of InSAR measurements with the water levels measured in the mining pits suggest that part of the water that filled the galleries after termination of the dewatering systems may come from this region. Providing that enough SAR data is available, this method opens new opportunities for detecting and locating man-made and natural ground deformation signals with high temporal resolution and precision.     

基于地形特征的采煤沉陷盆地构建与水平移动信息智能提取方法

在西部黄土高原复杂地形地貌下构建采煤沉陷盆地和提取水平位移的难度较大,传统地表沉降监测手段只能获取线状数据,效率低,而重复轨道合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术在大梯度形变区域易出现失相干现象,难以达到矿区地表沉降监测精度要求。提出了一种基于无人机载激光雷达点云数据构建沉陷盆地和提取水平位移的方法。结合多地形因子构建深度神经网络（deep neural network,DNN）模型,提取沉陷盆地构建过程中受地形影响较小的特征稳定区,利用较优插值算法对稳定区进行拟合,得到完整沉陷盆地。为了提取采煤地表水平移动信息,将二进制形状上下文特征描述算子与多地形因子融合起来,以改进特征匹配算法。基于此设计地表水平移动提取方案,提取主断面水平移动信息,同时对水平移动提取误差与点云密度、地形因子进行定量分析。榆神矿区结果表明,利用结合地形因子的DNN模型能有效提取特征稳定区,在复杂地貌下减小了沉陷建模误差,为构建采煤沉陷盆地提供了一种新方法;利用融合地形特征的改进特征匹配算法提取的水平移动曲线符合采煤沉陷水平移动基本规律,与水平移动偏差相关性较强的地形因子可用于衡量改进特征匹配算法对水平移动提取误差的大小。     

基于时序InSAR的东营地区地表沉降研究

黄河携带大量泥沙入海,河口三角洲覆盖20~50m厚的沉积层。沉积层的自然压实导致该地区的地表沉降。此外,黄河三角洲油气资源的开发和地下水的开采也加速地表的下陷。InSAR作为一种有效的空间大地测量工具,可以提供几十公里范围内的高精度地表形变场。时序InSAR技术在多幅雷达影像组成的干涉网络基础上,识别永久散射体(PS)等雷达回波信噪比高的像素。与传统的InSAR技术相比,时序InSAR技术削弱雷达影像去相干效应的影响,实现长期的形变序列提取。文中利用两组雷达影像:19幅ERS卫星1992年12月至1996年1月的SAR影像,17幅ENVISAT卫星2003年5月至2008年3月的SAR影像。影像主要覆盖山东省东营市及其周边部分区域。结果显示,东营地区存在每年15mm以上的地表沉陷,该地区的地表沉降与油气开采活动有关。     

注浆采区地表形变时空演化SMD-InSAR监测分析法

当前矿区合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量(D-InSAR)监测研究大多局限于以地表移动为对象,求取其他形变指标通常仍需野外测量。针对这一不足,构建出一种提取地表移动变形(surface movement and deformation,SMD)面域信息的模型——SMD模型。模型可求解的量有:①地表沿任意方向的倾斜、曲率,地表倾斜、曲率最大值与其所沿方向;②水平或近水平煤层开采下,矿区地表沿任意方向的水平移动、水平变形,地表水平移动、水平变形最大值和其所沿方向。SMD模型在垂直形变图的基础上,按照方向导数原理计算地表倾斜和曲率;地表水平移动和水平变形则根据开采沉陷先验规律计算。模拟试验显示,该模型可以较高精度获取地表移动变形值。淮北矿区某矿进行了充填开采,应用SMD模型结合时序InSAR分析该矿地表形变时空演化过程,以及充填开采的减沉减变效果,分析认为注浆活动可以有效控制地表形变。日平均注浆量、工作面推进距离与最大下沉速度之间的关系可以用多元线性回归模型来描述。SMD模型可用于分析区域地表形变综合情况,为范围评估开采沉陷对建构筑物的影响提供有力依据。     

InSAR技术在矿区沉降监测中的应用研究

介绍了应用InSAR技术监测矿区地表沉降以及地下开采活动的原理;利用重轨差分InSAR技术获得了峰峰矿区地表ENVISAT和JERS 1的雷达形变干涉相位图;分析了在矿区地表沉降过程中ENVISATC波段和JERS 1 L波段形变干涉相位图的相干特性、相位特性以及干涉测量技术在矿区地表沉降监测中应用的可行性和局限性。实验结果表明,利用C波段和L波段雷达数据可以实施对矿区地表沉降的监测,但是C波段雷达受到空间干涉基线的限制更加严格,如果要实现对矿区地表沉降的监测,需要充分利用每个卫星回访时期的雷达数据,建立长时序的星载雷达形变干涉相位图序列,才能较好地实现矿区地表沉降监测。     

Integration of Range Split Spectrum Interferometry and conventional InSAR to monitor large gradient surface displacements

Incorrect unwrapping of dense interferometric fringes caused by large gradient displacements make it difficult to measure mining subsidence using conventional Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). This paper presents a Range Split Spectrum Interferometry assisted Phase Unwrapping (R-SSIaPU) method for the first time. The R-SSIaPU method takes advantage of (i) the capability of Range Split Spectrum Interferometry of measuring surface displacements with large spatial gradients, and (ii) the capability of conventional InSAR of being sensitive to surface displacements with limited spatial gradients. Both simulated and real experiments show that the R-SSIaPU method can monitor large gradient mining-induced surface movements with high precision. In the case of the Tangjiahui mine, the R-SSIaPU method agreed with GPS with differences of approximately 4.2 cm, whilst conventional InSAR deviated from GPS with differences of nearly 1 m. The R-SSIaPU method makes phase unwrapping less challenge, especially in the cases with large surface displacements. In addition to mining subsidence, it is believed that the R-SSIaPU method can be used to monitor surface displacements caused by landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and glacier movements.     

Interferometric SAR Time Series Analysis for Ground Subsidence of the Abandoned Mining Area in North Peixian Using Sentinel-1A TOPS Data

The North Peixian mining area of China has rich coal resources, with total proven reserves of 2.37 billion tons. However, the underground coal mining activities have resulted in ground collapse, which has caused serious harm to the environment and threatened the lives and properties of local residents. In this study, 12 Sentinel-1A terrain observation by progressive scans (TOPS) mode acquisitions between 30 July 2015 and 13 May 2016 over the abandoned mining area in North Peixian were analyzed using the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series method to detect the ground subsidence, with the maximum ground subsidence reaching 83 mm/a and an average value of about 12.7 mm/a. The subsidence results derived from the Sentinel-1A TOPS mode dataset were proven to be effective in investigating and monitoring the ground subsidence in the North Peixian mining area. Compared to the rapid deformation during the ongoing period of mining excavation, the ground subsides slowly in abandoned mining areas and shows a linear relationship with time over a relatively long period of time. Spatial correlation between the subsidence distribution and land cover was found, in that the magnitude of the subsidence in urban areas was smaller than that in rural areas, which is associated with the controlled coal mining activities under buildings, railways, and water bodies. The results demonstrate that Sentinel-1A TOPS SAR images can be used to effectively and accurately detect and monitor ground subsidence in a mining area, which is critically important when investigating land subsidence in a large-scale mining area.     

优化先验模型参数的矿区多轨InSAR三维形变监测

监测煤矿开采导致的地表三维形变对于矿区地质灾害防控和开采沉陷机理研究至关重要。针对单轨道InSAR和先验模型融合解算矿山三维形变存在精度不高、时间分辨率差的问题,本文提出了一种通过优化先验模型参数的矿区多轨InSAR三维形变解算方法。首先,利用Weibull模型同步4个轨道LOS向形变位移,以此削弱不同轨道之间时间异步对三维形变解算精度的影响,并采用加权最小二乘求解矿区垂直向和东西向形变;然后,根据垂直向和东西向形变优化矿区开采先验模型参数;最后,解算南北向形变位移。利用覆盖大同矿区的TerraSAR-X数据和3个轨道Sentinel-1 InSAR数据集对本文方法进行验证。研究结果表明,与地面GPS监测点相比,本文方法可以获得相对精确的三维形变结果,垂直向RMSE、东西向RMSE和南北向RMSE约为1.1、1.4和2.1 cm。     

Ground movements caused by deep underground mining in Guan-Zhuang iron mine,Luzhong, China

It is difficult to calculate the accurate ground movement due to deep underground mining because of the complexity of the geotechnical environment. Guan-Zhuang iron mine is a pillarless sublevel caving mine operated by Luzhong Metallurgical Mining Company, south-east of Jinan, PR China. It mines the Zhangjiawa Seam at a depth of approximately 520 m. Although the towers are outside the conventional ‘angle of draw’ subsidence influence criteria, and have seen only negligible vertical displacement as a result of deep mining, there has been widespread evidence of regional horizontal displacement of the land surface, large distances away from the mining area. Possible explanations of these displacements include one or a combination of mechanisms such as pre-mining stress relaxation, regional joint patterns, soft rock strata, displacement toward active goaf areas. Luzhong Metallurgical Mining Company have been making precise measurements of distances near the shaft towers in the Guan-Zhuang iron mine since 2003. The results show horizontal displacements of up to 96 mm occur even when underground mining is about 0.8 km from the survey displacements. From an analysis of these and other survey results it is concluded that mining effects extend a long way from deep mining. The results also show that ground horizontal displacements are typically at least as great as the vertical component, that the maximum horizontal displacement occurs soon after undermining.     

利用InSAR分析陕西省垂直形变

从2018—2019年欧空局Sentinel-1免费数据中获取陕西省全域垂直形变面状信息,并将其与全球导航卫星系统（global navigation satellite system,GNSS）以及水准点、线垂直形变信息进行对比分析,进一步验证合成孔径雷达干涉测量（interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR）数据反映局部形变的有效性。垂直形变监测结果表明：在陕北榆林、神木地区,地下资源开采诱发的地表沉陷分布广泛、特征明显,地表沉陷速度达60 mm/a;在煤炭产区长武、彬县也出现不同程度的开采沉陷灾害,沉降速度达30 mm/a;西安市、渭南市等关中平原地区由于地下水开采出现不均匀沉降,其中,西安市的局部沉降最为严重,最大沉降速度达60 mm/a;InSAR与GNSS、水准获取的垂直运动趋势在全省范围总体上一致,但由于GNSS监测点、水准监测点一般布测在较稳定区域,其获取的沉降范围、沉降速度与InSAR沉降结果有一定差异。     

黄土填方区地表沉降时序InSAR监测分析

“削山填沟造地”等岩土工程在湿陷性黄土沟壑地区屡见不鲜,掌握填方区沉降情况具有重要意义。本文收集了2017年11月—2020年12月获取的56景TerraSAR-X StripMap模式影像,利用时序InSAR技术监测了陕北某湿陷性黄土填方地基工程的沉降信息,并与2017年11月—2020年12月期间监测区3个水准点的沉降测量结果比对。结果表明,在填方区地表以沉降为主,在挖方区地表以抬升为主,研究区存在有1处较为明显的地表沉降情况,位于填挖边界线附近填方区内,形变速率范围为-40~-20 mm/a,最大形变速率达-49.9 mm/a,累计量为-151.6 mm,时序InSAR形变结果和实地水准结果吻合性较好,垂直方向形变速率中误差为1.8 mm/a,表明时序InSAR技术在湿陷性黄土填挖方区变形监测中具有较好的应用价值。     

时空三维相位解缠算法改进研究

三维相位解缠是时序干涉合成孔径雷达（interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR）技术的关键环节之一,解缠结果直接影响时序InSAR地面沉降监测的精度。针对地面沉降严重、地形坡度变化较大的区域,因相位欠采样引起的整周期解缠误差问题,提出了一种基于频域置信度的加权最小二乘相位解缠算法,并以此替代时空三维相位解缠中空间维以相位梯度为权重的加权最小二乘相位解缠算法。通过提高相位坡度变化估计的准确性,进而提高时空三维相位解缠的精度和稳定性。以北京地区地面沉降监测为例进行了验证,结果表明,与经典的时空三维相位解缠算法相比,改进算法得到的沉降监测结果精度更高,特别是对于坡度变化较大、失相干现象明显的沉降漏斗区,其沉降监测精度有明显改善。     

利用DS-InSAR技术监测沛北矿区地表形变

针对采空区地表散射特性不稳定、高相干点目标少且分布不均匀的特点,本文基于相干矩阵特征值分解（T-EVD）的DS-InSAR技术,利用Sentinel-1A数据获取并分析了徐州沛北矿区2017年1月-2018年12月的地表沉降特征。与常规时序InSAR监测对比表明,融合分布式目标的DS-InSAR技术监测点数量显著增加且空间分布更加均匀,能够更好地反映矿区地表沉降的时空分布特征,为煤炭枯竭型矿区地表沉降规律分析和机理研究提供了先进的技术支撑,在采空区地表沉降监测方面具有良好的应用前景。     

雷达遥感滑坡隐患识别与形变监测

滑坡是全球发生最为频繁、造成损失最严重的自然灾害之一,滑坡表面形变测量对于滑坡的早期识别、监测和预警具有重要意义.雷达遥感具有非接触式大范围空间连续覆盖和高精度形变测量等优势,在滑坡地质灾害领域中取得了广泛的应用.本文概述武汉大学干涉雷达遥感团队近几年在利用雷达遥感监测滑坡形变方面的研究内容,包括:雷达遥感在滑坡形变监...     

Subsidence monitoring in coal area using time-series InSAR combining persistent scatterers and distributed scatterers

In coal mining areas, ground subsidence persistently happens, which produces serious environmental issues and affects the development of cities. To monitor the ground deformation due to coal mining, a modified time-series InSAR technique combining persistent scatterers (PSs) and distributed scatterers (DSs) is presented in this paper. In particular, DSs are efficiently identified using classified information and statistical characteristics. Furthermore, a two-scale network is introduced into traditional PSI to deal with PSs and DSs in a multi-layer framework by taking the advantage of the robust of PSs and the widely distribution of DSs. The proposed method is performed to investigate the subsidence of Huainan City, Anhui province (China), during 2012–2013 using 14 scenes of Radarsat-2 images. Experimental results show that the proposed method can ease the estimation complexity and significantly increase the spatial density of measurement points, which can provide more detailed deformation information. Result shows that there are obvious subsidence areas detected in the test site with subsidence velocity larger than 5 cm/year. The proposed method brings practical applications for non-urban area deformation monitoring.     

利用时序InSAR监测兰州市中心城区地面沉降

针对兰州市中心城区的地面沉降问题,该文采用PS-SBAS和PS-InSAR技术,利用2016-01-20—2019-02-21时间段内的39景Sentinel-1A/B降轨数据,使用缓冲区分析技术对兰州市中心城区轨道交通线和铁路线周边100m区域做了沉降影响分析,监测结果表明:基于Sentinel-1A/B数据和时序InSAR技术,可以准确监测城市地表的沉降和轨道交通线的沉降时空规律;沉降区域主要集中在研究区东南部的方家泉村、和平镇和猪咀岭村;软土地基下地铁的施工会导致沉降现象的发生,兰州轨道交通线和铁路线的沉降主要发生在城区东南方向;在监测时段内,使用两种时序InSAR技术监测的同名点在沉降趋势和累计沉降量上保持了良好的一致性和吻合性,但PS-InSAR的时序变化曲线较PS-SBAS更为平缓。     

Sentinel-1和SBAS-InSAR分析钻井水溶岩盐矿山时序沉降

利用小基线集(SBAS)InSAR技术对钻井水溶岩盐矿山地表沉降开展时空分析。实验选取湖南常德某典型钻井水溶岩盐矿区为测试区,时间跨度为2016年2月—2017年2月的21景Sentinel-1影像数据,获取了测区的时序沉降序列。实验结果显示,矿区地表大量级沉降在2016年9月才开始呈现,沉降漏斗横向出现多峰值,矿区沉降整体空间分布上出现西南部整体片状、中部偏北离散带状沉降。这些沉降特征均与钻井水溶法开采特征保持一致。将实地水准测量形变数据和DInSAR形变结果与本文结果进行对比以评估结果可靠性。结果表明,SBAS技术获取结果与水准结果表现出较高一致性,从而为钻井水溶岩盐矿山地表沉降提供了一种更为有效的监测手段,也可为此类矿山地表形变时空演化规律分析提供参考。     

义能矿区开采沉陷演化的TS-DInSAR监测与影响分析

为研究济宁市义能矿区开采沉陷演化特点及其对周边建筑物的影响,本文采用69景长时间序列中等分辨率Sentinel-1影像,以TS-DInSAR技术体系中的小基线集DInSAR分析为研究方法,获取了2016年初至2018年底该矿区开采面周边的沉降信息。结果表明,义能矿区在监测时段内沉陷范围较为集中,最大累计沉降量约为627 mm,通过居民点位置与沉陷结果的叠加分析,发现周边3处村庄受到了不同程度的影响,该结果能为煤矿开采沉陷控制方案的效果评估及设计优化提供重要参考作用。