Geochemistry of Phosphorus and Origin of Phosphorites: Communication 1. Role of Terrigenous Material in the Hypergene Phosphorus Geochemistry

Different hypotheses of phosphorite formation are discussed. The biogenic origin of phosphorites is most plausible. The important role of terrigenous material in P₂O₅ migration and concentration in the hypergenesis zone is emphasized. The mineralogical zoning of phosphate accumulations is described and the probable diagenetic alteration of accessory apatite in present-day seas and lakes is affirmed.     

冻胀过程与冻结缘特性

The complex process of soil freezing which relates to moisture field, temperature and stress field usually accompanies water migration and crystallization. The mechanism of water migration in the -frozen fringe is blurry though there have rather mature theory analyzing water migration in the unfrozen zone and fully-frozen zone. It is a visualized and easy method to calculate the potential gradient of frozen fringe by frost heave amount, the duration of the steady state of frost heaving and the coefficient of permeability based on the Darcy penetration theory, not directly considering water driving force, ice segregation temperature and the thickness of frozen fringe. The method is feasible by comparing the calculated amount of frost-heaving with the test data.     

Rare-Earth Elements from Modern Mineral–Organic Associations in the Zone of Sulfide Ore Hypergenesis

The REE composition of modern mineral–organic associations in the sulfide ore hypergenesis zone of the Berezitovoe deposit in the Russian Far East was studied for the first time. It is shown that the mineral–organic associations widely abundant in the valley of Konstantinovskii Creek and represented by bright brown crusts on the surface of deluvial deposits were formed at the expense of the influence of acid highly mineralized mine waters from the Berezitovoe deposit. The mineral–organic associations found in the Creek valley may be considered as a new indicator for evaluation of the geoecological state of modern technogenic landscapes.     

塔河油田奥陶系油藏古岩溶表生作用期次划分

岩溶缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层是塔河油田奥陶系最重要的储层类型,深入研究古岩溶类型、发育期次和发育模式对认识储层的发育规律具有重要意义。根据岩溶水的特点,可分为大气水和非大气水岩溶两类,大气水岩溶主要发育在表生条件下。结合塔河油田奥陶系古岩溶发育的地质特点,可以将其表生作用过程大致分为5个阶段,分别是加里东中期Ⅰ幕、Ⅱ幕、Ⅲ幕,海西早期和海西晚期。针对各个阶段的岩溶发育特点,建立了相应的岩溶发育模式。     

数值模拟法在张掖市东郊水源地保护区划分中的应用

根据张掖东盆地水文地质条件和水源地地下水开发利用现状,采用Visual Modflow4.1软件分别建立地下水水流和水质模型,通过计算污染物污染负荷值确定运移污染质及其初始浓度,在水流模型预测水源地未来开采形成的稳定流畅环境下运行水质模型,模拟计算该污染质在规定时间内到达水源地捕获带的位置,运移100天的范围划定为水源...     

种植条件下降雨灌溉入渗试验研究

基于清水河平原头营和黑城试验场降雨(灌溉)入渗过程土壤水分运移观测试验数据的分析研究,笔者应用能量观点描述了包气带水分运移的分带性、降雨(灌溉)入渗补给地下水的水分条件和地下水入渗补给过程的基本特征。应用蒸散量模型、土壤水分通量模型,计算了作物生长期的蒸发蒸腾量、土壤贮水量的变化量、400cm深度处的土壤水分渗漏量及渗漏系数。从多年的角度分析了深层土壤水分渗漏量、渗漏系数与地下水入渗补给量和补给系数的关系。它对分析降雨(灌溉)入渗对地下水的补给过程和定量分析地下水入渗补给量、入渗补给系数具有重要价值。     

Geological and geochemical features of the auriferous Butarny deposit

The Butarny deposit is characterized by the development of mineralization of gold-quartz and gold-rare metal mineral associations related to Late Cretaceous granitoid magmatism and metasomatism imposed during the Late Jurassic tectonomagmatic epoch. Ores on the Butarnoe site were formed during the vein quartz-sulphide stage and partially oxidized in a zone of hypergenesis. The gold found there is fine-grained and is also related to arsenopyrite and scorodite and, to a lower degree, to quartz and iron hydroxide     

Advances in Moisture Migration in Vadose Zone of Dryland and Recharge Effects on Groundwater Dynamics

The vadose zone is the zone in between the land surface and above the groundwater table at vertical profile with partial water saturation and under the unsaturation condition, which constitutes the connections among atmospheric water, surface water and groundwater. Soil moisture migration in the vadose zone is a rather complicate process, which controls the rates of groundwater depletion and recharge, and has close hydraulic connections with highly frequent water transfers on the interfaces among the irrigation farmland, sand dunes, wetlands, lakes, and other landscape types. Recent development on soil moisture migration simulations and the application of tracer techniques, geophysical techniques and other geological methods in the vadose zone research, the factors affecting soil moisture migration and groundwater recharge,and soil moisture migration effects on moisture exchange between different landscapes were reviewed in this paper. Several suggestions on the future research were presented here: ① An intense field observation and research database should be initiated and constructed to determine the soil hydraulic parameters, and quantify the influence of moisture migration in vadose zone on the groundwater recharge; ② The proposed observations and researches should learn from the “Critical Zone Observatory”, and focus on the coupling of the soil moisture migration, solute transport and groundwater recharge.     

张士灌区土壤中多环芳香烃菲(PHEs)的垂向分布与迁移

通过对典型环境功能区张士灌区包气带剖面样品和含水层样品的分析检测,比较和总结了菲的垂向分布特征,研究了总有机碳、粘粒含量、土壤含水率对菲垂向分布与迁移的影响规律和机理。对具有代表性采样点的研究表明,菲总含量在剖面中的变化趋势总体上随剖面的加深而降低,以犁底层为界,表层土壤(5~20 cm)菲含量随剖面深度变化平缓。同时分别对菲含量与总有机碳、土壤粘粒含量、土壤含水率进行二元相关分析,计算出的Pearson系数表明:土壤中总有机碳、土壤粘粒含量是影响菲垂向迁移的重要因素,而土壤含水率对菲垂向分布影响不大。同时利用SPSS的因子分析法进一步确定总有机碳是制约菲垂向运移的主要因素。     

基于流动电位正演模型的非饱和带水流过程监测

为了获取非饱和带水流过程的信息,借助流动电位正演模型,通过数值实验探讨非降雨和降雨两种条件下非饱和带流动电位和水流过程的关系,然后用南京中山植物园试验场地野外观测的流动电位和张力数据加以对比和验证。野外试验表明:流动电位可以有效地反映非饱和带水流过程。在夏季无降雨入渗的条件下,日周期变化的地表地下温度差导致水分的运动,流动电位准确地指示了非饱和带含水量和毛细压力的变化情况,从而指示出了水分运移的方向;在夏季有降雨入渗的条件下,降雨锋面推进之处,含水量和流动电位同时有明显的响应,进而根据不同位置的流动电位对降雨入渗响应的时刻差,直接求出入渗锋面的推进速度。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区包气带土壤水运移过程

包气带土壤水运移过程是黄土高原生态修复中亟需回答的关键科学问题。环境同位素方法可获取其他方法难以获取的水文过程信息。通过对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区羊圈沟小流域降水、包气带0~150 cm土壤水和绣线菊（Spiraea salicifolia）木质部水等样品的同位素δD和δ18O进行测定。结果表明:羊圈沟小流域降水同位素组成受蒸发作用影响较大,呈现明显分馏效应。包气带土壤水、降水与木质部水同位素组成存在明显月份变化特征。降水是土壤水的主要补给来源,灌丛的水分利用来源主要为降水和土壤水,符合降水-土壤水-植被水的运移特征。灌丛木质部水和20~40 cm土壤水δD和δ18O最为接近,20~40 cm土壤水是灌丛水分利用的主要来源。研究揭示了包气带土壤水运移过程及植物水分利用来源,为土壤水运移过程、模型结构与参数识别等提供科学依据。     

Perspectives of phosphorite mineralization in Lower Paleozoic rocks of the Zilair synclinorium,Southern Urals

Data on the phosphorite mineralization, lithology, and variability of Lower Paleozoic rocks in the Zilair synclinorium and Yuryuzan basin are given. Comparison of Lower Paleozoic rocks with type sections of phosphate-bearing rocks in the world suggested their compliance with the phosphorite-enclosing rocks of the fine-grained phosphorite association. Analysis of the facies variability of rocks indicate the possibility of discovery of large phosphorite deposits in the Yuryuzan and Syuren subzones of the Western structural-facies zone. Phosphorite deposits are unknown in the synclinorium because of their instability during hypergenesis and burial under allochthonous loose sediments of the Cenozoic.     

Distribution Characteristics of Formed Region of Condensate in Slope Fractured Rock Mass

Taking a high and steep rocky slope in Jixianguan, Anqing city as the research object, combining with the temperature and relative humidity monitoring data within a depth of 4 m in the spring, summer, autumn and winter of the fractured rock mass, we divided the formed region of condensed water by studying the water vapor and heat migration in the fractured rock mass and the changing characteristics of supersaturated frequency of relative humidity. The results showed that the frequency of water vapor supersaturation in fractured rock increased gradually along its migration direction. In summer, from shallow to deep, the fractured rock mass is in the order of water vapor unsaturated zone, near-saturated zone and supersaturated zone and condensate is mainly formed in the deep; in autumn and winter, from shallow to deep, there are unsaturated zones of water vapor, supersaturated zone, near-saturated zone and unsaturated zone and condensate is mainly formed in the shallow part; in spring, the water vapor undersaturated zone, near-saturated zone and supersaturated zone are in order and the distribution range of condensate formed region is large.     

层状非均质结构包气带入渗过程单相流与两相流数值模拟对比研究

包气带水分入渗过程受多种因素的影响。定量研究层状非均质岩性结构和入渗速率对其影响,有助于解决根据不同条件选择单相流模型或水气二相流模型模拟包气带水分入渗过程的问题。结合填埋场等场地地层条件及污废水入渗特征,分别建立了“上细下粗”和“上粗下细”包气带层状非均质岩性结构水分入渗单相流和水气二相流模型,探讨不同层状非均质岩性结构条件下模型的适用性。在“上粗下细”岩性结构模型基础上,进一步探究入渗速率对水气两相运移结果的影响。基于论文模型研究表明:（1）在包气带岩性结构为“上细下粗”的条件下,气相的影响基本可以忽略,可直接采用单相流模型对包气带水分运移进行模拟;在“上粗下细”岩性结构和本次模型设定的底部压力保持不变及污废水泄漏前场地未接受降水入渗补给等条件下,当包气带上下层介质渗透率比值大于16倍时,气相会对水相运移产生明显影响,且下层介质渗透率越小、上下层介质渗透率比值越大,单相流与两相流的运移结果差别越大,需要采用水气二相流模型模拟包气带水分运移。（2）在包气带“上粗下细”岩性结构条件下,入渗速率越大,气相对水流入渗的阻滞作用越明显,此时包气带水分运移模拟应采用水气二相流模型。     

典型岩溶槽谷区土壤水和地下水氢氧稳定同位素对隧道建设的响应

隧道建设引起地下水流场改变,对区域水分运移过程造成严重影响.以重庆市中梁山岩溶槽谷为例,于2017年4月～2019年4月收集降水、土壤水、地下水和隧道排水,利用氢氧稳定同位素分析隧道影响区和非隧道影响区的土壤水和地下水运移过程,探索隧道建设对其产生的影响.结果表明:隧道影响区土壤水δ2H和δ18O变化幅度较非隧道影响区...     

基于有限体积法的冻土水热耦合程序开发及验证

土体冻结和融化时的水分迁移、相变与传热是一个相互影响的耦合过程。采用基于有限体积法的开源软件OpenFOAM,编制描述土体冻融过程的水热耦合计算程序。首先,基于土体水分和热量迁移基本方程、水分相变与温度的平衡方程,同时考虑相变对水分特征参数和热特性参数的影响以及相变潜热对传热过程的影响,建立冻土水热耦合数学模型。然后,采用基于多面体网格的有限体积方法对水热耦合控制方程进行空间离散,采用全隐式向后差分方法对方程进行时间离散,由此编制冻土水热耦合计算程序。该程序具有良好的几何适应性、质量和能量守恒性,具备面向复杂问题的并行计算功能。最后,采用该程序对两组不同温度边界条件的室内土体冻结试验进行数值模拟,并与试验结果进行对比,结果表明该程序可以较为准确地模拟土体冻结过程中温度场和水分场的演化特征。     

基于数值模拟的岩溶地下水源保护区划分技术研究

以山东省邹城市某岩溶水源地为例,研究数值模拟方法在岩溶地下水水源地保护区划分中的应用,以及水文地质参数对于水源地保护区划分结果的影响。基于GMS软件构建了研究区三维非稳定流地下水数值模型,采用质点追踪技术,通过反向追踪示踪粒子在运移100 d、1 000 d以及25 a后的位置及迁移轨迹,对该岩溶水源地进行保护区划分;改变数值模型中的主要水文地质参数,以变化后的保护区面积作为衡量参数敏感度的指标,并计算各参数的敏感度系数,研究水文地质参数对于保护区划分范围的影响。结果表明:当参数改变幅度在20%范围内时,一层垂向渗透系数(VK1)的敏感度系数最大可达到2.63×10-3,二层垂向渗透系数(VK2)的敏感度系数最大可达到3.64×10-3;垂向渗透系数的敏感度明显高于其他参数,说明垂向渗透系数对保护区划分范围的影响最大。因此,在应用数值模拟法对岩溶地下水源地进行保护区划分时,应尤其注意模型中各含水层垂向渗透系数取值的准确性和合理性。      

恩平凹陷南部隆起带油气成藏模式

南部隆起带是恩平凹陷的主要成藏带。利用基础资料, 系统分析了南部隆起带油气成藏的条件与特征, 总结了南部隆起带油气成藏的模式。恩平凹陷南部隆起带油气主要来自北侧EP17洼始新统文昌组中深湖相烃源岩, 南部隆起带之下缺失文昌组沉积, 存在油气的有利仓储区, 油气通过沟通有利仓储区的断裂运移, 主要有仓上-上盘诱导裂缝带垂向输导-连通砂体侧向输导-滑动破碎带侧向封堵-断块油气藏、仓上-上盘诱导裂缝带垂向输导-连通砂体侧向输导-它源自圈背斜油气藏以及仓上-下盘诱导裂缝带垂向输导-连通砂体侧向输导-滑动破碎带侧向封堵-断鼻油气藏3种成藏模式。      

厚层非饱和黄土中优势流和活塞流的讨论

厚层黄土中包气带水的运动方式一直存在争议。一种认为是活塞流,另一种认为是优势流,也有人认为两者并存。本文通过现场观测和两个模型试验,揭示活塞流是包气带中水分的特有的运移方式;基于非饱和土的土水特征,进一步证明优势流仅存在于饱和土中。自然界的黄土多处于非饱和状态,因此活塞流是黄土包气带中水的主要运移方式,而优势流是暂态和局部的,仅出现在降雨时期的浅层饱和区,或者低洼的汇水区。黄土中的垂直节理、卸荷裂隙、动物洞穴和植物根孔等优势通道是地表汇流的排水通道,而不是地下水的补给通道。     

焦家金矿床成矿流体运移的通道、方式及驱动机制

流体输导系统是成矿研究中的一个重要内容.本文通过焦家金矿床地质特征研究及趋势面分析等手段,探讨矿床成矿流体运移的通道和方向,进而对流体运移的方式和驱动作了分析.认为矿体的形成和空间分布受断裂流体输导系统的控制,流体总体从南西向上和侧向运移;由于断裂构造带不同部位岩石破碎程度不同,从而导致具有差异的孔隙度和渗透率,进而影响流体的运移方式;流体运移的驱动力主要由构造产生的附加静水压力所引起,同时重熔岩浆的上侵作用加速了流体的运移速率.