Change in regional land subsidence in Beijing after south-to-north water diversion project observed using satellite radar interferometry

ABSTRACT

Over-exploitation of groundwater has caused severe land subsidence in Beijing during the past two decades. Since the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP), the biggest water diversion project in China, started to deliver water to Beijing in December 2014, the groundwater shortage has been greatly alleviated. This study aims to analyze the impact of SNWDP on the spatiotemporal evolution of land subsidence in Beijing. Change in surface displacement in Beijing after SNWDP was retrieved and the spatiotemporal patterns of the change were analyzed based on long time-series Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) (2004–2010), Radarsat-2 (2011–2014), and Sentinel-1 (2015–2017) satellite datasets using Permanent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) techniques. Land subsidence unevenness index (LSUI) was proposed to represent the spatial unevenness of surface displacement. PS-Time approach was then adapted to examine the time series evolution of LSUI. The results showed that the InSAR measurements agree well with leveling measurements with R² over 0.96. Although the maximum annual displacement rate reached ?159.7 mm/year by 2017, over 57% of the area within 25 mm/year contour line showed decreasing or unchanged displacement rate after the south-north water delivered to Beijing. The settlement rate in Chaoyang-Dongbalizhuang (CD) subsidence center has decreased for 26 mm/year from 2011–2014 to 2015–2017. Only around 15% of the area experienced continued accelerating settlement rate through the three time periods, which was mainly located in the area with the compressible layer thickness over 190 m, while the magnitude of velocity increment considerably decreased after SNWDP. Land subsidence unevenness, represented by LSUI, developed more slowly after SNWDP than that during 2011–2014. However, LSUI at the edge of settlement funnel has kept developing and reached 1.7‰ in 2017. Decreasing groundwater level decline after SNWDP and the positive relationship (R² > 0.74) between land subsidence and groundwater level clearly showed impacts of SNWDP on the alleviating land subsidence. Other reasons include geological background, increasing precipitation, and strict water management policies implemented during these years.     

Land subsidence under different land use in the eastern Beijing plain,China 2005-2013 revealed by InSAR timeseries analysis

Land subsidence has been occurring in Beijing since the 1970s. Five major land subsidence areas have been formed: Dongbalizhuang–Dajiaoting, Laiguangying, Changping Shahe–Ba Xianzhuang, Daxing Yufa–Lixian, and Shunyi–Ping Gezhuang. In this paper, we studied on land subsidence in Dongbalizhuang–Dajiaoting and Laiguangying using small baseline subset interferometry and interferometric point target methods of 47 ENVISAT ASAR and 29 RADARSAT-2 data. The results showed that the degree of land subsidence in these areas varied significantly. The mean land subsidence rate ranged from 143.43 to 8.2 mm/a and from 132.11 to 7.3 mm/a during 2005–2010 and 2011–2013, respectively. We correlated the observed settlement with the land use (agricultural, residential, and industrial). Displacement in the agricultural areas was greater than that in the other areas from 2005 to 2013. Moreover, we compared the observed deformation and the groundwater level in phreatic and confined aquifers. There was a strong correlation between ground subsidence and the groundwater level and the ground settlement increased with a decrease in the groundwater level and the maximum correlation coefficient can reach 0.525. Furthermore, subsidence appeared to be associated with compressible deposits, suggesting that for 90–210-m thick compressible deposits, ground settlement is more likely to occur as the thickness of the compressible layer increases.     

武汉市地面沉降时空分异特征及地理探测机制

城市地区地面沉降造成地面高程损失,威胁各类设施的安全运行,影响地表径流和水文循环,监测地面沉降现状并揭示其形成机制,对于城市可持续发展具有重要意义。以2007—2011年的ALOS-PALSAR影像和2015—2019年的Radarsat-2影像为数据源,基于小基线集技术（small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar, SBAS-InSAR）获取武汉市两个监测阶段的地面沉降速率、沉降时间序列,并利用地理探测器揭示规划单元尺度地面沉降的主导驱动因子及驱动因子之间的交互作用机制。结果表明:(1)2007—2011?年和2015—2019年地面沉降平均速率分别为-3.53 mm/a和-1.48 mm/a。地面沉降较为显著的区域:2007—2011年,是汉口、沙湖沿岸及以北、南湖以西和白沙洲地区;2015—2019年,是汉口、沙湖北和白沙洲地区。(2)?局部性、阶段性、与自然条件及人类活动相关是两个时期武汉市地面沉降演变的3个特点。(3)水文地质条件作为必要条件,通过与地面荷载、地下空间开发、工程施工因素交互作用形成武汉市地面沉降时空格局,2007?—2011年的工程施工因素、2015—2019年的地面荷载因素与水文地质条件交互作用明显较强。     

Mapping land subsidence over the eastern Beijing city using satellite radar interferometry*

Beijing City has suffered from groundwater-induced subsidence since the late 1930s and the over-exploration of groundwater could lead to subsidence as much as ?12.0 cm?yr^?1. Previous studies on the ground deformation at Beijing City mainly focused on the period before the year of 2014 when a mega-engineering project was launched to reduce water shortage in Beijing. To study the most recent ground deformation, 19 L-band ALOS-1 PALSAR images (June 2007–January 2011), 24 C-band Sentinel-1 SAR images (June 2015–November 2016) together with 9 ALOS-2 PALSAR acquisitions (September 2014–February 2017) were analysed in this work. Levelling measurements were exploited to verify the ALOS-1-based time series InSAR (TS-InSAR) result while Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 result were cross-verified with each other. Furthermore, the whole study area was divided into four sub-zones, and the result indicated that the subsidence rates over five townships, Cuigezhuan, Jinzhan, Liyuan, Songzhuang and Yanjiao were accelerating and more attentions should be paid. On the contrary, the town centre of Douge Zhuang township experienced a decreasing trend between these two temporal-periods. Additionally, the time series measurements with respect to five selected measurement points and the profile line along the subsidence hot spots were analysed.     

高速铁路沉降评估中工程沉降和区域沉降的可区分性研究

某高速铁路北京至济南段地处华北平原,沿线经过的大部分地区都存在着不同程度的地面沉降。对穿越不同地面沉降速率区段的高速铁路工程,沉降观测得到的桥墩沉降量是工程沉降与区域沉降的综合体现。由于地面沉降速率在空间上是不均匀的,本文对区分工程沉降和区域沉降进行了研究,并提出了对沉降观测的改进措施。     

Land subsidence prediction in Beijing based on PS-InSAR technique and improved Grey-Markov model

Land subsidence induced by excessive groundwater withdrawal has caused serious social, geological, and environmental problems in Beijing. Rapid increases in population and economic development have aggravated the situation. Monitoring and prediction of ground settlement is important to mitigate these hazards. In this study, we combined persistent-scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture radar with Grey system theory to monitor and predict land subsidence in the Beijing plain. Land subsidence during 2003–2014 was determined based on 39 ENVISAT advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) images and 27 RadarSat-2 images. Results were consistent with global positioning system, leveling measurements at the point level and TerraSAR-X subsidence maps at the regional level. The average deformation rate in the line-of-sight was from ?124 to 7 mm/year. To predict future subsidence, the time-series deformation was used to build a prediction model based on an improved Grey-Markov model (IGMM), which adapted the conventional GM(1,1) model by utilizing rolling mechanism and integrating a k-means clustering method in Markov-chain state interval partitioning. Evaluation of the IGMM at both point level and regional scale showed good accuracy (root-mean-square error <3 mm; R² = 0.94 and 0.91). Finally, land subsidence in 2015–2016 was predicted, and the maximum cumulative deformation will reach 1717 mm by the end of 2016. The promising results indicate that this method can be used as an alternative to the conventional numerical and empirical models for short-term prediction when there is lack of detailed geological or hydraulic information.     

利用压密方程计算分析西安市地面沉降特征

利用西安市地下水位监测资料,基于水文地质三维结构模型,在不考虑粘土层滞后压缩变形的理想情况下,采用压密方程计算获得西安市抽取地下水可引起的理论地面沉降量及沉降分布特征,结果表明:计算所得沉降显著区位于西安市西南部的高新区及东南部的曲江新区,沉降量呈由北向南递增的特征,与InSAR监测结果整体趋势具有较好的一致性;地面沉降分布特征受到活动地裂缝影响,沉降曲线呈近NE向偏转展布。研究结果可为沉降灾害预防研究提供宏观的参考信息。     

时间序列InSAR技术辅助下的北京市高速公路网沉降监测应用

利用高分辨率TerraSAR-X影像,通过多主影像相干目标小基线干涉技术（MCTSB-InSAR）获取了北京市主城区2011-2015年的地表形变信息;通过建立缓冲区,提取并分析了北京市12条高速公路及一条快速公路的沉降现状;在高速公路沉降信息的基础上对机场第二高速进行了路面平整度分析。利用水准测量数据验证了监测结果,精度达4.6 mm/a,表明MCTSB-InSAR技术不仅可以快速监测出大区域高速公路交通网络的地表沉降,而且监测精度较高。     

Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Land Subsidence Induced by Groundwater Exploitation and Construction in the Eastern Chaoyang District,Beijing, China

Human activities have a large impact on land subsidence in great metropolitan areas. In this study, the RADARSAT-2 observation data over a 4-year period (from November 2010 to September 2014) is used to investigate the trends of land subsidence in the eastern Chaoyang District in Beijing, China, and to analyze the impact of human activities on it. The observation results indicate that the temporal and spatial evolutions trend of land subsidence in this area is uneven, with deformation rates ranging from ??116.52 to 7.1 mm/year. There are two large subsidence areas located in the northern part of the study area, and we find that the groundwater exploitation and deformation rates are strongly linearly correlated. The effect of construction on land subsidence has also been investigated. Over time, land subsidence is generally increased in the study area, with an exception at the Longfor Changying Galleria area, which is under construction during the observation period. Based on the time-series analysis of permanent scattered points in the 200 m buffer area, construction activities are observed to cause both land subsidence and upheaval deformation of the surrounding soil. During the construction period, the displacement of the surrounding soil is disturbed. After completion, the initial displacement of surrounding soil is tended to involve the uplift of the surrounding soil, followed by a gradual subsidence with time.     

利用GRACE数据进行京津冀地区地面沉降与地下水耦合分析

地下水的过量开采已导致京津冀地区出现严重的地面沉降,为了分析地下水与地面沉降之间的耦合关系,首先利用GRACE-FO数据与GLDAS数据反演出京津冀地区2016—2019年地下水变化时序;然后利用MCTSB-InSAR技术反演出该地区同时段的沉降变化时序。通过试验分别获取地下水与地面沉降的差分变化序列和变化趋势线,并引入非弹性存储系数分析地下水对地面沉降影响力的变化规律。结果表明:①当地下水迅速升高或降低时,地面沉降速率减小或增大;当地下水持续升高时,地面沉降接近停止。②沉降越严重的区域,地下水与地面沉降变化趋势的相关性越强。③由地下水变化引起沉降的能力,随沉降等级升高而变大,且该能力在不同沉降等级中随时间变化的趋势也不同。     

基于自回归分布滞后模型的地面沉降预测

地面沉降与地下水水位变化不同步,且地面下沉受自身影响较大,建立滞后作用下地面沉降预测模型,以某地区地面沉降为例进行模拟试验,并探讨模型拟合效果与预测精度。结果表明,自回归分布滞后模型的拟合效果较好,预测精度较高,可以用到地面沉降量计算中。     

基于D-InSAR三轨法的北京平原区地表形变监测

首先阐述了D-InSAR三轨法提取地表形变的基本原理,以北京平原区为实验区域,利用2009年9月到2010年4月间时隔210 d的三景Envisat ASAR数据进行解算,获取了该时间段内北京市城区范围内的整体地表形变,并将其与常规水准测量结果进行比较。结果表明,实验区监测结果范围与传统测量方法累计沉降量等值线吻合较好,D-InSAR三轨法能很好地反映实验区域的地面沉降情况。     

时序InSAR监测京雄城际铁路河北段地面沉降

本文以京雄城际铁路河北段固安站至雄安站沿线作为研究区,利用2018—2020年共34景Sentinel-1B影像,基于小基线集雷达干涉测量技术(SBAS-InSAR)获取京雄城际铁路河北段沿线的地面沉降时空分布信息,结合空间自相关分析方法,揭示研究区地面沉降的空间分布格局,并对沉降原因进行初步分析。研究结果表明,京雄城际铁路河北段沿线地面沉降发展由北向南存在一定的差异。北部年均沉降速率小于10 mm/a,南部沉降较为严重,最大年均沉降速率达-105.6 mm/a,且沿线西部年均沉降速率高于东部区域。通过分析影响因素得知,地面沉降量与地下水埋深值存在相关性,地下水埋深高的地区地面沉降量较高。同时结合研究区土地利用变化结果发现,城市化建设所产生的静载荷对京雄城际铁路沿线的地面沉降产生一定的影响。     

Land subsidence in major cities of Central Mexico: Interpreting InSAR-derived land subsidence mapping with hydrogeological data

Significant structural damages to urban infrastructures caused by compaction of over-exploited aquifers are an important problem in Central Mexico. While the case of Mexico City has been well-documented, insight into land subsidence problems in other cities of Central Mexico is still limited. Among the cities concerned, we present and discuss the cases of five of them, located within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB): Toluca, Celaya, Aguascalientes, Morelia, and Queretaro. Applying the SBAS-InSAR method to C-Band RADARSAT-2 data, five high resolution ground motion time-series were produced to monitor the spatio-temporal variations of displacements and fracturing from 2012 to 2014. The study presents recent changes of land subsidence rates along with concordant geological and water data. It aims to provide suggestions to mitigate future damages to infrastructure and to assist in groundwater resources management.Aguascalientes, Celaya, Morelia and Queretaro (respectively in order of decreasing subsidence rates) are typical cases of fault-limited land subsidence of Central Mexico. It occurs as a result of groundwater over-exploitation in lacustrine and alluvial deposits covering highly variable bedrock topography, typical of horst-graben geological settings. Aguascalientes and Toluca show high rates of land subsidence (up to 10 cm/yr), while Celaya and Morelia show lower rates (from 2 to 5 cm/yr). Comparing these results with previous studies, it is inferred that the spatial patterns of land subsidence have changed in the city of Toluca. This change appears to be mainly controlled by the spatial heterogeneity of compressible sediments since no noticeable change occurred in groundwater extraction and related drawdown rates. While land subsidence of up to 8 cm/yr has been reported in the Queretaro Valley before 2011, rates inferior to 1 cm/yr are measured in 2013–2014. The subsidence has been almost entirely mitigated by major changes in the water management practices of the city, i.e., a 122 km long pipeline bringing surface water from an adjacent state allowed to cease pumping in half of the wells.     

Sentinel-1A TS-DInSAR京津冀地区沉降监测与分析

近年来,京津冀地区的不均匀地表沉降日趋严重,对公路、铁路等基础设施安全造成严重威胁,已引起国内外广泛关注。合成孔径雷达时序差分干涉TS-DIn SAR(Time Series Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar)作为一种高效的广域形变测量手段,在地面沉降调查监测中已被广泛应用,但如何针对高现势性的影像数据高精准提取大范围区域地表形变是当前深化的热点。本文利用欧洲太空局发布的Sentinel-1A新型数据源,针对TOPS(Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans)模式影像间存在多普勒中心不一致问题,借助外部高精度POD(Precise Orbit Determination)轨道和DSM(Digital Surface Model)数据进行频移滤波迭代配准,并针对Sentinel-1A数据特征集成优化了基于点目标时序分析的大区域地表形变监测方法,以2015年—2016年期间的29景影像为实验数据开展了京津地区沉降监测研究,提取了北京东、廊坊及天津西等地区的沉降结果,并结合区域内典型区域人口密度、产业分布、地表覆盖和线路剖面等信息深入分析了沉降的时空分布特征和成因。结果表明,Sentinel-1A时序干涉结果在大范围地表沉降调查监测上具有可靠的应用精度。     

利用TPCA分析北京平原区地面沉降的时空演化特征

时间主成分分析（temporal principal component analysis,TPCA）可用于地学领域中提取时空数据的时序特征和空间分布特征,北京平原区的地面沉降具有典型的时序和空间特征。在利用永久散射体干涉测量技术获取的北京平原区2003—2010年地面沉降数据的基础上,采用TPCA方法分析了北京平原区地面沉降时空演化特征。经分析发现:（1）TPCA分析得到的第一主成分反映了地面沉降在该长时序阶段的空间分布特征。（2）第二主成分得分为正的空间点与可压缩层厚度在130 m以上的区域在空间分布上有一致性和相关性。（3）在空间上,第一主成分为负值与第二主成分为正值的永久散射体点分布在年均沉降速率30 mm/a以上的严重沉降区域。严重沉降区具有明显的南北沉降分类现象和季节性差异,具体表现为:北部沉降区在春夏季节的沉降量大于秋冬季节;南部沉降区则与之相反。总之,基于时间主成分分析方法可分析得到研究区的地面沉降时空演化规律,为城市安全监测提供数据支撑。     

基于库伊克模型的地面沉降预测分析

针对地面沉降与地下水水位变化的内在关系,考虑地面沉降受到自身变化规律的影响,建立基于库伊克变换的地面沉降预测模型,应用该模型对某地区地面沉降统计数据进行模拟预测,有效实现该地区地面沉降与地下水水位以及本身之间的定量模拟,并探讨模型的拟合效果和预测精度。结果表明库伊克模型拟合效果较好,预测精度较高,能较好地反映研究区域的地面沉降变形趋势。     

Spatiotemporal evolution of land subsidence around a subway using InSAR time-series and the entropy method

The underground railway network of Beijing City, China, which is an important urban infrastructure, has burgeoned with the expansion of the city. However, the influence of subway construction and operation on local subsidence has received minimal attention. By analyzing the Radarsat-2 synthetic aperture radar satellite data, and using persistent scatterer interferometry, we revealed the land subsidence characteristics along the Beijing Subway Line 6. In the context of land subsidence, the expectation (Ex) reflects the overall level of local land subsidence while the entropy (En) reflects the degree of nonuniformity of local land subsidence in time and space. By comparing the changes in Ex and En, we estimated the spatial range of the influence of the subway on local land subsidence. The influenced area was mainly located between 60 m north of the subway line and 80 m south of the subway line. Land subsidence was most strongly altered during subway construction. During operation of the subway, the deformation rates along the subway increased slightly in the first two years and were then stabilized.     

InSAR视角下准噶尔盆地农业灌溉区地表形变特征和演化规律

抽取地下水进行农业灌溉是导致地下水位快速下降的重要因素,而长期过度开采地下水往往会引发地面沉降灾害,这种现象在干旱和半干旱地区非常普遍。为了研究农业灌溉超采引发的地表形变特征和演化规律,本文以准噶尔盆地南缘、天山北麓地带为研究区域,利用SBAS-InSAR技术对2003年—2009年覆盖呼图壁县的ENVISAT/ASAR升、降轨数据进行处理,获取了该地区的地表形变场,并结合研究区的农业灌溉方式、水资源补给和季节变化等资料对地面沉降的时空变化特征进行分析,为水资源和农业可持续发展提供参考意义。实验表明,研究区内主要有两个沉降幅度较大的漏斗,且都位于农田区域。2007年以前,研究区地表没有显著形变,之后发生了较大量级的沉降。采用传统灌溉方式和时针式灌溉系统的农业区平均沉降速率最高分别可达50 mm/a和30 mm/a,前者在时间上呈线性变化,而后者具有显著的周期性变化特征。在冬季时,采用时针式灌溉系统的地区地面抬升量可达40 mm,远大于传统灌溉方式的农田区域,而夏季地面沉降速率可达200 mm/a。对研究区农业灌溉活动进行分析后发现,农业灌溉造成的地下水超采是该地区地面沉降的主要影响因素,其形变机制与季节变化具有较高的相关性,在灌溉活动休止期内地表形变取决于地下水的补给量。研究区内的形变特征和影响因素分析将为地下水资源的充分利用和农业的可持续发展提供有效的信息。     

基于PSInSAR技术的地面沉降监测研究——以北京怀柔区为例

怀柔应急水源地是北京第一个建成的特大型应急备用水源地,经过数年的开采后,应急水源地水位大幅度下降,地下水漏斗面积不断扩大。PSInSAR技术在监测地面沉降方面具有很大的优势,本文利用PSInSAR技术和2003年—2009年间28幅Enviast卫星的ASAR影像监测怀柔应急水源地地区地面沉降情况,试验结果表明该地区平均沉降量为8mm/a。通过该地区地面沉降状况和地下水漏斗发展趋势之间的对比,发现地面沉降范围和地下水漏斗有较大的空间一致性,平面分布趋势整体上由南西—北东向北西—南东转变。