一次黄海入海气旋爆发性发展的诊断分析

对2013年11月一次黄海入海气旋的爆发性发展过程进行了诊断分析,结果显示:此次气旋入海发展过程中始终位于500 h Pa高空槽前,槽前正涡度平流和强烈暖平流是气旋爆发性发展的主要原因。对流层高层有明显正位涡下传至低层,引起地面气旋性涡度发展,对气旋爆发性发展有重要作用;气旋发展过程中始终位于高空急流出口区左侧,高空辐散、低空辐合以及强上升运动提供了气旋发展的动力条件;除了低空急流输送,海洋和大气之间耦合作用为气旋爆发性发展提供了必要的热量输送。     

应用ω方程对爆发性气旋与非爆发性气旋的诊断对比分析

对发生在北太平洋西部中高纬度海洋上的两个爆发性气旋和一个非爆发性气旋进行了非地转ω方程诊断分析。认为强的温度平流、涡度平流、位涡平流和凝结潜热释放是使气旋爆发性发展的主要因子,爆发性气旋发展过程中是一特殊的斜压过程、存在着某种自我激发的机制。非爆发性气旋不但其发展因子（如涡度平流、温度平流、位涡平流、潜热释放等）在量的方面较爆发性气旋要小,自我激发性机制表现得也不明显。爆发性气旋与非爆发性气旋的发     

一个温带海洋气旋爆发性发展的动力学分析

本文对1982年3月11～16日出现在西北太平洋地区的一个强温带海洋气旋的爆发性发展过程进行了诊断分析。重点讨论了斜压不稳定和非绝热加热过程在气旋发展不同阶段的特点和相互作用。分析揭示,在气旋发展初期低层与高层扰动在垂直方向是分离的,尺度和移速都不同。由高低层等熵位涡扰动的相对位相分析发现,在发展初期斜压不稳定条件对发展是不利的,而在爆发阶段则非常有利。由湿位涡和水汽辐合,等熵运动和非地转运动分析指出,非绝热加热过程在前边两个阶段都很重要。在爆发阶段斜压不稳定与非绝热加热过程相互作用,产生正反馈,使气旋得到爆发性发展。     

北太平洋上一个爆发性气旋族的结构分析

利用NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)再分析格点资料和HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model)模式对2012年1月1—10日发生在北太平洋的一个爆发性气旋族进行了研究,并对气旋族的两个主要成员Parent Low(气旋A)和Child Low(气旋B)的演变过程和时空结构进行了详细分析,发现在气旋A和气旋B的爆发性发展阶段,200hPa高空的辐散区向气旋输送正涡度平流,气旋处于500hPa大槽前部,系统轴线西倾,低层有强冷平流向气旋中心输送并与锋面结合,温度梯度较大。气旋西侧较强北风携带的冷空气与冷锋前来的暖湿空气相遇,为气旋的发展提供有利条件。从形势场上看,气旋B爆发性发展主要是依靠气旋A所提供的环流背景场。气旋A在高空为气旋B提供正涡度平流,在低空通过环流将冷平流输送到气旋B内部,使气旋B低层斜压性增加。在气旋A和气旋B的向东移动和"互旋"过程中,两者之间水汽输送通道逐步建立。东移过程中,气旋A不断向气旋B进行水汽输运,使得气旋B系统内部水汽含量增加,为气旋的发展提供能量。利用后向追踪法对气旋B中心附近的空气进行追踪发现,在1 000m以下,来自气旋A的空气占到总数的一半以上,可以认为气旋A是气旋B低层水汽来源的主要途径之一。     

西北太平洋一个超强爆发性气旋的分析

利用NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)提供的CFSv2(Climate Forecast System Version 2)资料和日本高知大学提供的MTSAT-1R(Multi-functional Transport Satellites-1R)卫星红外波段反照率资料,对2013年1月发生在西北太平洋上的一个超强爆发性气旋进行了研究,利用天气分析和诊断分析等方法,详细分析了该爆发性气旋的结构特征。发现该气旋在爆发性发展的后期位于高空急流的北侧,高空的强辐散有利于气旋的发展。气旋上空500hPa的低压槽在14日12UTC显著加深,槽前的正涡度平流有利于海平面气压降低。与气旋伴随的冷锋存在鼻状结构,在800hPa以下,假相当位温随高度降低,低层大气呈对流性不稳定状态。利用涡度方程对气旋进行诊断分析,发现平流项和拉伸项为气旋涡度变化的主要贡献项。设计了围绕气旋中心15(°)×15(°)的区域,发现不同时刻的沿区域四边积分的环流、区域内面积平均的非绝热加热、水汽通量散度和垂直速度4个物理量存在正反馈过程,即气旋爆发性发展的前期存在类似CISK的正反馈机制。     

超强台风“梅花”急剧变化的环境特征和能量变化分析

利用中国气象局的热带气旋最佳路径资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对1109号超强台风"梅花"在急剧增强、超强和减弱阶段的大尺度环境、高低层涡散分布和能量场演变配比特征进行分析。结果表明:超强台风"梅花"强度变化与南亚高压、副热带高压的强度变化有明显关系;急剧增强前24 h,伴随有风垂直切变明显减弱,急剧减弱前24 h风垂直切变存在突然增强。中心附近对流层高层辐散的增强、正涡度的增大和正涡度柱向对流层中上层伸展导致超强台风"梅花"急剧增强,对流层低层辐散和高层辐合的增大与强度的减弱密切相关。急剧增强过程中涡旋风动能的增加远大于辐散风动能,涡旋风动能增量主要集中在大气层低层,总位能增量在大气低层和高层配比相当。     

9711号北上台风演变及暴雨过程的位涡诊断分析

通过对 971 1号台风登陆北上穿过山东造成山东特大暴雨过程的湿位涡的分析 ,并从湿位涡的角度研究了台风演变及山东特大暴雨的形成机制 ,揭示了冷空气在台风演变及暴雨过程中的重要作用。结果表明 :倾斜涡度发展是暴雨产生和台风加强的重要机制之一 ,暴雨产生在 θe线陡立密集区内 ;湿位涡在这次暴雨过程中对流层低层具有 MPV1 <0 ,MPV2 >0的特征 ,此次暴雨产生在负的MPV1等值线密集区中 ;对流层上部及平流层下部高位涡的下传使得低层斜压性增大 ,引起低层的对流稳定度减小 ,促使气旋性涡度发展 ,有利于位势不稳定能量的释放 ,使得暴雨增幅 ,导致台风的加强并演变为温带气旋。     

东亚夏季低层大气环流对东海及其邻近海域海温异常响应的数值试验

利用NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料、全球海温资料(OISST)及区域气候模式(RegCM3)研究了东亚夏季低层(925hPa)大气环流对东海及其邻近海域热力异常的响应.结果表明,夏季,当东海及其邻近海域的海温升高0.5和1.0℃时,在中国东部和东海及其邻近海域上空均会出现一个异常的气旋性环流,而且海温越高,气旋性环流越明显,并在海面上空形成辐合中心;反之,当东海及其邻近海域海温降低时,中国东部和东海及其邻近海域上空将出现一个异常的反气旋性环流,并在海面上空形成辐散中心.东海及其邻近海域夏季海温的异常可通过热力作用影响低层大气的辐合(散)和垂向运动,并影响局地低层大气和上层海洋的相互作用,从而使得东亚大气环流发生改变,进而可能对中国大陆东部气候和近海环境的变化产生重要作用.     

南半球风暴轴对冬夏季中纬度海温异常的响应特征

利用HadISST(Hadley Centre Global Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature)和20CRv2(Twentieth-Century Reanalysis dataset version 2)数据集,对1951—2000年南半球中纬度海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature; SST)进行了经验正交函数分解(EOF),结合回归分析方法,分析了南半球风暴轴对冬夏季中纬度海温异常的响应特征。结果表明:南半球夏季SST第一模态表现为三极子型,南大西洋、南印度洋和南太平洋的SST暖异常能够使对流层低层涡动活动增强,体现在850 hPa涡动热量极向热通量增加,其最大值出现在南太平洋西部。南半球冬季SST第一模态表现为在南大西洋、南印度洋分布暖异常,在南太平洋中西部出现弱偶极子型SST异常,分别能够在局地增强和减弱对流层低层涡动活动,体现在增强和减弱,其大值区出现在南印度洋。进一步对大气斜压性和斜压能量转换的诊断结果表明,上述中纬度海温异常的存在能导致对流层低层出现一致性的斜压增强(减弱),进而加强(削弱)大气涡动活动。     

冬季海上爆发性气旋成因的动力学研究

本文对１９７９年１月和４月发生于西北太平洋地区的两个爆发性气旋和一个非爆发性气旋,应用位势涡度和Ｅ－Ｐ通量等进行了诊断分析。分析揭示,爆发性气旋发生与发展,不同于普通气旋的动力机制,它是由于平流层底的涡度异常增大南侵和下旋对对流层扰动、上层冷空气下传表成的上下偶合垂直结构的发展性气旋。其动力主要来自上层强和下层的水汽输送产生的大量而集中的凝结潜热。     

Detection of cyclonic eddy generated by looping tropical cyclone in the northern South China Sea:a case study

A case study on the cyclonic eddy generated by the tropical cyclone looping over the northern South China Sea (NSCS) is presented, using TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data and AVHRR sea surface temperature (SST) data.Three cases relating to the tropical cyclone events (Typhoon Kai-Tak in July 2000, Tropical Storm Russ in June 1994and Tropical Storm Maria in August-September 2000) over the NSCS have been analyzed. For each looping tropical cyclone case, the cyclonic eddy with an obvious sea level depression appears in the sea area where the tropical cyclone takes a loop form, and lasts for about 2 weeks with a slight variation in location. The cold core with the SST difference greater than 2 ℃ against its surrounding areas is also observed by the satellite-derived SST data.     

Detection of cyclonic eddy generated by looping tropical cyclone in the northern South China Sea: a case study

A case study on the cyclonic eddy generated by the tropical cyclone looping over the northern South China Sea (NSCS) is presented, using TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data and AVHRR sea surface temperature (SST) data. Three cases relating to the tropical cyclone events (Typhoon Kai-Tak in July 2000, Tropical Storm Russ in June 1994 and Tropical Storm Maria in August-September 2000) over the NSCS have been analyzed. For each looping tropical cyclone case, the cyclonic eddy with an obvious sea level depression appears in the sea area where the tropical cyclone takes a loop form, and lasts for about 2 weeks with a slight variation in location. The cold core with the SST difference greater than 2℃against its surrounding areas is also observed by the satellite-derived SST data.     

南海中尺度涡旋对热带气旋的响应：个例研究

利用TOPEX／POsEIDON和Jason—1卫星高度计,SeaWiFS水色传感器和TMI微波成像仪等卫星遥感资料研究了南海中尺度涡旋对热带气旋“玲玲”（Lingling,0123）、“灿都”（Chanthu,0405）和“榴莲”（Durian,0621）的响应,得到以下研究结果：（1）位于热带气旋“玲玲”和“榴莲”移动路径右侧的冷涡在热带气旋经过后增强,表现在海面高度距平和海表温度的较大幅度下降,以及叶绿素a的爆发性升高;（2）位于“玲玲”移动路径左侧以及“灿都”路径上的暖涡在热带气旋经过后减弱,表现在海面高度距平和海表温度的下降,而叶绿素a变化不太明显;（3）当热带气旋“玲玲”和“灿都”经过暖涡时,热带气旋的强度迅速增大,这表明暖涡可能有助于热带气旋的加强．     

A three-dimensional model study on ocean dynamic response to traveling cyclone over the Huanghai Sea

On the basis of numerical simulation of the mean circulation and relevant thermal-salinity fields in June with a three-dimensional ocean model (ECOM-si), the model outputs are used as first guess of initial fields for numerical integration of the model equations and the numerical results are applied to investigating the dynamical responses of the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea (HECS) in the course of a weak land-to-sea cyclone‘s passage over the Huanghai Sea on 15-16 June 1999. Predominance of the dynamic impact of cyclone over the thermal one in June in the HECS is justified using observations and model simulations.The cyclone and its surrounding weather system, i.e,, subtropical high ridge to its south could influence current and thermal fields in the Bohai Sea, the Huanghai Sea and the northern East China Sea even though the intensity of cyclone was rather weak. The response of oceanic currents to the wind stresses driven by the cyclone and its southern subtropical high were strongly characterized by the wind drift with its extent of equivalent scale of cyclone in the horizontal and of Ekman layer in the vertical. The sea response at a given site was closely related to the transient local wind speed and direction,especially was sensitive to the local wind direction,which is demonstrated at three points locating at the southern and western Huanghai Sea and the northern East China Sea. So the sea responses at locations differed considerably from one another. Current responded to the wind stress in a simple way:directly to the wind-driven current and subsequent gradient current and slope current, etc., whereas sea temperature responded to the wind stress in two ways: directly to the cyclone-induced cooling and indirectly to water movements both in the horizontal and the vertical by the cyclone‘ s wind stress. So the sea temperature variation under the influence of cyclone was more complicate than the current. The HECS in response to the cyclone and its ambient weather system was likely to be a fast process and such a response could last at least for more than 1d. Current increased with the duration of wind stress exerted on the surface and decreased with the increasing depth. Affected by the cyclone, the maximum sea surface temperature decreased by almost 1.6℃ during the 24h cyclone.     

2021年夏季海洋天气评述

2021年夏季（6—8月）大气环流特征为：北半球极涡呈单极型分布,主体位于北冰洋上空偏向西半球,强度较常年偏强;东亚地区以纬向环流为主,副热带高压较常年平均略偏西偏南。6月,北部海域温度较低,黄渤海海雾天气多发。7月,西南季风推进,热带气旋活跃。8月,副热带高压增强西伸,热带气旋活动频次偏少。夏季共有7次海雾过程,其中6月有4次,7月有3次。我国近海出现了9次8级以上大风过程,其中热带气旋大风过程6次,温带气旋入海影响的大风过程3次。浪高在2 m以上的海浪过程有10次,2 m以上大浪的天数共计38 d。我国北部及东部海域升温明显,从北到南的海面温度梯度减小。西北太平洋和南海有9个台风活动,其中台风“烟花”造成近海一次范围广、时间长、风力大的大风过程。     

Numerical study of rapid cyclogenesis over sea

A five-layer primitive equation model was used in the study of rapid cyclogenesis over sea. The numerical simulations show that'the Tibetan Plateau, large-scale baroclinicity and heat flux from the sea surface are the three important agents to produce cyclonic vorticity along the east coast of China. The diagnostic computation of a 24 h control simulation indicates that the nonlinear vorticity advec-tion, baroclinicity and diabatic heating are also responsible for the development of the extratropical cyclones over seas.     

福建热带气旋年频数异常与大气环流及海温的特征

本文通过对1951－1996年北半球500、100hPa月平均高度场及太平洋月平均海温场的合成分析和相关分析,给出影响福建热带气旋年频数异常的大气环流及海温场特征,并分析可能存在的机理,为TC频数的短期气候预测奠定基础。     

A quasitropical cyclone over the Black Sea: Observations and numerical simulation

A long-living mesoscale cyclone observed over the Black Sea in September 2005 was characterized by a high wind velocity (25 m/sec) and induced an abnormal lowering of the sea-surface temperature (by more than 10°C). We performed the numerical simulation of this cyclone by using the MM5 model and the data of global operative analysis. The evolution of the cyclone and its structure similar to the structure of a tropical cyclone are reproduced. The primary azimuthal and secondary radial circulations, the clear-sky eye with warm core at medium levels, and the eyewall with strong air updraft and intense convection and precipitation are well visible. The fluxes of sensible and latent heat on the sea surface played the key role in the initiation and development of this cyclone. __________ Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 3, pp. 41–55, May–June, 2008.     

2006年6月北大西洋上热带风暴Alberto变性后爆发性发展机理分析

本文利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)的ERA5客观再分析资料、气象卫星合作研究所(Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies,CIMSS)...     

Response of upper ocean and impact of barrier layer on Sidr cyclone induced sea surface cooling

In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate the impact of salinity stratification on the SST during the tropical cyclone (TC) passage. In this context, a severe post monsoon cyclone, Sidr, (Category 4) that developed over the south-eastern Bay of Bengal (BoB) during 11–16 November, 2007 was chosen as a case study. Pre-existence of a thick barrier layer (BL), temperature inversions and a higher effective oceanic layer for cyclogenesis (EOLC) were noticed along the path of the Sidr cyclone. The analysis of available Argo floats along the Sidr cyclone track also revealed less cooling during as well as after its passage as was reported from satellite derived SST. The role of BL on Sidr induced sea surface cooling was investigated using a diagnostic mixed layer model. Model results also depict the reduced sea surface cooling during the passage of Sidr. This is attributed to the presence of BL which results in the inhibition of the entrainment of cool thermocline water into the shallow mixed layer. Climatological as well as in situ observations of tropical cyclone heat potential (TCHP) and EOLC shows that the Sidr cyclone propagated towards the regions of higher EOLC.