基于智能手机的校园环境噪声时空分布

针对依靠布设固定监测站的方式收集噪声信息需耗费大量人力、物力和财力,且其所采集数据仅能覆盖有限范围的问题,该文依照群智感知的思路,利用志愿者的智能手机作为信息采集终端,收集中国矿业大学(北京)校园内的噪声监测数据,使用克里金插值法生成噪声地图,在对校园进行功能区划分的基础上,分析校园环境噪声的空间分布差异和各功能区内噪声的时间变化规律。实验结果表明,该文所提方法能根据校园内人群的智能手机采集的数据,快速获取环境噪声的时空分布模式,进而推断时空差异的产生原因。     

城市房价空间分布及其影响因素分析

针对城市房价的空间分布规律及其影响因素的研究,该文提出了以南昌市青山湖区房价为研究对象,基于相关理论,搜集整理了2015年07月到10月南昌市青山湖区155个楼盘的均价,利用市场比较法把房价修正到2015年10月份节点上,估算出了155个楼盘点的价格,以GIS技术为研究平台,运用普通克里格插值方法,得到了青山湖区房价的等值线图,根据等值线图得到其空间分布情况,从可达性视角出发,采用结构方程模型构建了青山湖区房价影响因素分析框架,运用SPSS分析出各自变量和因变量之间的关系,即定量分析出了各影响因素对房价格产生的影响程度。     

Application of Earth Remote Sensing and GIS in Mapping Land Cover Patterns in Kinangop Division, Kenya

<正>Land cover is a fundamental variable that links many facets of the natural environment and a key driver of global environmental change.Alterations in its status can have significant ramifications at local,regional and global levels.Hence,it is imperative to map land cover at a range of spatial and temporal scales with a view to understanding the inherent patterns for effective characterization,prediction and management of the potential environmental impacts.This paper presents the results of an effort to map land cover patterns in Kinangop division,Kenya,using geospatial tools.This is a geographic locality that has experienced rapid land use transformations since Kenya's independence culminating in uncontrolled land cover changes and loss of biodiversity.The changes in land use/cover constrain the natural resource base and presuppose availability of quantitative and spatially explicit land cover data for understanding the inherent patterns and facilitating specific and multi-purpose land use planning and management.As such,the study had two objectives viz.(i) mapping the spatial patterns of land cover in Kinangop using remote sensing and GIS and;(ii) evaluating the quality of the resultant land cover map.ASTER satellite imagery acquired in January 23,2007 was procured and field data gathered between September l0 and October 16,2007.The latter were used for training the maximum likelihood classifier and validating the resultant land cover map.The land cover classification yielded 5 classes,overall accuracy of 83.5%and kappa statistic of 0.79,which conforms to the acceptable standards of land cover mapping. This qualifies its application in environmental decision-making and manifests the utility of geospatial techniques in mapping land resources.     

Comparison of landslide susceptibility mapping based on statistical index,certainty factors,weights of evidence and evidential belief function models

The main aim of this study was to produce landslide susceptibility maps using statistical index (SI), certainty factors (CF), weights of evidence (WoE) and evidential belief function (EBF) models for the Long County, China. Firstly, a landslide inventory map, including a total of 171 landslides, was compiled on the basis of earlier reports, interpretation of aerial photographs and supported by extensive field surveys. Thereafter, all landslides were randomly separated into two data sets: 70% landslides (120 points) were selected for establishing the model and the remaining landslides (51 points) were used for validation purposes. Eleven landslide conditioning factors, such as slope aspect, slope angle, plan curvature, profile curvature, altitude, distance to faults, distance to roads, distance to rivers, lithology, NDVI and land use, were considered for landslide susceptibility mapping in this study. Then, the SI, CF, WoE and EBF models were used to produce the landslide susceptibility maps for the study area. Finally, the four models were validated using area under the curve (AUC) method. According to the validation results, the EBF model (AUC = 78.93%) has a higher prediction accuracy than the SI model (AUC = 77.72%), the WoE model (AUC = 77.62%) and the CF model (AUC = 77.72%). Similarly, the validation results also indicate that the EBF model has the highest training accuracy of 80.25%, followed by SI (79.80%), WoE (79.71%) and CF (79.67%) models.     

基于ArcGIS Server的物流配送最短路径分析系统的设计与实现

ArcGIS Server是ESRI公司在ArcGIS9.x系列产品中推出的一个构建企业级分布式的GIS应用开发平台,本文基于ArcGIS Server ADF框架和微软的.NET平台构建了试验环境,对实现配送最短路径道路数据的组织、处理方法作了初步研究,并分析了系统实现所需的关键技术,初步实现了B/S模式下配送最短路径分析的基本功能。     

配电网地理信息系统的设计与实现

近年来电力部门利用专业绘图软件(如AutoCAD)或自主开发的电力图形信息管理系统,实现了对空间数据的管理,但还存在很多不足.鉴于此,本文研究了地理信息系统与配电网管理系统的结合模式,基于Oracle及ArcSDE的空间数据管理方式,以GIS组件ArcEngine和VS.NET平台为开发工具,设计并研发了一套完整C/S...     

Assessment of a data-driven evidential belief function model and GIS for groundwater potential mapping in the Koohrang Watershed,Iran

The objective of this study is to produce groundwater potential map (GPM) and its performance assessment using a data-driven evidential belief function (EBF) model. This study was carried out in the Koohrang Watershed, Chaharmahal-e-Bakhtiari Province, Iran. It’s conducted in three main stages such as data preparation, groundwater potential mapping using EBF and validation of constructed model using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. At first, 864 groundwater data were collected from spring locations; out of that, 605 (70%) locations were selected for training/model building and the remaining 259 (30%) cases were used for the model validation. In the next step, 12 effective factors such as altitude, slope aspect, slope degree, slopelength (LS), topographic wetness index (TWI), plan curvature, land use, lithology, distance from rivers, drainage density, distance from faults and fault density were extracted from the spatial database. Subsequently, GPM was prepared using EBF model in ArcGIS environment. Finally, the ROC curve and area under the curves (AUC) were drawn for verification purposes. The validation of results showed that the AUC for EBF model is 81.72%. In general, this result can be helpful for planners and engineers in water resource management and land-use planning.     

采用逻辑回归的汾河流域遗址分布研究

为了更好地指导考古挖掘和理解古人类活动,该文从汾河流域DEM数据中提取高程、坡度、坡向、地形起伏度、地表曲率、距河流距离及距大遗址距离等作为自变量,利用二元逻辑回归建立流域内仰韶时期至夏商时期各时期遗址分布模型,对模型结果进行了定量分析并生成了汾河流域各时期遗址分布概率图,在此基础上对汾河流域人类文化遗址的分布特征进行研究。遗址分布模型总体分类精度较好。遗址分布模型对考古工作及古环境研究具有重要价值,可以为考古工作提供决策支持。     

基于GIS的测绘生产计划辅助编制系统的设计与应用

本文以西部测图工程为背景,针对传统生产计划编制的非适应性,设计出基于GIS和测绘生产成本定额的计划编制预算模型,通过先进的信息提取技术来获取准确的数据信息;有效数据库技术来存储和管理数据信息;快速、准确的计算机技术来处理生产计划预算过程中的数据,从而实现了对生产计划预算编制的准确性、动态性和及时性的核算。最后,通过建立测绘生产计划辅助编制系统并在西部测图工程计划预算编制过程中的应用,验证了该系统的准确性和可行性。     

Development of an image based integrated method for determining and mapping aerosol optical thickness (AOT) over urban areas using the darkest pixel atmospheric correction method,RT equation and GIS: A case study of the Limassol area in Cyprus

This paper presents the development of an image-based integrated method for determining and mapping aerosol optical thickness (AOT). Using the radiative transfer (RT) equation, a methodology was developed to create a Geographical Information System (GIS) model that can visually display the AOT distribution over urban areas. In this paper, the model was applied to eleven Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (TM/ETM+) satellite images of Limassol, Cyprus during 2010 and 2011 to determine the AOT levels in Limassol Cyprus during satellite overpass. The study is innovative and unique in that the RT equation, satellite images, the darkest pixel (DP) method of atmospheric correction and GIS were integrated to derive AOT from satellite images and display the AOT distribution over an urban area without the input of any meteorological or atmospheric parameters. The accuracy of the algorithm was verified through statistical analysis by the strong agreement between the AOT values derived using the algorithm and the in situ AOT values from the ground-based sensors.     

Development of a GIS data model with spatial, temporal and attribute components based on object-oriented approach

1 lntroductionA Mraphical object normal1y poSSeSSes threecomPOnents: spatiaI, temporal and attribute asPeCts.The first comPOnent describes the spatial extent ofan object, such as the boundary of a Iand parcel.The second describes timesrelated information, fOrinstance, the beginning and end time of a land Par-cel. The third describes the attribute characteristicsof obects, fOr example, the type of land cover.These three comPOnents constitute a complete im-age of an object.In most of the…     

Development of a GIS data model with spatial,temporal and attribute components based on object-oriented approach

This paper presents a conceptual data model, the STA-model, for handling spatial, temporal and attribute aspects of objects in GIS. The model is developed on the basis of object-oriented modeling approach. This model includes two major parts: (a) modeling the signal objects by STA-object elements, and (b) modeling relationships between STA-objects. As an example, the STA-model is applied for modeling land cover change data with spatial, temporal and attribute components.     

南京市高级中学可达性及空间分布特征研究

针对现有的教育资源空间格局评价大多数以空间距离可达性作为分析指标,缺少对时间成本考虑的问题,该文在GIS空间分析技术的支持下,设计了基于优先队列的可达性算法,并基于南京市区交通道路网络计算了南京市高级中学的可达性,然后以此为基础分析了南京市高级中学的空间分布特征。通过对整体可达性、等时线、学校服务范围及分区可达性等方面的分析,结果表明:南京市区高级中学可达性较好,但不同区域之间以及区域内部,不同学校之间可达性存在明显差异。     

基于“卓越计划”的测绘工程专业GIS教学体系研究与实践

目前,全国各高校正处于以“卓越计划”为载体,迎接创新工程本科应用型人才培养的教育教学改革与发展的转型阶段。测绘学科正在向信息化测绘新阶段转化与跨越,对于测绘工程专业而言,信息化测绘要求测绘工程专业强化GIS知识和技能。文中从GIS与测绘工程专业关系人手,说明GIS在测绘人才培养中的地位,分析GIS教学体系与测绘人才需求的矛盾,并以黑龙江工程学院测绘工程专业建设实践为例,阐述面向“卓越计划”的测绘工程专业GIS教学体系的初步构想。     

Mapping the distribution of the main host for plague in a complex landscape in Kazakhstan: An object-based approach using SPOT-5 XS,Landsat 7 ETM+, SRTM and multiple Random Forests

Plague is a zoonotic infectious disease present in great gerbil populations in Kazakhstan. Infectious disease dynamics are influenced by the spatial distribution of the carriers (hosts) of the disease. The great gerbil, the main host in our study area, lives in burrows, which can be recognized on high resolution satellite imagery. In this study, using earth observation data at various spatial scales, we map the spatial distribution of burrows in a semi-desert landscape.The study area consists of various landscape types. To evaluate whether identification of burrows by classification is possible in these landscape types, the study area was subdivided into eight landscape units, on the basis of Landsat 7 ETM+ derived Tasselled Cap Greenness and Brightness, and SRTM derived standard deviation in elevation.In the field, 904 burrows were mapped. Using two segmented 2.5 m resolution SPOT-5 XS satellite scenes, reference object sets were created. Random Forests were built for both SPOT scenes and used to classify the images. Additionally, a stratified classification was carried out, by building separate Random Forests per landscape unit.Burrows were successfully classified in all landscape units. In the ‘steppe on floodplain’ areas, classification worked best: producer's and user's accuracy in those areas reached 88% and 100%, respectively. In the ‘floodplain’ areas with a more heterogeneous vegetation cover, classification worked least well; there, accuracies were 86 and 58% respectively. Stratified classification improved the results in all landscape units where comparison was possible (four), increasing kappa coefficients by 13, 10, 9 and 1%, respectively.In this study, an innovative stratification method using high- and medium resolution imagery was applied in order to map host distribution on a large spatial scale. The burrow maps we developed will help to detect changes in the distribution of great gerbil populations and, moreover, serve as a unique empirical data set which can be used as input for epidemiological plague models. This is an important step in understanding the dynamics of plague.     

传感器位置条件的自适应卡尔曼滤波及其应用

当多个传感器安装于同一载体之上,构成组合导航系统时,必然存在位置约束关系,当定位传感器等于或多于三个时,会产生多个这样的关系。利用这些条件,采用传统的约束滤波算法可以提高组合定位系统的整体精度,但有时也会造成高精度传感器的精度损失。本文中将这些位置约束条件看作观测量,通过设计适当的权矩阵,并结合自适应卡尔曼滤波算法,提出了一种用于提高传感器滤波精度的方法,并和传统的约束滤波算法进行了比较。仿真计算表明:在各传感器精度相当时,该算法可以提高各个传感器的精度,并和传统的约束滤波算法等效;当各传感器精度不同时,该算法仍然可以提高高精度传感器的滤波精度或保证高精度传感器的滤波精度不受损失。     

Modeling the spatial variation of urban land surface temperature in relation to environmental and anthropogenic factors: a case study of Tehran,Iran

ABSTRACT

Spatial variation of Urban Land Surface Temperature (ULST) is a complex function of environmental, climatic, and anthropogenic factors. It thus requires specific techniques to quantify this phenomenon and its influencing factors. In this study, four models, Random Forest (RF), Generalized Additive Model (GAM), Boosted Regression Tree (BRT), and Support Vector Machine (SVM), are calibrated to simulate the ULST based on independent factors, i.e., land use/land cover (LULC), solar radiation, altitude, aspect, distance to major roads, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Additionally, the spatial influence and the main interactions among the influential factors of the ULST are explored. Landsat-8 is the main source for data extraction and Tehran metropolitan area in Iran is selected as the study area. Results show that NDVI, LULC, and altitude explained 86% of the ULST °C variation. Unexpectedly, lower LST is observed near the major roads, which was due to the presence of vegetation along the streets and highways in Tehran. The results also revealed that variation in the ULST was influenced by the interaction between altitude – NDVI, altitude – road, and LULC – altitude. This indicates that the individual examination of the underlying factors of the ULST variation might be unilluminating. Performance evaluation of the four models reveals a close performance in which their R² and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) fall between 60.6–62.1% and 2.56–2.60 °C, respectively. However, the difference between the models is not statistically significant. This study evaluated the predictive performance of several models for ULST simulation and enhanced our understanding of the spatial influence and interactions among the underlying driving forces of the ULST variations.     

基于知识图谱的近30年国际海岸带研究进展与热点分析

随着城市化进程加快,海岸带区域环境问题日益突出,与其相关的研究成为学术界的焦点。本文首先基于Web of Science核心数据库,以国家、关键词等信息为研究对象,应用Citespace的知识图谱梳理了海岸带相关研究的脉络,并对其进行了量化与可视化分析。然后通过总结不同时期的研究热点和演化过程,完善海岸带相关的研究,为今后的研究方向与角度提供参考与借鉴。结果表明,随着对海岸带地位特殊性的认识,越来越多的学者投入到海岸带的研究中。分析认为,应用大数据、云计算技术的研究方式及针对大尺度的海平面上升的研究、中等尺度的海岸带的城市生态相关的研究、较小尺度的激光雷达测深等研究是未来主要的研究方向。     

基于RS、GIS的黄土高原环境脆弱区生态旅游适宜度评价——以山西省中阳县为例

生态旅游适宜度评价为黄土高原环境脆弱区旅游开发提供产品开发、项目选址、旅游分区等方面的决策依据,从而有效降低旅游活动对环境的影响。根据黄土高原区域特征及生态旅游资源的特点,论文构建了黄土高原生态旅游适宜度评价因子和模型。并基于RS、GIS空间信息技术,实现了地形、植被、黄土地貌等6个评价因子的信息采集与评价结果的空间显示,提出了黄土高原生态旅游适宜度评价方法。以山西省中阳县为例进行了实证研究,得到了南川河河谷为该县生态旅游最适宜区、吴家峁黄土地貌等为中适宜区以及一般适宜区和不适宜区。根据评价结果,论文最后提出了该县生态旅游的开发方向及应注意的问题。     

轨道交通盾构隧道病害空间分布特征和自相关性研究

我国轨道交通已经进入新建与维护并重期.随着地铁隧道服役年限的增加,其病害种类不断增加,且各类病害呈逐渐加重的趋势.以三维激光测量隧道逐环监测数据为基础,研究隧道区间的病害空间分布特征和自相关性,全面掌握地铁隧道运营状态和病害发展趋势,是进行隧道病害防治的前提.本文利用某地地铁上行线隧道逐环三维激光测量数据,分析了错台、...