基于中位参数法相关观测的抗差加权整体最小二乘算法

在抗差加权整体最小二乘算法中,抗差模型的抗差性与初值的好坏关系极大,若以最小二乘或整体最小二乘估值作为初值,必定会受到粗差污染而影响其抗差性。考虑到观测向量和系数矩阵存在相关性,首先推导了部分变量误差（partial errors-in-variables,Partial EIV）模型的加权整体最小二乘算法,在此基础上提出了一种利用中位参数法求解抗差迭代初值的相关观测抗差加权整体最小二乘算法。然后采用中位参数法确定抗差初值,考虑到可能出现的粗差对观测空间与结构空间的综合影响,基于标准化残差构造权因子函数,实现其抗差解法。仿真实验结果表明,此算法具有良好的抗差性能,其参数估计结果比传统算法精度更高,且随着粗差个数的增加,其抗差稳定性较好。     

等价权原理──参数平差模型的抗差最小二乘解

等价权原理──参数平差模型的抗差最小二乘解杨元喜抗差Ｍ估计是使用最广泛，计算较简明的抗差估计法。本讲基于多维Ｍ估计原理建立参数平差模型的抗差解。采用等价权思想将非线性抗差解式转变为人们熟悉的最小二乘解形式。一、多维影响函数考虑未知参数为，观测值的模型...     

估计观测值粗差三种方法的等价性讨论

在粗差定位一致的前提下,证明了拟准检定法与部分最小二乘法的粗差估值具有等价性;LEGE法粗差估值与部分最小二乘法粗差估值具有等价性,其条件为未受污染观测值等权独立,且与受污染观测值相互独立.仿真算例证明,当未受粗差污染观测值不等权时,拟准检定法与部分最小二乘法得到的粗差估值结果相同,均比LEGE法粗差估值结果更准确、精度更高.     

基于中位数法的抗差总体最小二乘估计

针对现有总体最小二乘抗差算法存在的缺陷,应用中位数法确定模型参数的初值,提出了对模型的观测向量与系数矩阵中的观测元素进行分类定权的思想,避免了中误差估计偏差与随机模型误差对等价权函数抗差性的影响。基于中位数法建立总体最小二乘抗差迭代算法,并结合算例对算法进行验证。结果表明,在相同观测样本条件下,本文提出的算法拟合的精度高于传统算法拟合的精度。     

概率积分法预计参数解算的总体最小二乘岭估计法

将总体最小二乘平差方法应用于矿山开采沉陷概率积分法预计参数的解算,建立了概率积分法总体最小二乘平差模型,给出了非线性总体最小二乘平差的迭代算法。并以淮南矿区谢桥矿某工作面为例,考虑观测方程系数阵病态性的影响,分别采用最小二乘岭估计法和总体最小二乘岭估计法解算预计参数,计算表明,采用总体最小二乘岭估计法在解算预计参数时精度更高,且拟合参数的估值受到模型参数初值的影响。     

基于验后方差估计原理导出的选权迭代法剔除粗差

将抗差估计的思想融入到粗差探测的算法中,设计出对模型误差,特别是粗差具有抵抗能力的粗差探测算法.基于验后方差估计原理导出的选权迭代法即为抗差佑计的一种,首先是应用最小二乘法来计算观测值的参数x、残差V、协因数阵Qvv及单位权σ0 的初值,然后再根据残差和有关的参数,按所选择的权函数,计算每个观测值的权,经过迭代计算求得...     

测量平差模型的抗差最小二乘解及影响函数

抗差Ｍ估计是使用最广泛、计算较简明的抗差估计法。基于多维Ｍ估计原理，本文建立了经典测量平差函数模型的抗差解，并推导出相应的误差影响函数；为了使抗差估计适于不同类型以及不同先验精度的各类观测值的混合平差，将使用等价权原理构造抗差最小二乘解式。     

抗差加权整体最小二乘模型的牛顿-高斯算法

基于加权整体最小二乘的牛顿-高斯迭代算法,提出了一种抗差加权整体最小二乘模型。利用标准化残差构造权因子函数,并采用中位数法获得具有抗差性的单位权中误差估值,能同时实现观测空间和结构空间抗差。为获得标准化残差,利用线性近似的协因数传播律推导了加权整体最小二乘残差协因数阵的表达式,并给出模型的迭代计算方法。试验结果表明:对于加权整体最小二乘的粗差处理问题,本文提出的方法具有良好的抗差性能,参数估值与不含粗差时加权整体最小二乘的结果没有显著的差异,性能优于直接由残差构造的稳健加权整体最小二乘模型。     

基于选权迭代法的抗差整体最小二乘及其应用

在测量数据处理中,观测向量与系数矩阵同时存在偶然误差时,整体最小二乘法能够得到更高精度的参数解,但整体最小二乘法无抗差能力,观测向量中的粗差将对参数求解产生较大影响。为解决上述问题,采用拉格朗日极值法推导了基于选权迭代法的抗差整体最小二乘计算公式,通过三维坐标转换参数求解实例对3种选权迭代法进行分析。结果表明,IGG法在抗差整体最小二乘解法中抗差效果最好。     

基于验后方差估计原理导出的选权迭代法剔除粗差

将抗差估计的思想融入到粗差探测的算法中,设计出对模型误差,特别是粗差具有抵抗能力的粗差探测算法。基于验后方差估计原理导出的选权迭代法即为抗差估计的一种,首先是应用最小二乘法来计算观测值的参数x赞、残差v、协因数阵Qvv及单位权Q赞0的初值,然后再根据残差和有关的参数,按所选择的权函数,计算每个观测值的权,经过迭代计算求得观测值的残差,然后按照统计检验的方法剔除粗差。通过实验证明,基于验后方差估计原理导出的选权迭代具有很强的粗差探测能力。     

具有稳健初值的选权迭代法

提出先采用线性规划来确定残差的初值，然后再进行选权迭代这样一种方法，其估计结果既具有线性规划的稳健性，又具有最小二乘的最优性。试验表明，这种基于线性规划的稳健估计具有很强的稳健性和检测粗差的能力，其计算结果与没有粗差时的最小二乘估计结果一致，且方法简单、可靠、实用。     

稳健估计的一种改进迭代算法

当观测值不含粗差、观测误差服从零均值分布时,最小二乘算法是最优无偏估计。若观测值包含粗差,由于最小二乘不具备抗差性,往往采用以M估计为代表的稳健估计方法,选权迭代算法是应用最为广泛的稳健估计方法之一。目前,选权迭代算法的每一步都需要对模型的稳健正交矩阵求逆,其运算复杂度是矩阵维数的三次方,在未知参数或粗差个数较多的情况下,计算量大、计算时间长。本文基于矩阵逆的运算法则,对现有选权迭代算法进行了改进,改进的选权迭代算法在迭代计算过程中仅需计算更新权阵后的解的改正项,不需要对正交矩阵求逆,显著提高了算法的效率。     

Huber’s M-estimation in relative GPS positioning: computational aspects

When GPS signal measurements have outliers, using least squares (LS) estimation is likely to give poor position estimates. One of the typical approaches to handle this problem is to use robust estimation techniques. We study the computational issues of Huber’s M-estimation applied to relative GPS positioning. First for code-based relative positioning, we use simulation results to show that Newton’s method usually converges faster than the iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) method, which is often used in geodesy for computing robust estimates of parameters. Then for code- and carrier-phase-based relative positioning, we present a recursive modified Newton method to compute Huber’s M-estimates of the positions. The structures of the model are exploited to make the method efficient, and orthogonal transformations are used to ensure numerical reliability of the method. Economical use of computer memory is also taken into account in designing the method. Simulation results show that the method is effective.     

多种权函数固定临界值与可变临界值抗差估计的比较

抗差估计等价权函数中临界值一般定为常数。若基于学生化分布构造标准化残差,其临界值可由观测自由度以及给定的显著性水平确定。首先对几种权函数进行了分析和比较,然后讨论了各个权函数抗差性与误差显著性水平以及由之确定的临界值的关系。利用模拟数据详细分析和比较了不同的权函数在不同显著性水平下的抗差性,针对不同的权函数给出了合适的显著性水平;并将其与经验确定的常数临界值所对应的抗差估计进行比较,发现这种基于合适的显著性水平下的权函数不仅具有较严格的理论基础,而且计算也是行之有效的。     

Robust statistical approaches for local planar surface fitting in 3D laser scanning data

This paper proposes robust methods for local planar surface fitting in 3D laser scanning data. Searching through the literature revealed that many authors frequently used Least Squares (LS) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for point cloud processing without any treatment of outliers. It is known that LS and PCA are sensitive to outliers and can give inconsistent and misleading estimates. RANdom SAmple Consensus (RANSAC) is one of the most well-known robust methods used for model fitting when noise and/or outliers are present. We concentrate on the recently introduced Deterministic Minimum Covariance Determinant estimator and robust PCA, and propose two variants of statistically robust algorithms for fitting planar surfaces to 3D laser scanning point cloud data. The performance of the proposed robust methods is demonstrated by qualitative and quantitative analysis through several synthetic and mobile laser scanning 3D data sets for different applications. Using simulated data, and comparisons with LS, PCA, RANSAC, variants of RANSAC and other robust statistical methods, we demonstrate that the new algorithms are significantly more efficient, faster, and produce more accurate fits and robust local statistics (e.g. surface normals), necessary for many point cloud processing tasks. Consider one example data set used consisting of 100 points with 20% outliers representing a plane. The proposed methods called DetRD-PCA and DetRPCA, produce bias angles (angle between the fitted planes with and without outliers) of 0.20° and 0.24° respectively, whereas LS, PCA and RANSAC produce worse bias angles of 52.49°, 39.55° and 0.79° respectively. In terms of speed, DetRD-PCA takes 0.033 s on average for fitting a plane, which is approximately 6.5, 25.4 and 25.8 times faster than RANSAC, and two other robust statistical methods, respectively. The estimated robust surface normals and curvatures from the new methods have been used for plane fitting, sharp feature preservation and segmentation in 3D point clouds obtained from laser scanners. The results are significantly better and more efficiently computed than those obtained by existing methods.     

Short Static GPS Sessions: Robust Estimation Results

Least-squares estimation (LS) yields results of low accuracy in the presentce of GPS phase-corrupting environmental conditions. We present a robust estimator that clearly identifies outlying observations caused by obstacles like diagonal cables, branches, or leaves. It performs significantly better than standard LS and signal-to-noise ratio dependent weighting if unfavorable signal distortion occurs, and is equal to LS otherwise. The estimator is realized by an iterated LS algorithm using an equivalent weight matrix. It is a generalization of the Danish Method to heterogeneous and correlated observations. The excellent peformance of the estimator for processing short static sessions is demonstrated using data obtained from an investigation of GPS signal obstruction. ? 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Effects of errors-in-variables on weighted least squares estimation

Although total least squares (TLS) is more rigorous than the weighted least squares (LS) method to estimate the parameters in an errors-in-variables (EIV) model, it is computationally much more complicated than the weighted LS method. For some EIV problems, the TLS and weighted LS methods have been shown to produce practically negligible differences in the estimated parameters. To understand under what conditions we can safely use the usual weighted LS method, we systematically investigate the effects of the random errors of the design matrix on weighted LS adjustment. We derive the effects of EIV on the estimated quantities of geodetic interest, in particular, the model parameters, the variance–covariance matrix of the estimated parameters and the variance of unit weight. By simplifying our bias formulae, we can readily show that the corresponding statistical results obtained by Hodges and Moore (Appl Stat 21:185–195, 1972) and Davies and Hutton (Biometrika 62:383–391, 1975) are actually the special cases of our study. The theoretical analysis of bias has shown that the effect of random matrix on adjustment depends on the design matrix itself, the variance–covariance matrix of its elements and the model parameters. Using the derived formulae of bias, we can remove the effect of the random matrix from the weighted LS estimate and accordingly obtain the bias-corrected weighted LS estimate for the EIV model. We derive the bias of the weighted LS estimate of the variance of unit weight. The random errors of the design matrix can significantly affect the weighted LS estimate of the variance of unit weight. The theoretical analysis successfully explains all the anomalously large estimates of the variance of unit weight reported in the geodetic literature. We propose bias-corrected estimates for the variance of unit weight. Finally, we analyze two examples of coordinate transformation and climate change, which have shown that the bias-corrected weighted LS method can perform numerically as well as the weighted TLS method.     

Numerical prediction methods for clock deviation based on two-way satellite time and frequency transfer data

Three functional models, polynomial, spectral analysis, and modified AR model, are studied and compared in fitting and predicting clock deviation based on the data sequence derived from two-way satellite time and frequency transfer. A robust equivalent weight is applied, which controls the significant influence of outlying observations. Some conclusions show that the prediction precision of robust estimation is better than that of LS. The prediction precision calculated from smoothed observations is higher than that calculated from sampling observations. As a count of the obvious period variations in the clock deviation sequence, the predicted values of polynomial model are implausible. The prediction precision of spectral analysis model is very low, but the principal periods can be determined. The prediction RMS of 6-hour extrapolation interval is 1 ns or so, when modified AR model is used.     

具有LMS稳健初值的选权迭代法

基于选权迭代法的基本理论,文中提出先用LMS稳健估计来确定残差的初值,然后再进行选权迭代方法。其估计结果既继承LMS方法的高失效点(BP)稳健性,又具有选权迭代法的高估计效率,其计算结果与无异常点时最小二乘估计结果基本一致。